1.explain the relationship between the light reactions and the calvin cycle in photoautotrophs. 2.what is the function of the magnesium atom in a chlorophyll molecule? 3.where do replacement electrons come from in photosystem ii? 4.diagram the flow of an electron from photosystem ii to eventually winding up in a molecule of nadph. 5.explain how atp is produced in photosynthesis. 6.why are plants green in color? 7pare and contrast cyclic and non-cyclic photophosphorylation. include the products of each and the fates of those products. 8.why is water necessary for photosynthesis? 9.why is oxygen produced during the light reactions?

Answer:

the sentence is cell differentiation

Answer:

Explanation:

This is how the two processes differ from one another. One significant distinction between osmosis and diffusion is that only the solvent molecules (water molecules) pass the membrane during osmosis, but in diffusion, both solvent and solute particles are free to move. Passive transport in the case of diffusion does not require a transport protein to enter a cell. Gaseous molecules are transported by diffusion, or the gradient of concentration, from their higher to lower concentration. Energy is not used during passive transport.

In osmosis only solvent molecule pass through selectively permeable membrane from one cell to another whereas in diffusion process both solute and solvent passes through semipermeable membrane.

Diffusion is the passive process where the movement of molecules along with the concentration gradient.

It helps in the movement of substances whether solute or solvent in and out of the cells from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration gradient.

Liquid and gaseous state of the substance move by diffusion process,  some factors affecting diffusion process Temperature, Area of Interaction, Size of the Particle, concentration gradient.

Diffusion is important as it is involve in respiration by diffusing the carbon dioxide gas out through the cell membrane into the blood, also occurs in plant cells mainly root hair cells, ions movement across the neurons.

Active transport uses external energy where the molecules move from one cell to another cell against concentration gradient.

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In connection with the function of mitochondria as energy producers, these organelles are often found in cells that require high energy, such as heart cells that are always working all the time without rest and muscle cells that are actively contracting.

Protein is one of three types of macronutrients that the body needs. This nutrient consists of several chemical elements such as carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N). Other elements such as phosphorus and sulfur also sometimes take part in the process of protein formation. Protein can even help repair damaged cell tissue so that it can return to work optimally. Protein is also a nutrient found throughout the body including hair, muscles, bones and skin. In fact, 20% of the human body is made up of protein. Here are things you need to know about the function of protein for the body:

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Red blood cells in seawater would shrivel up because there is more salt concentration than human blood cells can handle.

Sorry I can't answer for 3 but the thyroid gland is the main organ for hormones so it definitely has something to do with that

Signaling in microbe suggest the evolutionary origin of signaling mechanism.

What is signaling mechanism?

The signaling process is chemical in nature (i.e., paracrine) and includes the capacity of the ENS for intelligent interpretation of antigen-evoked mast cell signals in addition to the specialized antigen sensing functions of intestinal mast cells.

What is signaling in microbes?

Therefore, signaling in microbes shows the evolutionary origin of signaling mechanism.

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The expanded articular end of an epiphysis that is separated from the shaft by a narrower neck is called a Head.

The body constantly remodels the living, active tissues that make up bones. They sustain the body's structure, safeguard important organs, and provide movement of the body. They also serve as a space for the bone marrow, which the body uses to produce blood cells, and a repository for minerals, particularly calcium.

There are two different forms of tissue that make up bones.

Head is a conspicuous, rounded bone extension that is a component of a joint. It has a neck that separates it from the bone's shaft. Inside a synovial capsule, the head is often coated in hyaline cartilage.

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The condition is caused by the occlusion and abdominal distension of a lumens, which results in reduced blood flow, ischemic, and bacterial invasion is known as Appendix.

Appendiceal lumen occlusion is frequently the etiology of appendicitis. This may result from an appendicolith (appendix stone). The precise cause of acute pancreatitis is frequently unknown. Bacteria accumulate in the appendix as a result of obstruction of the appendiceal lumen, resulting in acute inflammation, perforation, and abscess formation. Despite being necessary, lymphoid hyperplasia causes swelling, localised ischemic, perforation, and the formation of a confined abscess or a true perforation with subsequent peritonitis.Appendicitis is brought on by an obstruction results in small vessel occlusion, lymphatic stasis, and a rise in luminal and intramural pressure. When blocked, the appendix begins to swell and fill with mucus. As lymph and vascular damage progresses, the appendix wall turns ischemic and necrotic. The restricted space then experiences bacterial overgrowth.

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Comparison of spectrophotometry, fluorometry, and qPCR with agarose gel to assess PCR product yield.

Primers are not always specific in their binding and can bind to an undesirable region of the template DNA, resulting in a larger-than-expected product size.The PCR primers are most likely amplifying a smaller segment of the gene spanning your target region. If you extract and sequence the 500 bp PCR band, you will know that it is a smaller product that could have included your target region. Smaller DNA fragments require higher agarose concentrations, whereas larger molecules require a lower agarose concentration. To make a gel, agarose powder is combined with an electrophoresis buffer and heated to a high temperature until it becomes a gel.

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Answer:

cc

Explanation:

Answer: Oxygen

Explanation:

Diatomic oxygen (O2) makes up about 21% of the Earth's atmosphere and is vital for life.

The difference between a deoxyribonucleotide and a di-deoxyribonucleotide is option B: a dideoxynucleotide is missing a 3'- hydroxyl group on its sugar.

Deoxyribonucleotides are referred to as such because they lack an oxygen on the second carbon but do possess a hydroxyl group (OH) at position 3' on the ribose sugar. In contrast, a di-deoxyribonucleotide will only have a hydrogen (H) at position 3'. It is referred to as a di-deoxy because it is deficient in two oxygens. Therefore, option B marks the appropriate choice.

Dideoxynucleotides, employed in the Sanger technique for DNA sequencing, are chain-elongating inhibitors of DNA polymerase. Because there are no hydroxyl groups at the 2' and 3' locations of the ribose, they are also known as 2',3'. A target DNA segment is amplified using the Sanger method so that the DNA sequence can be precisely determined.

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It appears that the surgery injured the facial nerve's marginal mandibular branch.

In order to diagnose or cure a pathological condition like a sickness or injury, to aid improve body function or appearance, or to mend unwelcome ruptured areas, surgeons use operative manual and instrumental procedures on patients.

Surgery (say: SUR-juh-ree) is performed in a hospital's operating room, often known as the OR or the surgery center. An operation is a different term for having surgery. During surgery, a specialized medical professional known as a surgeon (pronounce: SUR-jun) performs procedures on or within the body to correct any problems.

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Answer:

Pseudocoelomate

Changes in amygdala structure and function have been demonstrated in adolescents who are either at-risk or have been diagnosed with various mood and/or anxiety disorders.
What does amygdala
The amygdala is the part in the anatomy of the brain that is associated with the processes of emotion, behavior, and memory.
This part of the brain is shaped like an almond.  The amygdala is located deep in the temporal lobe, the part of the cerebral cortex in the middle of the brain.
In this central area of ​​the brain, the amygdala is next to the hippocampus, the part of the brain associated with memory formation.
Along with the hippocampus, the amygdala is part of the limbic system.
The limbic system itself is a structure in the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses.
In addition to the hippocampus and amygdala, the limbic system also consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia.

Structure and function of the amygdala
The amygdala is located on two sides of the brain, namely the right and left brain.
The right side is involved with negative emotions, while the left is associated with negative and positive emotions.
Each hemisphere of the amygdala has three parts.  Each part is connected to other brain structures that have different functions.  the three parts, namely:
- The medial (middle) subnucleus group associated with the olfactory bulb and cortex (related to olfactory function or the sense of smell).
- The basolateral group (bottom and sideways) is connected to some of the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes.
- Groups of middle and anterior (front) nuclei that connect with the brainstem, hypothalamus, and sensory structures.
The connection between the amygdala and these brain structures links cognitive functions (thinking, learning, and remembering) with physiological functions of the body (such as breathing, heartbeat, touch, or smell).

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Gravity play a role in moving tectonic plates at the edge of the plates.

When tectonic plate dives under another plate it is due to the high energy by the Earth's gravity that pushes into the mantle these causes hot rock to rise and cooler to sink .

Movement of tectonic plates occurs on the top of a partially molten layer of rock called the asthenosphere. As a result between contraction of asthenosphere and lithosphere, the plates move contrary to each other at different rates, from 2- 15 centimeters per year. Gravity plays an important role by pulling the denser material close to the core .

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The study of organisms and their relationships to their surroundings is called ecology. The interaction of living creatures with their environments is the subject of ecological research.

An ecosystem ecologist might, for instance, gain knowledge about how beaver dams effect water flow in a forest ecosystem and how it affects the survival or aquatic species or the dispersion of silt. A coral ecologist may research the effects of variations in water temperature on coral survival.

Ecology is crucial to human welfare and wealth and improves our earth. It provides new insight into how interdependence between people and nature is crucial for maintaining biodiversity in the face of climate change, providing enough food, and preserving clean air and clean water.

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You increase system efficiency to create the smooth running system

The energy efficiency of a system or device that convert energy is measured by the ratio of the amount of useful energy put out by the system means output energy to the total amount of energy that is put in means input energy by useful output energy as a percentage of the total input energy allow you to achieve more with less get things done in less time and allow you to scale your operation

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The translation must start after the processing of the pre-7-methylguanosine mRNA's cap.

From yeast to mammals, the 7-methylguanosine cap is necessary for mRNA translation and cell viability. Additionally, it facilitates other RNA processing events such as splicing, poly(A) tail addition, and nuclear export in addition to playing a part in transcription elongation, mRNA stability, and degradation.

The addition of stabilizing and signaling components to the 5′ and 3′ ends of the molecule, as well as the elimination of intermediate sequences that do not specify the proper amino acids, are the three most crucial steps in pre-mRNA processing. The mRNA transcript can occasionally be "edited" after it has been transcribed.

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Using theories of gene, we got that Immune response to viral vectors, Retroviruses activating oncogenes, Inserted genes disrupting off-target genes are the main complications of traditional gene therapy which can be overcome by the crispy-casp9 system.

A gene is  basic physical and functional unit of heredity. Genes are made up of DNA. Some genes may act as instructions to make molecules called proteins. However, many of the genes do not code for proteins. In humans, genes vary in size from the few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases. An international research effort called  Human Genome Project, which worked to determine the sequence of  human genome and identify the genes that it contains, estimated that the humans have between 20,000 and 25,000 genes.

Hence, the  complications of traditional gene therapy can be overcome by the crispr-cas9 system are:

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Systemic lupus erythematosus, sometimes known as lupus, is an autoimmune disorder that may result in organ damage, fever, skin rashes, and joint pain. Most often, lupus affects females between the ages of 15 and 45.

Fatigue, hair loss, sun sensitivity, painful and swollen joints, an inexplicable fever, skin rashes, and renal issues are typical symptoms. For SLE, there isn't a single test. Typically, your doctor may inquire about your symptoms, family history, and personal health history. Additionally, your doctor will do a few laboratory tests.

It can increase your risk of acquiring life-threatening conditions including a heart attack or stroke if left untreated. Frequently, lupus There are no outward signs of nephritis. This does not imply that the condition is risk-free, though, as the kidneys may still be suffering harm.

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Answer:

cloudy skies and prolonged precipitation can occur, with mesocyclone systems. When the warmer air mass is very humid, heavy or extreme precipitation can occur.

Explanation:

It is possible to measure bottom-up links with flow webs, top-down linkages with ingestion/production webs, and trophic position using the secondary production of species in multi-species assemblages.

The organisms that eat the producers are the principal consumers.. They are numerous and often modest in size. Herbivorous animals are the main consumers (vegetarians). The organisms known as secondary consumers are carnivores that consume the prime consumers.

The relationship between the consumer and the food product is fundamental to the growth of food products, so it is crucial that it be taken into account at every stage of the process of changing eating habits. Understanding the consumer/product interaction can be done on three different levels: as an individual product, as a meal, and as an eating pattern.

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Microvilli, tiny hairs on the surface of taste buds, are incredibly sensitive. The brain receives information from those small hairs about how something tastes, telling you if it is sweet, sour, bitter, or salty.

On the tongue, taste buds are comparatively tiny sensory organs that communicate with the brain about flavor.

These organs have nerve endings that metabolize the food you eat chemically.

Due to their extensive taste buds, people are able to distinguish between flavors that fall into the following five categories: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory.

According to the tongue map, the flavor of the tongue is sweet at first, salty and sour in the middle, and bitter in the end. In the field of taste research, it may be the most well-known symbol.

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Answer: one of the factors can be genetic drift! Due to stochastic sampling error

Explanation:

Answer: Ductility

Explanation:

The term that is ductility is the Capacity of a material to deform permanently that is stretch, bend, or it can be spread in response to stress.  And therefore we can say that it fractures easily. When a material specimen is stressed then it plastically deforms we can see elasticity at first that is above a certain deformation which is known as the elastic limit of the deformation becomes permanent.

The materials that are easily deformed even without breaking when they are put under mechanical pressure are considered to be malleable. The materials that are easily deformed when they are put under tensile stress are considered to be ductile.

The word malleable comes from the latin medieval malleability which itself came from the original Latin malleare that is meaning "to hammer."

Since these materials do not break while it is being deformed that they can be forced into different shapes or sheets that are thin. This can be done by hammering as well as rolling or pressing.

A common very example for this is of a material that is malleable is gold which is often compressed into a leaf of gold for use in art as well as architecture, jewelry, and even food. There are other malleable metals which include iron, and copper, aluminum, silver, and lead, as well as the transition metal zinc at certain temperatures. There are many materials that are very malleable and are also very ductile, and it generally leads to an exception which is with low ductility and high malleability.

They are closely related to the concept of malleability that is said to be ductility. While the term that is malleability has to do with compressive stress or mechanical pressure and ductility relates to tensile stress or mechanical stretching.

Something we notice is ductile which is sometimes also known as tractile that can be easily stretched or drawn out into a thin wire. Copper is a very good ductile material and is a very good example of both malleability and ductility which is able to be pressed and rolled into sheets as well as stretched into wires.

The metals are often mixed as we mix the alloys to improve their physical properties. There is high-tensile steel which is an example of an alloy that has higher ductility than any of its component metals. And it is said to be often used in airplanes and cars and other engineering applications.

Please give a thanks or 5 stars if this helped!

Answer:

1. True

2. False

3. False

4. True

Explanation:

1. DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA contains the information required to produce proteins.

2. No, RNA exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore complex with the help of export receptors.

3. Amino acids are bound to tRNA not mRNA.

4. The RNA contains the information required to create proteins. Ribosomes mediate and catalyze the reaction to produce an amino acid chain using the information in mRNA.

The possible phenotypes of the children if the mother has type o blood and the father has type ab blood are A, B, and AB.

An O mother can pass only one O alleles to her son or daughter. An AB father can pass the A or B allele to a son or daughter. This couple may have an A or B child. A parent of O and a parent of AB can only have children of A or B.

At the end of this answer, I have added a table showing all possible blood group combinations for two parents and their children's possible blood groups. Exceptions to these rules are very rare. In fact, an AB parent may have her O child. But it is by no means common. In fact, it is no exaggeration to say that it is extremely rare. Usually, AB parents and A parents can only have A or B children.

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If psa11 and pdh223 conferred erythromycin resistance on both f. johnsoniae and e. coli we will see both colonies as there will be no resistance on an agar plate.

PSA11 and pdh223 confer erythromycin resistance on f. Johnsonian, but not on e. coli as when pSA11 and pDH223 were transferred into F. johnsoniae bacteria leads to resistance against Erythromycin but not in E. coli.

Prostate-specific antigen (PSA), moreover known as gamma-selenoprotein or kallikrein-3 (KLK3), P-30 antigen, maybe a glycoprotein protein encoded in humans by the KLK3 quality.

PSA could be a part of the kallikrein-related peptidase family and is emitted by the epithelial cells of the prostate gland. Flavobacterium johnsoniae could be a gram-negative bacterium that shows coasting motility.

To decide the component of flavobacterial coasting motility, we confined 33 non gliding mutants by Tn4351 mutagenesis. Seventeen of these mutants showed filamentous cell morphology.

The locale of DNA encompassing the transposon addition within the filamentous mutant CJ101-207 was cloned and sequenced.

The transposon was embedded in a quality that was comparable to Escherichia coli ftsX. Two of the remaining 16 filamentous mutants too carried inclusions in ftsX.

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B The oxygen concentration in the alveolus is greater than in the blood.