Because of a scarcity of workers in the New World, persons were transported against their will to work on large farms without pay and under difficult conditions. Which of the following best describes this?

British indentured servant
Enslaved African
Spanish conquistador
French fur trapper

Answer:

H2O

Explanation:

water is made up of 1 hydrogen snd 2 oxygen

Carbon monoxide and chlorine gas react to form phosgene. If a reaction mixture initially contains 215 torr of CO and 245 torr of Cl₂. 0.76 is the mole fraction of COCl₂ when equilibrium is reached.

CO(g) + Cl₂ (g) → COCl₂ (g)           Kp = 310

With this reaction we can write the Kp expression

[tex]K_{p} = \frac{p_{COCl_2}}{p_{CO} \times p_{Cl_2}}[/tex]

We know that 1 atm = 760 torr

Now

[tex]p_{CO} = \frac{215 \times 1}{760}[/tex]

       = 0.28 atm

[tex]p_{Cl_2} = \frac{245 \times 1}{760}[/tex]

        = 0.32 atm

Now, we can write an ICE chart with pressures, so we can know the pressure of COCl₂.

        CO(g) + Cl₂ (g) → COCl₂ (g)           Kp = 310

I:        0.28     0.32          0

C:         -x         -x             +x
E:    0.28 - x  0.32 - x       x

Now put the value in Kp expression

[tex]K_{p} = \frac{p_{COCl_2}}{p_{CO} \times p_{Cl_2}}[/tex]

[tex]310 = \frac{x}{(0.28 - x) (0.32 - x)}[/tex]

[tex]310 = \frac{x}{0.0896 - 0.28x - 0.32x + x^2}[/tex]

310 (0.0896 - 0.28x - 0.32x + x²) = x

310 (0.0896 - 0.6 x + x²)  = x

27.776 - 186 x + 310 x² = x

310 x² -187 x + 27.776 = 0

By using the quadratic equation find the value of x:

[tex]x = \frac{b \pm \sqrt{b^2 - 4ac}}{2a}[/tex]

  [tex]= \frac{187 \pm \sqrt{(187)^2 - 4 \times 310 \times 27.776}}{2 \times 310}[/tex]

  [tex]= \frac{187 \pm \sqrt{34969 - 34,442.24}}{620}[/tex]

  [tex]= \frac{187 \pm \sqrt{526.76}}{620}[/tex]

  [tex]= \frac{187 \pm 22.95}{620}[/tex]

  [tex]= \frac{187 + 22.95}{620}\ \text{or}\ \frac{187 - 22.95}{620}[/tex]

  [tex]= \frac{209.95}{620}\ \text{or}\ \frac{164.05}{620}[/tex]

  [tex]= 0.33\ \text{or}\ 0.26[/tex]

Using the lowest value of x, we have that the partial pressure of COCl₂ would be 0.26 atm.

PpCO = 0.28 - x = 0.28 - 0.26 = 0.02

PpCl₂ = 0.32 - x = 0.32 - 0.26 = 0.06

[tex]X_{COCl_2} = \frac{P_{COCl_2}}{Pt}[/tex]

And Pt is the total pressure of all species in reaction so:

Pt = 0.02 + 0.06 + 0.26 =

    = 0.34 atm

The mole fraction:

[tex]X_{COCl_2} = \frac{0.26}{0.34}[/tex]

             = 0.76

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that Carbon monoxide and chlorine gas react to form phosgene. If a reaction mixture initially contains 215 torr of CO and 245 torr of Cl₂. 0.76 is the mole fraction of COCl₂ when equilibrium is reached.

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The entropy change will be negative because the number of particles in the system decreased from left to right.

The term entropy refers to the degree of disorder in a system. We know that the production of gases would lead to an increase in the entropy of the system.

Now given the equation;  N₂ (g) + 3H₂ (g) --> 2NH₃ (g), the entropy change will be negative because the number of particles in the system decreased from left to right.

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Answer:

The corpuscular model of matter is a model of the microscopic structure of matter, which seeks to explain the properties and behavior in each state of aggregation

Explanation:

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1. The most electronegative element is O (a)

2. The element that exhibits Greatest number of oxidation states is N (e)

3. The Smallest ionic radius for its most common ion is found for Mg (d)

1. Electronegativity is tendency of an atom to attract shared pair of electrons. Across a period, it increases from left to right while in a group, it decreases as we move down. The most electronegative elements are found in the top right of the periodic table because of the increase in effective nuclear charges. Hence, O is most electronegative element.

2. Oxidation state is the total number of electrons that an atom can either gain or loss to form a chemical bond. N exhibits a wide range of oxidation states from -3 to +5 because of half filled p orbital which is more stable.

3. Ionic radius is the radius of a monatomic ion in an ionic crystal structure. [tex]Mg^{2+}[/tex] has higher number of protons that will attract the negatively charged valence electrons to a greater extent hence shortening the distance.

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Cylinder will expand to 6.08 Lit by assuming that all the energy released is converted to work used to push the piston.

Concept of work :If we  apply force on an object and if the object moves and changes it's position, then product of the force and the displacement of an object in the direction of applied force is called work.

Given,

Pressure= P= 738.52 mm Hg = 0.97 atm. (∵ 760 mm Hg = 1 atm)

Initial volume =V1= 1.7 L

Work done = W = 439.6 J

As we need our answer in litters ..

let's convert the work done into suitable units

∴work done = W = 4.26 L-atm (∵ 1 J = 101.3 L-atm)

As given all the energy is assumed to converted into work so we need not to worry About heat loss or entropy.

work done = pressure * difference in volume

W = PΔV

ΔV = 4.26÷ 0.97

∴ΔV = 4.38 LIt

There for, the volume expanded = 4.38 Lit

So, total volume = 4.38+ 1.7 = 6.08 Lit.

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Answer:

reactants and products

Explanation:

According to law of conservation of mass

In a chemical reaction

So by balancing equation we fulfil this law

Answer:

oxidation-reduction reaction, also called redox reaction, any chemical reaction in which the oxidation number of a participating chemical species changes. The term covers a large and diverse body of processes.

C10H22 is a compound which is the most soluble in CC14 because both are non-polar in nature.

We know that like dissolve like which means that polar solutes only  dissolve in polar solvent while on the other hand, non-polar solutes only dissolve in non-polar solvent.

So we can conclude that C10H22 is a compound which is the most soluble in CC14 because both are non-polar in nature.

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The rate of percolation of water into the soil will be 0.125 mL per second

The rate of percolation of water into the soil is determined by the volume of water that enters the soil per unit of time under specific conditions.

In this case, 750 mL of water percolated in 100 minutes.

100 minutes = 100 x 60 = 6,000 seconds

Percolation rate = 750/6000 = 0.125 mL per second

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This will give the value of 7.9311m2

( 5.57m / 0.63m ) - ( 1.11m * 0.82m )

=  8.8413 - ( 1.11m * 0.82m )

= 8.8413 - 0.9102m2

= 7.9311m2

Dividing a value in meter by another value in meter results in the cancellation of both the units and the resulting answer will have no unit.

Multiplying a value in meter by another value in meter it will result in the square meters. It can be written as m2 and can be read a meter square.

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74.4 mL of a 0.8 M solution of citric acid would be needed to react with 15 grams of baking soda.

Equation that demonstrates reaction;

C6H8O7 + 3NaHCO3 → Na3C6H5O7 + 3H2O + 3CO2

Molar mass of citric acid (C6H8O7) =  12×6 + 1.008×8 + 16×7

                                                           =  192.064 g/mol

Molar mass of baking soda (NaHCO3) = 23 + 1 + 12 + 3×16

                                                                = 84 g/mol

[tex]^c C_6H_8O_7 = 0.8 M = 0.8 mol/L\\^m NaHCO_3 =15g[/tex]

From the reaction equation:

[tex]3[/tex] × [tex]^n C_6H_8O_7 = ^n NaHCO_3[/tex]

Molar mass of baking soda (NaHCO3) = 84 g/mol

So,

[tex]^n NaHCO_3 = ^m NaHCO_3/ ^MNaHCO_3[/tex]

And;

[tex]^n C_6H_8O_7 = ^nNaHCO_3/ 3[/tex]

From the definition of Molarity,

[tex]^V C_6H_8O_7 =\frac{^n C_6H_8O_7}{^cC_6H_8O_7 } =\frac{^n NaHCO_3}{^3*n^cC_6H_8O_7 } = \frac{^m NaHCO_3 / ^M NaHCO^3}{3*^cC_6H_8O_7 }[/tex]

Calculating;

[tex]^V C_6H_8O_7 = \frac{15/84}{3*0.8} \\[/tex]

               [tex]= 0.0744L\\= 74.4 mL[/tex]

Therefore, 74.4 mL of a 0.8 M solution of citric acid would be needed to react with 15 grams of baking soda.

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Taking into account the definition of pH and pOH, the hydrogen ion concentration will be 1×10⁻⁸ M.

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity that indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.

The pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions, that is, the concentration of hydrogen ions or H₃O⁺:

pH= - log [H⁺]= - log [H₃O⁺]

Similarly, pOH is a measure of hydroxyl ions in a solution and is expressed as the logarithm of the concentration of OH⁻ ions, with the sign changed:

pOH= - log [OH⁻]

The following relationship can be established between pH and pOH:

pOH + pH= 14

In this case, you know that pOH= 6.

Replacing in the relationship established between pH and pOH, the pH can be calculated as:

pH + 6= 14

Solving:

pH= 14 - 6

pH= 8

Replacing in the definition of pH the concentration of H⁺ ions is obtained:

- log [H⁺]= 8

Solving:

[H⁺]= 10⁻⁸

[H⁺]= 1×10⁻⁸ M

In summary, the hydrogen ion concentration will be 1×10⁻⁸ M.

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Answer:

Potassium chloride.

This is an exercise in the general or combined gas law.

To start solving this exercise, we must obtain the following data:

We use the following formula:

Where

We clear the general formula for the final pressure.

[tex]\large\displaystyle\text{$\begin{gathered}\sf P_{2}=\frac{P_{1}V_{1}T_{2} }{V_{2}T_{1}} \ \to \ Clear \ formula \end{gathered}$}[/tex]

We solve by substituting our data in the formula:

[tex]\large\displaystyle\text{$\begin{gathered}\sf P_{2}=\frac{(6.54 \ atm)(4.5 \not{l})(367 \not{K}) }{(2.3 \not{l})(306 \not{k})} \end{gathered}$}[/tex]

[tex]\large\displaystyle\text{$\begin{gathered}\sf P_{2}=\frac{10800.81}{ 703.8 } \ atm \end{gathered}$}[/tex]

[tex]\boxed{\large\displaystyle\text{$\begin{gathered}\sf P_{2}=15.346 \ atm \end{gathered}$} }[/tex]

If I raise the temperature to 94°C and decrease the volume to 2.3 liters, the pressure of the gas will be 15,346 atm.

Answer:

15.35 atm

Explanation:

Combined Gas Law

[tex]\sf \dfrac{P_1V_1}{T_1}=\dfrac{P_2V_2}{T_2}[/tex]

Temperature must be in kelvins (K).

To convert Celsius to kelvins, add 273.15.

Volume can be in any unit.

Given values:

Rearrange the equation to isolate P₂:

[tex]\sf \implies P_2=\dfrac{P_1V_1T_2}{V_2T_1}[/tex]

Substitute the given values into the equation:

[tex]\sf \implies P_2=\dfrac{6.54 \cdot 4.5 \cdot 367.15}{2.3 \cdot 306.15}[/tex]

[tex]\sf \implies P_2=15.34516967[/tex]

Therefore, the pressure of the gas will be 15.35 atm (2 d.p.).

Answer:

4.62 atm

Explanation:

To find the missing pressure, you need to use the Combined Gas Law equation:

P₁V₁ / T₁ = P₂V₂ / T₂

In this equation, "P₁", "V₁", and "T₁" represent the initial pressure, volume, and temperature. "P₂", "V₂", and "T₂" represent the final pressure, volume, and temperature.

P₁ = 8.01 atm                      P₁ = ? atm

V₁ = 715 mL                        V₁ = 963 mL

T₁ = 67 °C                           T₁ = 52 °C

P₁V₁ / T₁ = P₂V₂ / T₂

(8.01 atm)(715 mL) / 67 °C = P₂(963 mL) / 52 °C

85.47985 = P₂(963 mL) / 52 °C

4444.952 = P₂(936 mL)

4.62 atm = P₂

The mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ that would be produced from 5 moles of ethanol, C₂H₅OH is 440 g

We'll begin by calculating the moles of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced. This can be obtained as follow:

C₂H₅OH + 3O₂ --> 2CO₂ + 3H₂O

From the balanced equation above,

1 mole of C₂H₅OH reacted to produce 2 moles of CO₂

Therefore,

5 moles of C₂H₅OH will react to produce = 5 × 2 = 10 moles of CO₂

The mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ produced from the reaction can be obtained as follow:

Mole = mass / molar mass

10 = Mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ / 44

Cross multiply

Mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ = 10 × 44

Mass of carbon dioxide, CO₂ = 440 g

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Phenolphthalein is pink in acid and colorles in base.

Substances called indicators are those whose solutions change colour as the pH changes. We refer to these as acid-base indicators. The conjugate base or acid versions of these typically weak acids or bases have various hues because of variations in their absorption spectra. When it comes into contact with an object that has a pH of 8.2, it turns pink. At a pH higher than that, it turns purple.

Additionally, ionisation, which modifies the charge and structure of the phenolphthalein molecule, is the cause of this shift in colour. If it comes into contact with an acid like vinegar or a neutral substance like water, it retains its colorlessness.

Therefore, Phenolphthalein is pink in acid and colorles in base.

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The reaction H₂SO₄ + Ca ⇒ CaSO₄ + H₂ is a Single Replacement reaction because Ca replaces H in H₂SO₄.

It is a process that involves rearrangement of the molecular or ionic structure of a substance, as distinct from a change in physical form or a nuclear reaction.

Let's consider the following reaction.

H₂SO₄ + Ca ⇒ CaSO₄ + H₂

What kind of reaction is this?

The reaction H₂SO₄ + Ca ⇒ CaSO₄ + H₂ is a Single Replacement reaction because Ca replaces H in H₂SO₄.

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The theoretical yield of H₂S is 13.5 g.

The percent yield is 75.5 %.

The equation of the reaction is given below:

Moles of FeS reacting = mass/molar mass

Molar mass of FeS = 88 g/mol

Moles of FeS reacting = 35/88 = 0.398 moles

Moles of H₂S produced = 0.398 moles

Molar mass of H₂S = 34 g/mol

Mass of H₂S produced = 0.398 * 34 = 13.5 g

Theoretical yield of H₂S is 13.5 g.

Actual yield of H₂S = 10.2 g

Percent yield = 10.2/13.5 * 100%

Percent yield = 75.5 %

In conclusion, the actual yield is less than the theoretical yield.

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The order of decreasing bond length is; C- P > C - N > C=N. Option B

A chemical bond is formed when two compounds combine together. We know that the strength of a bond is shown by the bond length and the bond order. Clearly, bonds that have shorter bond lengths tend to be stronger than longer bonds that have a longer bond distance.

This explains why triple bonds are shorter and stronger bonds. This stems for the high s contribution (50%) in the formation of the bond. Therefore, the order of decreasing bond lengths is single bonds > Double bonds > triple bonds.

Now applying this background to the case in point, we can see that the decreasing order of bond energy must have to do with increasing bond order and decreasing bond distance.

Hence, the order of decreasing bond length is; C- P > C - N > C=N.

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Answer:

3.25 atm

Explanation:

convert   409 mm to atm, then add them all :

 409mm  / 760mm/atm   +   .74     + 1.96 = 3.24 atm

The total pressure of the mixture, in atm, is 3.25 atm

A container contains a mixture of hydrogen, helium, and chlorine gases. The partial pressures of the three gases are as follows: 0.74 atm for hydrogen, 1.96 atm for helium, and 409 mmHg for chlorine. 3.25 atm is the mixture's total pressure.

then multiply 409 mm by 1.0 atm, and then combine them all for total pressure :

409mm  / 760mm/atm   +   .74     + 1.96 = 3.24 atm

When more than one gas is present in a container, each gas exerts pressure, which is how atmospheric pressure is defined. Its partial pressure refers to the pressure of any gas inside the container.

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Taking into account the reaction stoichiometry, 340.0 moles  of methane are produced when 85.1 moles of carbon dioxide gas react with excess hydrogen gas

In first place, the balanced reaction is:

CO₂ + 4 H₄  → CH₄ + 2 H₂O

By reaction stoichiometry (that is, the relationship between the amount of reagents and products in a chemical reaction), the following amounts of moles of each compound participate in the reaction:

The following rule of three can be applied: if by reaction stoichiometry 1 mole of CO₂ form 4 moles of CH₄, 85.1 moles of CO₂ form how many moles of CH₄?

[tex]moles of CH_{4} =\frac{85.1 moles of CO_{2}x4 moles of CH_{4} }{1 moles of CO_{2}}[/tex]

moles of CH₄= 340.4 moles

Then, 340.0 moles  of methane are produced when 85.1 moles of carbon dioxide gas react with excess hydrogen gas

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Answer:

2 the mass is greater than 10.0gram

Explanation:

2 the mass is greater than 10.0gram

Mechanical waves can help in the treatment of cancer due to heat generated by the high frequency waves.

A mechanical wave is a wave that requires material medium for its propagation, example include;

Sound wave in example of mechanical wave because it requires material medium for its propagation.

High-frequency sound waves (HIFU) is used in the  treatment  of cancer because the strong beam generates heat which is directed to a specific part of a cancer.

The heat generated destroys the cancer cells.

Thus, mechanical waves can help in the treatment of cancer due to heat generated by the high frequency waves.

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Molecular simulation is the part of the drug discovery life cycle that most likely uses quantum computing.

Drug discovery refers to the process to identify and validate medications in pharmaceutical research.

Drug discovery exploits computational approaches based on quantum modeling to accelerate this process.

In conclusion, molecular simulation is the part of drug discovery associated with quantum computing.

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Answer:

Mole Fraction  =  0.059

Explanation:

To find the mole fraction, you need to (1) convert grams H₂SO₄ and H₂O to moles (via molar mass) and then (2) calculate the mole fraction.

(Step 1)

Molar Mass (H₂SO₄): 98 g/mol

34 grams H₂SO₄            1 mole
--------------------------  x  -------------------  =  0.347 moles H₂SO₄
                                      98 grams

Molar Mass (H₂O): 18 g/mol

100 grams H₂O              1 mole
-------------------------  x  --------------------  =  5.56 moles H₂O
                                      18 grams

(Step 2)

                                             moles solute
Mole Fraction  =  -------------------------------------------------
                               moles solute + moles solvent

                                              0.347 moles H₂SO₄
Mole Fraction  =  -----------------------------------------------------------
                               0.347 moles H₂SO₄ + 5.56 moles H₂O

Mole Fraction  =  0.059