Identify the negative radicals in the following substances:
i. table salt (NaCl)
ii. baking soda (NaHCO,)
iii. washing soda (Na₂CO₂)
iv. lime water (Ca(OH)₂)

Answer:

Atoms gain/lose electrons and are held together by electrostatic forces.

Answer:

B₂

Explanation:

The limiting reactant is always a reactant. You can determine which reactant is limiting by identifying which has the smaller mole-to-mole ratio with the product. This ratio can be found via the coefficients of the balanced reaction.

4 A₂ + 3 B₂ ---> 6 AB

4 moles A₂
------------------  = mole-to-mole ratio A₂/AB
6 moles AB

3 moles B₂
------------------  =  mole-to-mole ratio B₂/AB
6 moles AB

Since the mole-to-mole ratio between B₂ and AB is smaller, B₂ must be the limiting reactant.
                           

Answer:

0.638 M NaOH

Explanation:

To find the molarity of the solution, you need to (1) convert grams NaOH to moles NaOH (via the molar mass of NaOH) and then (2) calculate the molarity (via the molarity formula). It is important to arrange the conversions/ratios in a way that allows for the cancellation of units (the desired unit should be in the numerator).

(Step 1)

Molar Mass (NaOH): 22.990 g/mol + 15.998 g/mol + 1.008 g/mol

Molar Mass (NaOH): 39.996 g/mol

25.5 grams NaOH                 1 mole
-----------------------------  x  ----------------------------  =  0.638 moles NaOH
                                           39.996 grams

(Step 2)

Molarity = moles / volume (L)

Molarity = 0.638 moles / 1 L

Molarity = 0.638 M

Based on the given scenario, the rate of increase in water pressure in atm/km is known to be 992 atm/km.

Pressure is known to be that kind of force that is known to often pushes water via pipes.

Note that Water pressure is a tool that is often used to know or identify the flow of water from any given tap. The amount of pressure at one's tap is said to be often dependent on how high the service tank or water tower is above one's home.

Therefore since 1 atm/m  = 1000 atm/km

Hence 0.992 atm/m  :

           = 0.992 x 1000

          = 992 atm/km.

Therefore, Based on the given scenario, the rate of increase in water pressure in atm/km is known to be 992 atm/km.

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Answer: the answer is not c

Explanation: I don't know the correct answer, but I took the test and I know it is not c

Answer:

b is the answer

Explanation:

bc i said so

The main properties of uranium-238 are as follows,

The Atomic mass and atomic weight of  uranium-238

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From the calculations, the pH of the buffer is 3.1.

The  Henderson-Hasselbach equation comes in handy when we deal with the pH of a buffer solution. From that equation;

pH = pKa + log[(salt/acid]

Amount of the salt = 25/1000 *  0.50 M = 0.0125 moles

Amount of the acid = 75/1000 *  1.00 M = 0.075 moles

Total volume = ( 25 + 75)/1000 = 0.1 L

Molarity of salt = 0.0125 moles/0.1 L = 0.125 M

Molarity of the acid = 0.075 moles/0.1 L = 0.75 M

Given that the pKa of lactic acid is 3.86

pH = 3.86 + log( 0.125/0.75)

pH = 3.1

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If the product of the process is Th-234, the we now know that the original atom must be U-238.

An alpha decay is said to occur when there is the loss of an alpha particle from an atom. Now we know that  when there is a loss of an alpha particle, the mass number is decreased by 4 four units while the atomic number is decreased by two units.

If the product of the process is Th-234, the we now know that the original atom must be U-238. It is found two places after the thorium atom in the periodic table.

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A plant cell has a solute potential of -2.0 bars and pressure potential of 0.0. Its water potential is -2 bar. The cell will gain water or swell.

Water Potential is the potential energy of water in a system per unit volume relative to pure water , when both pressure and temperature are kept same. Water potential is never positive. It is expressed in kPa (Kilopascals). The symbol of water potential is ψ.

To find the water potential use this formula

[tex]\Psi = \Psi_{s} + \Psi_{p}[/tex]

where,

ψ = Water Potential

[tex]\Psi_{s}[/tex] = Solute Potential

[tex]\Psi_{p}[/tex] = Pressure potential

Now put the value in above expression we get

[tex]\Psi = \Psi_{s} + \Psi_{p}[/tex]

   = -2.0 + 0.0

   = - 2 bar

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that A plant cell has a solute potential of -2.0 bars and pressure potential of 0.0. Its water potential is -2 bar. The cell will gain water or swell.

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Let's check the equation

[tex]\sf NH_3+H^+\leftrightharpoons NH_4^+H_2O[/tex]

As per Le ch a.tlers principle

So

If we remove NH_4+

Water would increase

Option C

Pure liquids and solids at the equilibrium stage:

Pure solids and pure liquids are not included in expressions for the equilibrium constant of heterogeneous equilibria since their concentrations are constant across time. Therefore, including it in our equilibrium expression is not significant.

Equilibrium expression:

When a certain chemical reaction is in equilibrium, the rates of the forward and backward reactions are equal, which means that there is no net change in the concentrations of the reactants and products and that the reaction mixture's composition does not change.

The concentration of solid and liquid:

Solid or liquid concentration,

= No. of Moles/ Volume in L

= Mass/(Volume × molar mass)

= Density/ Molar mass

Pure solids and liquids have constant densities and molar masses at a constant temperature.

Because of this, they have constant molar concentrations, which means that they are not considered in the equilibrium constant for a heterogeneous reaction.

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Carbon monoxide is the byproduct of fuel combustion that may result in death if such combustion equipment is not properly vented and is denoted as option D.

This is a compound which is derived from the combustion of carbon in insufficient supply of oxygen. Carbon monoxide when inhaled replaces the oxygen content in the body which is dangerous because oxygen is needed for the survival of the cells of the body.

The carbon monoxide is usually formed when there is no properly vent thereby resulting in insufficient supply of air. This therefore results in its presence in the body results in the death of cells of the body system.

This is therefore the reason why carbon monoxide was chosen as the most appropriate choice.

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The blank is filled by Na₂SO₄, and the complete equation for the double displacement reaction is:

Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ = BaSO₄ + 2 NaCl

It is a reaction in which both reactants exchange anions and cations.

Let's consider the following incomplete double displacement reaction.

_____ + BaCl₂ = BaSO₄ + 2 NaCl

If we compare the left and right sides, we can see that the missing ions in the left side are Na⁺ and SO₄²⁻. Thus, the missing compound is Na₂SO₄. The complete equation is:

Na₂SO₄ + BaCl₂ = BaSO₄ + 2 NaCl

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CH3 is the empirical formula for the compound.

A sample of a compound is determined to have 1.17g of Carbon and 0.287 g of hydrogen.

The number of atom or moles in the compound is

1.17 g C X  1 mol of C / 12.011 g C = 0.097411 mol of C.

0.287 g H x 1 mol of  H / 1 g H = 0.28474 mol H.

This compound contains 0.097411 mol of carbon and 0.28474 mol of Hydrogen.

So we can represent the compound with the formula C0.974H0.284.

Subscripts in formulas can be made into whole numbers by multiplying the smaller subscript by the larger subscript.

we can divide 0.284 by 0.0974.

0.284 / 0.0974 = 3.

So here, Carbon is one and hydrogen is 3.

We can write the above formula as a CH3.

Hence the empirical formula for the sample compound is CH3.

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A steel cylinder contains a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide gases. The total pressure in the tank is 2710 torr. The pressure exerted by the nitrogen and oxygen is 930 and 850 torr, respectively.  27.1 torr is the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the mixture.

Dalton's Law of partial pressure states that the total pressure exerted by non reacting gaseous mixture at a constant temperature and given volume is equal to the sum of partial pressure of all gases.

It is expressed as:

[tex]P_{A} = X_{A} P_{T}[/tex]

where,

[tex]P_{A}[/tex] = Partial pressure of gas A

[tex]X_{A}[/tex] = Mole fraction of gas A

[tex]P_{T}[/tex] = Total pressure

Mole Fraction of Nitrogen

= [tex]\frac{930}{930 + 850}[/tex]

= 0.52

Mole Fraction of Oxygen

= [tex]\frac{850}{850 + 930}[/tex]

= 0.47

Now,

Mole fraction of nitrogen + Mole fraction of oxygen + Mole fraction of carbon dioxide = 1

⇒ 0.52 + 0.47 + Mole fraction of carbon dioxide = 1

⇒ 0.99 + Mole fraction of carbon dioxide = 1

⇒ Mole fraction of carbon dioxide = 1 - 0.99

⇒ Mole fraction of carbon dioxide = 0.01

Now put the value in above expression we get

[tex]P_{A} = X_{A} P_{T}[/tex]

     = 0.01 × 2710

     = 27.1 torr

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that A steel cylinder contains a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide gases. The total pressure in the tank is 2710 torr. The pressure exerted by the nitrogen and oxygen is 930 and 850 torr, respectively.  27.1 torr is the partial pressure of the carbon dioxide in the mixture.

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The limiting reactant for the reaction between 27.3 g of iron and 45.8 g of oxygen is iron

We'll begin by writing the balanced equation for the reaction between iron and oxygen. This is given below:

4Fe + 3O₂ --> 2Fe₂O₃

Molar mass of Fe = 56 g/mol

Mass of Fe from the balanced equation = 4 × 56 = 224 g

Molar mass of O₂ = 16 × 2 = 32 g/mol

Mass of O₂ from the balanced equation = 3 × 32 = 96 g

SUMMARY

From the balanced equation above,

224 g of Fe reacted with 96 g of O₂

The limiting reactant can be obtain as illustrated below:

From the balanced equation above,

224 g of Fe reacted with 96 g of O₂

Therefore,

27.3 g of Fe will react with = (27.3 × 96) / 224 = 11.7 g of O₂

From the calculation above, we can see that only 11.7 g of O₂ out of 45.8 g given is required to react completely with 27.3 g of Fe.

Thus, Fe is the limiting reactant.

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XY2Z - linear

XY2Z2 - bent(120)

XY2Z3 - bent(109)

XY3Z -  trigonal pyramidal

XY3Z2 - t-shaped

XY4Z -  see-saw

XY4Z2 - square planar

XY5Z - square pyramidal

Linear shape: A linear molecule is one that has its atoms arranged in a straight line.

Bent shape: One type of bent molecular geometry features a center atom with two lone pairs of electrons and two bond pairs attached to it. Other names for it include angular and V-shaped.

Trigonal pyramidal: A trigonal pyramid is a molecular shape that resembles a tetrahedron and has one atom at the top and three at the corners of the base.

T-Shaped: When a central atom has three ligands, the structure of the molecule is said to have a T-shaped molecular geometry.

See-saw: This shape is caused by a lone pair of electrons on the central atom.

Square planar: In square planar molecular geometry, constituent atoms create the square's four corners on the same plane and surround the center atom.

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- 0.05 L needs to be added to the original 0.12 L solution in order to dilute it from 0.13 M to 0.23 M.

The dilution problem uses the equation :

[tex]M_aV_a= M_bV_b[/tex]

The initial molarity (concentration) [tex]M_a =[/tex] 0.13 M

The initial volume [tex]V_a[/tex] = 0.12 L

The desired molarity (concentration) [tex]M_b[/tex] = 0.23 M

The volume of the desired solution [tex]V_b[/tex] = ( 0.12 + x L )

Substituting values in above equation;

(0.13 M ) (0.12 L) = (0.23 M ) (0.12 L + x L)

0.0156 M L = 0.0276 M L + 0.23 x M L

- 0.012 M L = 0.23 x M L

x = - 0.05

Therefore, - 0.05 L needs to be added to the original 0.12 L solution in order to dilute it from 0.13 M to 0.23 M.

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18.06 ₓ [tex]10^{23}[/tex] molecules in 3 mol of carbon dioxide (CO2).

The proportionality factor that connects the quantity of substance in a sample to the number of constituent particles in that sample is called the Avogadro constant. The reciprocal mole, which is its SI unit, is specified precisely as NA 6.02214076 × [tex]10^{23}[/tex] [tex]mol^{-1}[/tex]. It bears Amedeo Avogadro's name, an Italian scientist.

When dealing with very big quantities, chemistry uses Avogadro's number. It serves as the foundation for the mole, a unit of measurement that makes converting between moles, mass, and the number of molecules simple. The quantity, for instance, can be used to determine how many water molecules make up a single snowflake.

1 Mole is 6.02ₓ [tex]10^{23}[/tex] molecules.

Therefore 3 Moles of Carbon Dioxide ([tex]CO_{2}[/tex]) =3(6.02ₓ [tex]10^{23}[/tex])

3 Moles of Carbon Dioxide ([tex]CO_{2}[/tex]) =18.06 ₓ [tex]10^{23}[/tex]molecules of [tex]CO_{2}[/tex].

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The reactants are not good a good substitute for sodium azide in airbags because sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid produces far less volume of gas than sodium azide.

The chemical equation of the reactions is given below:

The molar volume of all gases is 22.4 L

Based on the mole ratio, sodium bicarbonate and acetic acid produces far less volume of gas than sodium azide. Thus, the reactants are not good a good substitute for sodium azide.

In conclusion, the molar volume of gases is constant.

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The Neutral Gator program used methods that reduced the amount of carbon dioxide already in the atmosphere and also helps in decreased production of carbon dioxide.

The rate of CO2 increase is in the last few hundred years is 10 times more with the rate of increase (or decrease, for that matter) in the preceding 400,000 years.

There are many possible reasons for this cause , some primary factors are listed below:

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In the electrolysis of water,  3490 hour will it take to produce 165.0 L of H2 at 1.0 atm and 273 K using an electrolytic cell through which the current is 113.0 mA.

The ideal gas law states that the pressure of gas is directly proportional to the volume and temperature of the gas.

It is expressed as

PV = nRT

where,

P = Pressure

V = Volume in liters

n = number of moles of gas

R = Ideal gas constant

T = Temperature in kelvin

Here,

P = 1.0 atm

V = 165.0 L

R = 0.0821 atm. L/mol.K (Ideal gas constant)

T = 273 K

n = ?

Now put the value in above expression, we get

PV = nRT

1.0 atm × 165.0 L = n × 0.0821 atm. L/mol.K × 273 K

165.0 atm. L = n × 22.4  atm. L/mol

[tex]n = \frac{165.0\ \text{atm. L}}{22.4\ \text{atm. L/mol}}[/tex]

n = 7.36 mol

The reaction is

2H⁺ + 2e⁻ → H₂

1 mol of electrons is produced from 96500 C

So,

[tex]96500 \frac{C}{\text{mol} \times e} \times 2e \times 7.36\ \text{mol}[/tex]

= 1,420,480 C

Convert milliampere to C/s

1mA = 0.001 C/s

113.0 mA = 113.0 × 0.001

               = 0.113 c/s

The relation between current, charge and time is expressed as:

[tex]I = \frac{Q}{t}[/tex]

where,

I = Current

Q = Charge in Coulomb

t = time

Now put the value in above formula we get

[tex]I = \frac{Q}{t}[/tex]

  [tex]= \frac{1,420,480\ C}{0.113\ C/s}[/tex]

  = 12,570,619.469 s

  = 3490 hour

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that In the electrolysis of water,  3490 hour will it take to produce 165.0 L of H2 at 1.0 atm and 273 K using an electrolytic cell through which the current is 113.0 mA.

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A chemical reaction occurred because calcium oxide has different properties than calcium and diatomic oxygen. The correct option is A.

A chemical reaction is said to occur when the chemical properties of substances change during the course of the reaction.

From the illustration, the chemical properties of calcium oxide are unique from that of calcium and oxygen. Thus, calcium oxide has become a new substance entirely.

Once a reaction leads to the formation of new substances, such a reaction is a chemical reaction.

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The pH of buffered solution is:

The two buffered solutions have 'equal' pH values.

Comparison between two buffer solutions:

To compare the pH of two different buffer solutions with different concentrations, Henderson-Hasselbalch equation is used.

pH = pKa + log [tex]\frac{Salt}{Acid}[/tex]

pKa of HOAc = 4.76

In solution 1:

Concentration of salt= 5 M

Concentration of acid= 5 M

Putting the values in the equation,

pH = 4.76 + log [tex]\frac{5}{5}[/tex]

pH = 4.76 + log1

pH = 4.76

In solution 2:

Concentration of salt= 0.050 M

Concentration of acid= 0.050 M

Putting the values in the equation,

pH = 4.76 + log[tex]\frac{0.050}{0.050}[/tex]

pH = 4.76 + log1

pH = 4.76

As the ratio  [tex]log\frac{salt}{acid}[/tex] is the same for the different solutions.

Therefore, the pH of the solution remains the same in both the buffer solutions even if the two solutions have different concentrations.

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Considering the definition of ion, an atom with 11 protons and 9 electrons (option A) is an ion since the number of electrons is less than the number of protons, acquiring a positive charge.

An ion is an electrically charged particle that is made up of an atom or molecule that is not electrically neutral, that is, that in its constitution has gained or lost electrons.

In other words, an ion is a molecule or atom that has a positive or negative electrical charge. That is, an ion is an atom whose electrical charge is not neutral.

On the other hand, an atom is made up of a nucleus made up of protons (positively charged) and neutrons (neutrally charged), around which electrons (negatively charged) orbit.

An atom has as many protons as electrons, so the total charge is zero and it is globally neutral.

The loss or gain of electrons allows the atom to acquire an electrical charge, transforming itself into an ion. If the electrical charge is positive, it is called a cation; if it is negative, it is called an anion.

An atom with 11 protons and 9 electrons (option A) is an ion since the number of electrons is less than the number of protons, acquiring a positive charge.

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The labels required by the Department of Transportation (DOT) must be placed on outside containers when chemicals are being shipped.

These labels may look similar to GHS pictograms and categorize hazardous chemicals into nine different categories.

OSHA recently revised the Hazard Communication Standard, and as part of that modification, new standards for labeling dangerous chemicals were established.

As a result, workers will have better information available on the safe handling and use of hazardous chemicals, thereby allowing them to avoid injuries and illnesses related to exposures to hazardous chemicals.

These modifications will aid in ensuring higher standards and uniformity in the categorization and labeling of all substances.

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The total number of electron domains in molecules having trigonal pyramidal molecular geometry is four (4). It contains three bonding and one nonbonding pair.

Ammonia has an sp3 hybridization and stable binary hydride. And it has an electron geometry of tetrahedral. Its bond angle is 107 degrees.

If all are bonded pairs then the geometry is tetrahedral but if there is one lone pair of electrons & 3 bond pairs then the geometry is trigonal pyramidal.

The ammonia molecule has 3 hydrogen atoms and an unshared pair of electrons connected to the nitrogen atom that's why its shape is trigonal pyramidal.

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Answer:

Iron ore, coke and lime stone are some raw materials used for extracting iron.

Hope it helps! :)

Answer:

Explanation:

stoichiometry of C₂H₂ to H₂O is 2:2.

Number of moles of C₂H₂ = molar mass of C₂H₂  

Since the molar mass of C₂H₂  is 26 g/mol.

Number of C₂H₂  moles reacted = 64.0 g / 26 g/mol = 2.46 mol.

according to a molar ratio of 2:2.

the number of H₂O moles formed = a number of C₂H₂  moles reacted.

Therefore the number of H₂O moles produced = 2.46 mol