Sanger sequencing mimics the natural process of DNA replication by using dummy nucleotides to stop replication whenever a specific nucleotide is encountered. Because this truncated replication happens repeatedly, nucleic acids of various lengths accumulate and can be used to determine the position of each nucleotide in the sequence
ddNTPs are included (dideoxynucleoted)
A representation of 16 nucleotides arranged in a single horizontal strand of DNA is shown. Horizontal cylinders represent the deoxyribose sugar molecule and vertical rectangles represent the nitrogenous base in each nucleotide. The deoxyribose sugar and nitrogenous base of a single DNA strand are shown in grey. Below the single strand are four DDNTPs and four individual nucleotides. Sugar molecules are black in the bottom four DDNTPs in the bottom four individual nucleotides. To represent the bases' chemical identities, the nitrogenous bases on the DDNTPs and the lower four nucleotides are colored differently: DDATP is green, DDCTP is orange, DDTTP is red, and DDGTP is blue. Thymine is blue, cytosine is orange, and adenine is green.
DNA sequence :
DNA sequencing is the process of determining the order of the nucleotides within a gene. The first DNA sequencing methods were time-consuming, but a major breakthrough came in 1975 with the development of the Sanger sequencing method. Sanger sequencing is named after the English biochemist Frederick Sanger, and it is also known as chain-termination sequencing or dideoxy sequence. The Sanger method was used to sequence the human genome some 25 years after its invention, and it remains an important method in laboratories around the world today, despite many technological advances and modifications.
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I WILL MARK YOU BRAINLIEST PLS PLS
Answer:
a) is the correct option
What type of human cells contain a half set of chromosomes?
The fastest known "cruiser" is the a bonito b yellowfish tuna c grouper d flounder
This is the fourth fastest fish, having recorded swimming speed of 76km/h.
What is Tuna known for ?Tuna are remarkable and impressive wild animals. The Atlantic bluefin can reach ten feet in length and weigh as much as 2000 pounds (more than a horse)
Their specialized body shape, fins and scales enable some species of tuna to swim as fast as 43 miles per hour. Tuna swim incredible distances as they migrate.The latest report by the UN shows that tuna is the world's most consumed and the second most wild caught fish in the world.Learn more about Tuna fish here:
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The _________________ is composed of and endothelial layer that is continuous with the endocardium of the heart.
The tunica media is composed of an endothelial layer that is continuous with the endocardium of the heart.
What is tunica media?
Collagen, elastin, and smooth muscle cells make up tunica media. It is located halfway between the tunica externa and the tunica intima. The transverse arrangement of its strands and color make the middle coat (tunica medium) distinct from the inner (tunica intima). It not only supports the vessel but also alters the vessel's width to control blood pressure and flow.
Elastic fibers make up the majority of the tunica media in bigger vessels. The number of elastic fibers reduces as arteries get smaller, whereas the number of smooth muscle fibers grows. The strongest of the three layers is the tunica adventitia, which is the top layer. Elastic and collagenous fibers make up its structure.
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what will happen in absence of semilunar valves?
Answer:
The absence of semilunar valves could cause a fetal death or induced abortion.
Explanation:
Severe regurgitation in both great arteries leads to volume overload in both ventricles, which causes fetal hydrops and death.
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A large area undergoes the same amount of metamorphism. All rock reach the same metamorphism grade. However, after the metamorphism some rocks are marble and some rocks are slate. Why?
The only explanation in this situation is that the parent rocks of the marble and slate were different. This indicates that the region once held both shale and limestone before metamorphism.
In reference to rocks, it denotes those that have undergone metamorphism—rocks that may have started as sedimentary, igneous, or another type of metamorphic rock but has since undergone "recrystallization" and taken on an entirely new form—under new temperature and pressure conditions.
For instance, when limestone is heated and compressed, it changes into marble, a more coarsely crystalline and occasionally banded rock.
When shale, a clay-rich, soft rock, is compressed, slate, a tougher rock, is created.
The alterations are frequently even more remarkable, resulting in the formation of new minerals, including garnet, mica, and tourmaline (as seen in schist).
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In eukaryotes, mRNA is transcribed in the _______ and then transported to the cytoplasm for translation
Answer:
Nucleus
Explanation:
This is in reference to the central dogma of biology: DNA --> RNA --> Protein. DNA is replicated and then transcribed into RNA (which is where it becomes mRNA) which is then sent to a ribosome which is then translated and then created into protein.
Another definition of central dogma of biology is:
(transcribed)Transcription --> Translation --> Protein
Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair protein expressions in lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer
A Final statement or concluding statement
Despite common clinical anticipation that many patients would respond to immune-checkpoint inhibitors, the frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) is reportedly exceedingly low in breast cancer (ICI).
Given that some triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) responded well to ICI in a clinical trial and that a high density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is frequently observed in other cancers with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H), we hypothesized that some TNBC with a high density of TILs would be MSI-H.
TILs are abundant in medullary carcinoma of the breast (MedCa), an uncommon histological form. Given that MedCa in the colon is frequently MSI-H, we predicted that MedCa in breast cancer would also include MSI-H tumors.
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There is a major difference between homeostasis and allostasis. Sterling and Eyer (1988) coined the term allostasis to mean that
The primary explanatory framework for physiological control, homeostasis, has undergone major adjustment in recent years, with modern models varying greatly from the original formulation.
Allostasis, a different perspective on physiological control, extends beyond its homeostatic foundations, providing unique insights pertinent to our understanding and treatment of a variety of chronic health disorders. Despite increased interest in allostasis, the notion remains ambiguous, in part because of uncertainty in how the term is defined and used, hindering effective translational and clinical research on allostasis.
The processes behind physiological regulation and dysregulation are anticipated to have significant health and disease consequences.
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Which muscle is highlighted? brachioradialis extensor carpi radialis brevis extensor carpi radialis longus pronator teres
The muscle which is highlighted in the diagram provided in the question is referred to as brachioradialis and is therefore denoted as option A in this context.
What is a Muscle?These are characterized by the presence of soft tissues which contract in other to exert a force. It is also involved in performing various types of activities for our daily living and survival such as eating, ,lifting of objects etc.
The brachioradialis is a muscle which is present in the forearm and helps in its flexion movement at the elbow region. The origin of this type of muscle is at the lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus and performs other functions such as pronation and supination.
This is therefore the reason why brachioradialis was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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______ results in genetically identical daughter cells, whereas ______ results in genetically different daughter cells.
Identical daughter cells are produced as a result of mitosis whereas meiosis results in the formation of the daughter cells which are different genetically.
Mitosis and Meiosis are the stages of the cell cycle which can be further divided into stages called prophase, metaphase, anaphase and telophase. Mitosis results in the formation of two diploid daughter cells which genetically identical to the initial parent cell.
In the process of meiosis, the DNA gets exchanged between the chromosomes that are paired. This shuffling of DNA results in the formation of daughter cells after cell division which are genetically dissimilar.
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Which events occur during the atrial contraction and ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles during ventricular diastole, and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and the aorta during ventricular systole during the cardiac cycle .
The cardiac cycle is a sequence of electrical and mechanical events that take place when the heart is contracting and relaxing (diastole) (systole). Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles during ventricular diastole, and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and the aorta during ventricular systole.The atrial musculature begins to contract with atrial depolarization. The pressure inside the atrial chambers rises as the atria contract, pushing more blood across the open atrioventricular (AV) valves and causing a quick flow of blood into the ventricles.The atria relax (atrial diastole) and receive venous return from both the body and the lungs during ventricular contraction. The lower chambers then loosen up during ventricular diastole, enabling initial passive filling of of the thick-walled ventricles and emptying of the atria.learn more about cardiac cycle here: https://brainly.com/question/12537609
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similarities in DNA, anatomical structures, and embryological development support common ancestry and evolution. true or false?
Answer:
true
Explanation:
A woman is admitted to the labor suite with contractions every 5 minutes lasting 1 minute. she is postterm and has oligohydramnios. what does this increase the risk of during birth?
In that situation the risk of cord compression during the child birth. Serious umbilical cord problems can result in brain damage or the death of baby.
Umbilical cord occurs when the baby weight on the placenta or the vaginal walls put pressure on the cord during pregnancy labor or delivery. Cord compression during pregnancy is common problem. Sing of umbilical cord compression may include less activity form the bay observed as a decrease in movement or an irregular heart beats.
Umbilical cord compression is a medical term used to describe a condition in which a baby's umbilical cord becomes flattened by pressure of the baby.
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As a social worker employed in a mental health center, cecilia is most likely to consult the ___, a tool for assessing behavioral disorders.
As a social worker employed in a mental health center, Cecilia is most likely to consult the DSM-IV-TR, a tool for assessing behavioral disorders.
DSM-IV-TR provides diagnostic criterion sets to help guide a clinician toward a correct diagnosis and an additional section devoted to differential diagnosis when persons meet diagnostic criteria for more than one disorder.
The intention of this information is to help the clinician determine which particular mental disorder is present, the identification of which would hopefully indicate the presence of a specific pathology and suggest a specific treatment.
It is evident, however, that DSM-IV-TR routinely fails in this goal, despite the best efforts of the leading clinicians and researchers who have authored the manual.
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The flowers that alisoun is compared to - primroses and pig's eyes - as well as the joke she plays on absolon all emphasize what aspect of her character?
Flowers that Alisoun is compared to - primroses and pig's eyes - as well as the joke she plays on Absolon all emphasize her as a lustful young thing, says the narrator.
Just as she's a piggesnye "fit" to be laid in a lord's bed and a colt ready to be tamed.
These metaphors have the effect of turning Alisoun into an object that's meant to be ravaged by the men around, rather than a person who makes her own decisions about her sexuality.
Alisoun's character borrows a lot from misogynistic stereotypes about women, which portrayed them as dangerously lustful liars and cheats.
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Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are?
Starting with one molecule of glucose, the energy-containing products of glycolysis are 2 NADH, 2 pyruvate, and 2 ATP.
A cytoplasmic mechanism called glycolysis converts glucose into two molecules with three carbons each and releases energy. Hexokinase, a phosphorylating enzyme, assists in the phosphorylation process that traps glucose. This reaction uses adenosine triphosphate (ATP), and the end result, glucose-6-P, inhibits hexokinase.As the name implies, glycolysis is the conversion of glucose to pyruvate. Two molecules of pyruvate are created for each molecule of glucose that enters glycolysis because pyruvate is a three-carbon molecule and glucose is a six-carbon molecule. Without oxygen, glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm of the cell. Two ATP are produced per gram of glucose as net energy.learn more about glycolysis here: https://brainly.com/question/1966268
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In ____________ , a double-stranded RNA molecule separates into single strands. One of the strands prevents a complementary mRNA from being translated.
A Review of Global Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis AND doi
The consequences of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) on the economy call for more research into how Moraxella bovis colonizes and lives on the corneal surface.
What is the review of Global Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis and doi?M. bovis strains that are virulent generate hemolysin and have unique plasmid profiles from nonvirulent strains. IBK prevalence is impacted by interactions between the host, environment, vector, season, and concomitant infections.
The illness process could be accelerated or made worse by Mycoplasma sp. or the infectious bovine rhino tracheitis virus. IBK symptoms can range from a minor case of conjunctivitis to severe ulceration, corneal perforation, and blindness. Economical factors, planned animal usage, and administration practicality all influence how IBK is treated.
The goal of antibiotic therapy is to increase medication concentrations in tears to levels that are at or above the minimum inhibitory concentration for extended periods of time. IBK is currently a disease that cannot be prevented. Vector control must be rigorously implemented and affected animals must be removed from the herd. Identification and exclusion of carrier animals from the herd are required.
Due to pili antigen cross reactivity, fluctuating strains, and unmanaged environmental conditions, vaccination efforts have been unsuccessful. Recent studies have revealed that M. bovis may use siderophores and iron-repressible outer membrane proteins to exploit host iron sources for growth. Understanding the typical defense mechanisms of the bovine eye may help develop innovative methods for boosting the immune response against M. bovis.
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Which information can be used to determine an atom's identity?
Counting the number of electrons
Counting the number of electrons
Counting both neutrons and electrons
Counting both neutrons and electrons
Counting the number of neutrons
Counting the number of neutrons
Counting the number of protons
The information that can be used to determine an atom's identity is the number of protons.
What is the proton number?The proton number of an atom is the number of positively charged particles in the core of the atom.
The number of protons is always equal to the number of electrons for every neutral atom.
Thus, the proton number is the primary characteristic that can be used to determine the identity of an element.
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Of the five known human sensory systems, which type of hallucination is the most common?
____________________ syndrome occurs when the tendons of the wrist become inflamed and swollen.
The tendons in your wrist are impacted by the painful ailment known as De Quervain's tenosynovitis. It happens when the two tendons near the base of your thumb swell up. The sheaths (casings) that surround the tendons become inflamed as a result of the swelling. This causes pain and numbness by pressing on adjacent nerves.
The additional symptoms:
Swelling close to the thumb's base. The backs of your thumb and index finger are numb. A sensation of "catching" or "snapping" as you move your thumb. As the tendons move inside the bulging sheaths, there is a squeaking sound.To learn more about tendons click here
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With regard to maintaining homeostasis, in a positive feedback situation the stimulus is:______.
With regard to maintaining homeostasis, in a positive feedback situation, the stimulus is reinforced.
If we study a system in homeostasis, the positive comments loop moves a system similarly away from the goal of equilibrium. It does this by means of amplifying the consequences of a product or event and occurs when something needs to take place quickly.
In positive comments mechanisms, the original stimulus is promoted in place of negated. positive feedback increases the deviation from a really perfect regular cost.
The system of exertions and childbirth is perhaps the most-noted instance of positive remarks. In childbirth, when the fetus's head presses up in opposition to the cervix, it stimulates nerves that inform the brain to stimulate the pituitary gland, which then produces oxytocin. Oxytocin reasons the uterus to agree.
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Why are dark green vegetables such as kale and spinach good sources of vitamin a?
dark green vegetables such as kale and spinach good sources of vitamin A because they are rich in beta-carotene, which is retinol's precursor. Free radicals are made more stable by antioxidants by giving their unstable atoms an electron.
Normal growth and development, the immune system, reproduction, and vision all depend on vitamin A. Your heart, lungs, and other organs function normally with the aid of vitamin A. Yellow, orange, and red fruits and vegetables are colored by carotenoids, which are pigments.Yellow, red, and green (leafy) vegetables including spinach, carrots, sweet potatoes, and red peppers are the main nutritional sources of beta-carotene. fruits that are yellow, like mango, papaya, and apricots.Carotenoids, which your body may convert into vitamin A, are abundant in spinach. C vitamin. This vitamin is a potent antioxidant that supports immune system and skin health.learn more about Vitamin A here: https://brainly.com/question/9179407
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A client is admitted with cellulitis and experiences a consequent increase in white blood cell count. during what process will pathogens be engulfed by white blood cells that ingest foreign particles?
During phagocytosis, pathogens are engulfed by white blood cells that ingest foreign particles.
In addition to being present in practically every type of cell in multicellular species, phagocytosis is a fundamental function for nourishment in unicellular creatures. But only a specific class of cells known as professional phagocytes are highly effective at phagocytosis. These specialized cells include osteoclasts, neutrophils, monocytes, dendritic cells, and macrophages. Professional phagocytes are in charge of clearing pathogens from the environment and presenting antigens to lymphocytes to trigger an adaptive immune response. Fibroblasts, epithelial cells, and endothelial cells are referred to as non-professional phagocytes since they are only capable of performing phagocytosis with poor efficiency.learn more about phagocytosis here: https://brainly.com/question/12977970
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Use the meanings of the prefixes and suffixes in the table to form words that will match these definitions
Answer:
Zoology: The study of animals
-----> Zoo- = related to animals
-----> -ology = study of
Chlorophyll: a green pigment located in plant leaves necessary for photosynthesis
-----> chloro- = green
-----> -phyll = leaf
Microscope: an instrument used to view small objects
-----> micro- = small
-----> -scope = instrument for viewing
Multicellular: having many cells
-----> multi- = many
-----> -cellular = having to do with cells
Hydrolysis: when a chemical breaks when reacting with water
-----> hydro- = related to water
-----> -lysis = a releasing, loosening, or breaking
Osteopathy: a branch of medicine involving the treatment of diseases through manipulation of the bones, muscles, and/or joints
-----> osteo- = bone
-----> -pathy = suffering, disease
Photosynthesis: the process by which organisms use light to put together food made up of carbon dioxide and water
-----> photo- = light
-----> -synthesis = to put together
Excretion: the process of separating/expelling waste from the body
-----> ex- = out
-----> -cretion = the process of separating
Macrophyte: a plant large enough to be seen by the human eye
-----> macro- = large
-----> -phyte = plant
Biometer: an instrument used to measure evolved carbon dioxide in an effort to detect life
-----> bio- = life
-----> -meter = instrument used to measure
A person's blood type is determined by?
Answer:
your blood group is determined by the genes you inherit from your parents
You have stumbled on a new species of fly (order Diptera), and being a geneticist, you have already deritifled a few genes and observed an unusual phenotypic inheritance pattern. You have noticed that some flies have wings pointing forward and other flies have wings pointing backward. Digging in a bit deeper, you discover that the gene wing direction will controls which direction the wings point, and that if you cross homozygous backward-wing mother (wdir wall with a homozygous forward-wing father (wdir wer), all of the offspring (wdir wdin) have backward wings. When you perform the reciprocal cross, a homozygous forward-wing mother (wdi wdld with a homozygous backward-wing father (wdir wald, you observe that all of the offspring (wair wdir) have forward-facing wings. How would you account for this bizarre genotype phenotype relationship? a. Wing direction exhibits codominance where both phenotypes are represented equally b. The wdr gene is pleiotropic and affects multiple characteristics of the offspring causing the strange genotype phenotype relationship c. Wing direction is affected by something in the environment and is therefore an epgenetic trail Only the matemal gene for wing direction is being expressed due to genomic imprinting that silences the paternal gene during gamete formation d. Wing direction is obeying Mendes tws of independent assortment and segregation, therefore there is a 50/50 chance that wings will taco forward or backward in each offspring
Genomic imprint is the inactivation or silencing of one allele while the other one is still expressed. Option D). Only the maternal gene for wing direction is being expressed due to genomic imprinting.
What is the genomic imprint?Genomic imprint or allele inactivation is the process through which one of the alleles of a gene (the one coming from the mother or the father) is suppressed, and only the other allele can be expressed.
This is not a mutation but a silencing effect due to other external factors. The unequal functional paternal and maternal genomes characterize the Genomic imprint pattern.
In the exposed example, Males' chromosomes are inactive or imprinted and have a different function from those females' chromosomes.
This is a common pattern in some mammals, insects, and angiosperms. The paternal allele can not be expressed, which causes an unequal contribution to the phenotype of the progeny.
Available data:
Diallelic Gene: Wdir ⇒ controls the direction of the wingwdir wdir ⇒ backwardwdir-wdir- ⇒ forwardwdir wdir- ⇒ backward or forward1st cross:
Parentals) wdir wdir female (backward) x wdir- wdir- male (forward)
F1) 100% wdir wdir- (backward)
2nd cross:
Parentals) wdir wdir male (backward) x wdir- wdir- female (forward)
F1) 100% wdir wdir- (forward)
In both cases, the offspring is heterozygous for the trait but expresses the female's phenotype.
Only the maternal gene for wing direction is being expressed due to genomic imprinting that silences the paternal gene during gamete formation. Option D) is correct.
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You have stumbled on a new species of fly (order Diptera), and being a geneticist, you have already deritifled a few genes and observed an unusual phenotypic inheritance pattern.
You have noticed that some flies have wings pointing forward and other flies have wings pointing backward. Digging in a bit deeper, you discover that the gene wing direction (Wdir) will controls which direction the wings point, and that
if you cross homozygous backward-wing mother (wdir wdir) with a homozygous forward-wing father (wdir- wdir-), all of the offspring (wdir wdir-) have backward wings. if you perform the reciprocal cross, a homozygous forward-wing mother (wdir- wdir-) with a homozygous backward-wing father (wdir wdir), you observe that all of the offspring (wdir wdir-) have forward-facing wings.How would you account for this bizarre genotype phenotype relationship?
Multiple Choice
a) Wing direction exhibits codominance where both phenotypes are represented equally
b) The wdir gene is pleiotropic and affects multiple characteristics of the offspring causing the strange genotype phenotype relationship
c) Wings direction is affected by something in the environment and is therefore an epgenetic trail
d) Only the maternal gene for wing direction is being expressed due to genomic imprinting that silences the paternal gene during gamete formation
e) Wing direction is obeying Mendes tws of independent assortment and segregation, therefore there is a 50/50 chance that wings will taco forward or backward in each offspring.
In green vegetables, such as broccoli, the orange pigments of provitamin A carotenoids are masked by
In green vegetables, such as broccoli, the orange pigments of provitamin A carotenoids are masked by lycopene.
What is lycopene good for?
Strong antioxidant lycopene has a number of positive health effects, including as better heart health, reduced risk of certain cancers, and protection from the sun. Although it is available as a supplement, eating lycopene-rich foods like tomatoes and other red or pink fruits may be the best way to get the greatest benefit.What is the side effects of lycopene?
Low blood pressure, an increased risk of bleeding, and digestive problems are some possible negative effects . There have been cases of lycopenaemia, a condition when eating a lot of lycopene-rich foods causes the skin to turn orange .Which of the following is best for preserving the vitamin content of food?
Storing food in the pantry is the best way to preserve its vitamin content. Antioxidants are compounds that protect the body against damage from free radicals.Learn more about lycopene
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For the next two problems, assume that you have type A blood and are heterozygous for this characteristic (AO). List all potential genotypes and phenotypes in the population, even if the % is zero
All potential genotypes and phenotypes in the population are ;
AA, AB, BB, AO, BO, OO.The phenotypes are type A,
type B, type AB, type O.This is further explained below.
What are phenotypes?Generally, the collection of observable traits that make up a person and are the product of their genetics and environment interacting.
In conclusion, The genetic make-up of an organism is what is meant when the word "genotype" is used in a general sense.
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