B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that.

The  main  primary advantage of using phase comparison in microscopy  is that the living cells  can be  examined  in their natural state without  previously  being killed  and stained with dyes or other heavy metals

Explanation:

The technique has the advantage of making it possible to visualize cell organelles and structures that are invisible in bright fields this makes it easier to distinguish the organelles.

It is  suitable for living cells   when they are being analyzed  in the lab unlike other techniques which require the specimen to be  dead, it also  good for studying and interpreting thin specimens this is because of its high contrast resolution ability  which is  the ability to distinguish in detail the distance at which  two distinct points of a specimen  are located

the phase shifts  are invisible but they come  visible in brightness variations

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Answer:

Explanation:

alleles is one of two or more versions of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of bases) at a given genomic location.

Systemic lupus erythematosus, sometimes known as lupus, is an autoimmune disorder that may result in organ damage, fever, skin rashes, and joint pain. Most often, lupus affects females between the ages of 15 and 45.

Fatigue, hair loss, sun sensitivity, painful and swollen joints, an inexplicable fever, skin rashes, and renal issues are typical symptoms. For SLE, there isn't a single test. Typically, your doctor may inquire about your symptoms, family history, and personal health history. Additionally, your doctor will do a few laboratory tests.

It can increase your risk of acquiring life-threatening conditions including a heart attack or stroke if left untreated. Frequently, lupus There are no outward signs of nephritis. This does not imply that the condition is risk-free, though, as the kidneys may still be suffering harm.

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Test in which anticoagulant is added to a venous blood sample and the distance cells fall in the test tube over time is determined hematocrit.

To determine if you have a blood clotting condition, a D-dimer test is utilised. Deep vein thrombosis (DVT), a blood clot that forms deep within a vein, is one of these illnesses. Though they can occur anywhere on the body, these clots typically affect the lower legs.

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Smooth endoplasmic reticulum (SER) is that part of the endomembrane system which is probably affected by this new drug

The smooth endoplasmic reticulum is involved in several metabolic activities. It produces steroids, phospholipids like those found in plasma membranes, and lipids. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum is overproduced in cells that emit these substances, such as cells in the testes, ovaries, and skin oil glands.

Proteins obtained from the ER are further processed and sorted in the Golgi apparatus, or Golgi complex, where they are eventually transported to lysosomes, the plasma membrane, or secretion. As was already mentioned, the Golgi apparatus also produces sphingomyelin and glycolipids.

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B The oxygen concentration in the alveolus is greater than in the blood.

Answer:

Pseudocoelomate

Blindness results from damage to: (d) visual cortex in the occipital lobe.

Visual cortex is the cortical region of the brain that receives, integrates and processes signals from the retina. It therefore helps in image formation. It largely consists of myelinated axons to fasten the process of signal transmission.

Occipital lobe is present at the posterior portion of the forebrain. It is located between the parietal and the temporal lobe. It is the primary vision processing portion of the brain. It is also the smallest in size. The lobe rests upon a thick tissue called tentorium cerebelli. It is also involved in some function other than vision.

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The relationship among homeostasis, defective mitochondria and the symptoms caused by LHON is the following:

The power center of the cell, the mitochondria are also involved in homeostasis, the maintenance of a stable internal environment even in the face of variations in the external environment.

Mitochondrial diseases can be caused by inherited mutations in mitochondrial DNA or defects in the proteins responsible for regulating mitochondrial division, affecting the body's homeostasis.

Leber's Hereditary Optic Neuropathy (LHON) is the first disease associated with a mutation in the mitochondrial genome, specifically it produces the specific degradation of neurons involved in sending information from the eye to the brain (RGC).

This disease is caused almost entirely by three mutations in mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA).

The first symptoms are blurred vision, with unilateral or bilateral onset, which over time affects and / or worsens in both eyes, with loss of visual acuity and color vision.

Vision loss is painless and is caused by degeneration of the optic nerve, specifically of the retinal ganglion cells (RGC).

Therefore, we can conclude that LHON is a disease associated with a mutation in the mitochondrial genome affecting the body's homeostasis.

Pernicious anemia is diagnosed by a schilling test. It is a test of vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) absorption by complexing with intrinsic factors.

What is a schilling test? How it was performed?

It is a classic test used clinically to distinguish between gastric and ileal causes of vitamin B12 deficiency.

It is performed by administering a small oral dose of radiolabeled vitamin B12 and, simultaneously within one or two hours, a large intramuscular flushing of nonradiolabeled vitamin B12. The unlabeled B12 saturates vitamin B12 carriers, thus radioactive vitamin B12 absorbed by the intestine is excreted in the urine.

If less than 7% of the administered dose is recovered in the urine, vitamin B12 malabsorption is confirmed.

Let us discuss other options:

Hence schilling test is used to detect pernicious anemia caused due to the deficiency of vitamin B12 (Cyanocobalamin).

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Endocrine glands are made up of cells that release hormones into the bloodstream.

Endocrine glands are also known as ductless glands as they release certain chemical substances called as hormones directly into the bloodstream in the body. These hormones in turn, act on certain specific target organs in order to produce a certain effect.

Endocrine glands vary in shape as well as size. The important ones are the pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal or supra-renal glands, pineal gland, etc. Hormones act as chemical messengers in the body. A hormonal imbalance in the body may lead to health-related problems such as obesity, elevated blood pressure or hypertension, etc.

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Red blood cells in seawater would shrivel up because there is more salt concentration than human blood cells can handle.

Sorry I can't answer for 3 but the thyroid gland is the main organ for hormones so it definitely has something to do with that

The statement that is incorrect about platelets is that the life span of platelets is between 30 and 60 days.

The correct option A.

A platelets is described a tiny, disc-shaped piece of cell that is found in the blood and spleen. Platelets are pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. They help form blood clots to slow or stop bleeding and to help wounds heal.

When platelets are low, dangerous internal bleeding can occur when your platelet count falls below 10,000 platelets per microliter. Though rare, severe thrombocytopenia can cause bleeding into the brain, which can be fatal.

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The complete question:

Which of the following statements about platelets is INCORRECT?

A

The life span of platelets is between 30 and 60 days.

B

Platelets are essential for the clotting process.

C

Platelets contain serotonin, ADP, calcium, and PDGF.

D

Platelets are fragments of a larger cell called a megakaryocyte.

E

The formation of platelets is regulated by the hormone thrombopoietin

An estimated 5% of bass taken during the competition perish, and a further 23% perish after being released, for a total mortality of 28%. Thus, option C is correct.

22 percent of these fish are re-caught after being released. They will experience a further 28 percent mortality rate if they are discovered in another tournament.

According to research, small mouth populations can suffer from angler harvest, flooding, and drought, with the latter having the most negative effects.

Therefore, There would be more minnows in the water. Small fish consume algae in a straightforward food chain, bigger fish eat the smaller fish, and bears eat the bigger fish.

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DNA copies increase exponentially over time.

DNA molecules are created in total after "n" PCR cycles, which equals 2 square n..

Thus, 2 square 6= 64 is the total amount of DNA molecules generated after "6" PCR cycles.

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The condition is caused by the occlusion and abdominal distension of a lumens, which results in reduced blood flow, ischemic, and bacterial invasion is known as Appendix.

Appendiceal lumen occlusion is frequently the etiology of appendicitis. This may result from an appendicolith (appendix stone). The precise cause of acute pancreatitis is frequently unknown. Bacteria accumulate in the appendix as a result of obstruction of the appendiceal lumen, resulting in acute inflammation, perforation, and abscess formation. Despite being necessary, lymphoid hyperplasia causes swelling, localised ischemic, perforation, and the formation of a confined abscess or a true perforation with subsequent peritonitis.Appendicitis is brought on by an obstruction results in small vessel occlusion, lymphatic stasis, and a rise in luminal and intramural pressure. When blocked, the appendix begins to swell and fill with mucus. As lymph and vascular damage progresses, the appendix wall turns ischemic and necrotic. The restricted space then experiences bacterial overgrowth.

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Microvilli, tiny hairs on the surface of taste buds, are incredibly sensitive. The brain receives information from those small hairs about how something tastes, telling you if it is sweet, sour, bitter, or salty.

On the tongue, taste buds are comparatively tiny sensory organs that communicate with the brain about flavor.

These organs have nerve endings that metabolize the food you eat chemically.

Due to their extensive taste buds, people are able to distinguish between flavors that fall into the following five categories: sweet, sour, salty, bitter, and savory.

According to the tongue map, the flavor of the tongue is sweet at first, salty and sour in the middle, and bitter in the end. In the field of taste research, it may be the most well-known symbol.

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The feature of bone development of fish and reptiles which is different from that of humans is that structures such as jaw is formed from several bones being joined together while humans have only a single bone forming it.

This is referred to as the living tissues which make up the skeleton and are important as they protect and provide structural integrity to the cells of the body.

The jaw of fish and reptiles  are formed from several bones being joined together while humans have only a single bone forming this type of structure which is one of the differences.

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Protein digestion starts at stomach and mainly proteins are digested in the small intestine which has all the enzymes.

Amino acids are used to make dietary proteins. Protein from food can be used by the body for energy, muscular building, or integration into substances containing nitrogen. Protein is first broken down into smaller peptides in the stomach by an enzyme called pepsin, and then it is further broken down in the small intestine by pancreatic and intestinal lining enzymes. These peptides are subsequently converted into dipeptides and tripeptides, which can pass through the lining of the intestine. Any of these processes that are changed or aberrant might lead to disorders of protein digestion.

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Somatic nervous system is responsible for relaying information from the brain to the muscles so they can walk across the room and pick something up.

Your body's movements are initiated by and under the control of your somatic nervous system. Nearly all voluntary muscular actions are controlled by the system, which is also in charge of processing sensory data that is received from external inputs like hearing, touch, and sight. This tells us that somatic nervous system would be responsible for the movement involved in walking across the room or other.

The peripheral nervous system, which enables the brain and spinal cord to receive and transmit information to other parts of the body, includes both the somatic and autonomic nervous systems. In order to control voluntary movements and reflex arcs, the somatic nervous system connects the central nervous system to the body's muscles.

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You increase system efficiency to create the smooth running system

The energy efficiency of a system or device that convert energy is measured by the ratio of the amount of useful energy put out by the system means output energy to the total amount of energy that is put in means input energy by useful output energy as a percentage of the total input energy allow you to achieve more with less get things done in less time and allow you to scale your operation

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Answer:

1. True

2. False

3. False

4. True

Explanation:

1. DNA is transcribed into RNA which is then translated into protein. RNA contains the information required to produce proteins.

2. No, RNA exits the nucleus through a nuclear pore complex with the help of export receptors.

3. Amino acids are bound to tRNA not mRNA.

4. The RNA contains the information required to create proteins. Ribosomes mediate and catalyze the reaction to produce an amino acid chain using the information in mRNA.

When cells have a higher concentration of electrolytes outside the cell than inside, water will flow into the cell until the concentration equalized.

In a solution An electrolyte is a substance  when molten, ionizes and conducts electricity, it can be either  weak or strong electrolyte.

A weak electrolyte is defined as a solution in which only  small fraction of the dissolved solute exists as ions where as in strong electrolyte complete electrolyte dissolves  in water.

Weak electrolyte has medium level of conductivity, Strong electrolyte Contains a complete solute, so it has strong conductivity and Non-electrolyte has little or no conductivity.

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It is possible to measure bottom-up links with flow webs, top-down linkages with ingestion/production webs, and trophic position using the secondary production of species in multi-species assemblages.

The organisms that eat the producers are the principal consumers.. They are numerous and often modest in size. Herbivorous animals are the main consumers (vegetarians). The organisms known as secondary consumers are carnivores that consume the prime consumers.

The relationship between the consumer and the food product is fundamental to the growth of food products, so it is crucial that it be taken into account at every stage of the process of changing eating habits. Understanding the consumer/product interaction can be done on three different levels: as an individual product, as a meal, and as an eating pattern.

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Mutations that can contribute to a change in the characteristics of a species over time include:

If a human cell has more or less than the correct number of chromosomes,  a likely result is that it can cause mutations in the DNA of the human; option A.

Mutations are changes that occur in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.

Mutations may occur in the coding regions known as genes or non-coding regions of the DNA.

A mutation may or may not result in changes in the gene product that is coded for by the DNA.

The mutation may have deleterious effects or may enhance the chances of survival for a given organism.

Mutations may or may not also be passed on to offspring by parents.

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Changes in amygdala structure and function have been demonstrated in adolescents who are either at-risk or have been diagnosed with various mood and/or anxiety disorders.
What does amygdala
The amygdala is the part in the anatomy of the brain that is associated with the processes of emotion, behavior, and memory.
This part of the brain is shaped like an almond.  The amygdala is located deep in the temporal lobe, the part of the cerebral cortex in the middle of the brain.
In this central area of ​​the brain, the amygdala is next to the hippocampus, the part of the brain associated with memory formation.
Along with the hippocampus, the amygdala is part of the limbic system.
The limbic system itself is a structure in the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses.
In addition to the hippocampus and amygdala, the limbic system also consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia.

Structure and function of the amygdala
The amygdala is located on two sides of the brain, namely the right and left brain.
The right side is involved with negative emotions, while the left is associated with negative and positive emotions.
Each hemisphere of the amygdala has three parts.  Each part is connected to other brain structures that have different functions.  the three parts, namely:
- The medial (middle) subnucleus group associated with the olfactory bulb and cortex (related to olfactory function or the sense of smell).
- The basolateral group (bottom and sideways) is connected to some of the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes.
- Groups of middle and anterior (front) nuclei that connect with the brainstem, hypothalamus, and sensory structures.
The connection between the amygdala and these brain structures links cognitive functions (thinking, learning, and remembering) with physiological functions of the body (such as breathing, heartbeat, touch, or smell).

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Answer:They will minimize/the population will go down.

Explanation: The moths are used to not being eaten and a new bird that eats them as their main source of food is introduced, then the population will go down as they will be feasted upon

Answer: Ductility

Explanation:

The term that is ductility is the Capacity of a material to deform permanently that is stretch, bend, or it can be spread in response to stress.  And therefore we can say that it fractures easily. When a material specimen is stressed then it plastically deforms we can see elasticity at first that is above a certain deformation which is known as the elastic limit of the deformation becomes permanent.

The materials that are easily deformed even without breaking when they are put under mechanical pressure are considered to be malleable. The materials that are easily deformed when they are put under tensile stress are considered to be ductile.

The word malleable comes from the latin medieval malleability which itself came from the original Latin malleare that is meaning "to hammer."

Since these materials do not break while it is being deformed that they can be forced into different shapes or sheets that are thin. This can be done by hammering as well as rolling or pressing.

A common very example for this is of a material that is malleable is gold which is often compressed into a leaf of gold for use in art as well as architecture, jewelry, and even food. There are other malleable metals which include iron, and copper, aluminum, silver, and lead, as well as the transition metal zinc at certain temperatures. There are many materials that are very malleable and are also very ductile, and it generally leads to an exception which is with low ductility and high malleability.

They are closely related to the concept of malleability that is said to be ductility. While the term that is malleability has to do with compressive stress or mechanical pressure and ductility relates to tensile stress or mechanical stretching.

Something we notice is ductile which is sometimes also known as tractile that can be easily stretched or drawn out into a thin wire. Copper is a very good ductile material and is a very good example of both malleability and ductility which is able to be pressed and rolled into sheets as well as stretched into wires.

The metals are often mixed as we mix the alloys to improve their physical properties. There is high-tensile steel which is an example of an alloy that has higher ductility than any of its component metals. And it is said to be often used in airplanes and cars and other engineering applications.

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