Cells work together to provide a specific function in multicellular organisms, which interact to form an organ is called tissue.
How do cells work?Cells group together to carry out a particular function and a group of cells that work together form a tissue.
Organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform functions and circulatory system and digestive system are examples of organ systems.
In multicellular organism, cells form tissues, tissues form organs and then organs form organ systems. The cells differentiate tocarry outspecific functions. Specialization is determined by the location of the cell within the developing embryo. Stem cells are special type of cell that continue to divide and renew themselves for longer periods of time.
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ntraspecific competition among planthoppers . intraspecific competition among planthoppers . results in increased development time. occurs via resources rather than interference. results in reduced survivorship. all the above.
'ntraspecific competition among planthoppers. intraspecific competition among planthoppers . results in increased development time. Occurs via resources rather than interference. Results in reduced survivorship. All the above. All of the choices are correct.
At large population densities, intraspecific competition can be fierce and detrimental to fitness. Low survival rates, sluggish growth, diminished fecundity, and decreased reproductive rates are caused by high population density.
What about intraspecific competition?When members of the same species compete against one another, this is known as intraspecific competition. Depending on the type of competition that exists, each individual within the species will be affected differently by it. Competition in a "contest" might be active or passive and have many effects. Members of the same species may compete with one another for food, shelter, water, and mates in intraspecific competition. Members of various species compete with one another across interspecific boundaries. For instance, various species of predators may engage in competition over the same prey. Pertaining to or occurring within a single species. Because the resource requirements of members of the same species are relatively comparable whereas those of different species are less similar, intraspecific rivalry tends to be more powerful than interspecific competition. One common theory is that intraspecific competition for scarce dietary resources is the reason why the egg yield of the individual parasite declines with population density. Many sea urchins may experience changes in growth, reproduction, and morphometry due to intraspecific competition). Similar results from C. rodgersii experiments show a high degree of plasticity in development and morphology in many habitat types. Interspecific competition has a negative overall effect on both participating species (a -/- interaction). In other words, if the other species didn't exist, each one would thrive more.
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Individual bones within the spinal column are called:
A) Vertebrae
B) Ganglia
Answer:
The answer is A) Vertebrae
Ganglia is incorrect because they are clusters of nerve cell bodies
why did you resolve your pcr products by electrophoresis and what is the purpose of the molecular weight ruler (ladder)
Since it allows us to separate the bands according to their sizes we resolve our PCR products by electrophoresis.
A series of standards known as a molecular-weight size marker, also known as a DNA ladder or an RNA ladder, is used to determine the general size of a molecule that is run on a gel during electrophoresis. The ladder allows you to determine the size of the unknown fragment by contrasting it to the nearest band in the ladder lane when run alongside an unidentified PCR result in an agarose gel. The effectiveness of the experiment depends on selecting the appropriate electrophoresis products for your nucleic acid analysis procedure. Leading Biology, a reputable provider of bespoke ladders, sells protein, DNA, and RNA markers with pre-determined fragment sizes and concentrations. These can be conducted in polyacrylamide or agarose gels.
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downregualtion of reurotransmitter receptors in response to long-term osychoactive drug use is an example of
Down-regulation of neurotransmitter receptors in response to long-term psychoactive drug use is an example of functional tolerance.
Humans and animals acquire tolerance when their brain functions adjust to compensate for the disruption produced by alcohol in both their behavior and physical functioning. This is referred to as functional tolerance.
Functional tolerance enables an individual to function normally when inebriated, concealing their intoxication from others.
It is one of the most common types of tolerance to drugs or alcohol that a person can have.
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you are studying the dna of a person who you know has two defective copies of the gene that encodes phenylalanine hydroxylase. you are surprised to find that this person also carries two defective copies of the gene for homogentisic acid oxidase. what disease symptoms will this person exhibit? (assume pathway intermediates are not available from sources outside the phenylalanine breakdown pathway.)
This person will exhibit symptoms of Alkaptonuria
Defective homogentisic acid oxidase gene causes alkaptonuria, and deficient phenylalanine hydroxylase gene causes phenylketonuria.
Due to an incomplete oxidation of tyrosine and phenylalanine caused by the genetic condition known as alkaptonuria, higher levels of homogentisic (or melanic) acid are produced. Ochronosis and phenylketonuria are other names for it.
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Why isn't there more information about the dangers of sugar?
Answer:
Because the dangers are affecting your body slowly and people realize it many time later
Explanation:
suppose 10 glucose molecules are formed during gluconeogenesis. calculate the amount of pyruvate, atp, and nadh molecules required.
2 Pyruvate molecules produce 1 molecule of Glucose. For producing 10 molecules of Glucose 2*10= 20 molecules of Pyruvate is required.
6 molecules of ATP is used for generating one molecule of Glucose. So for 10 molecules of Glucose, it will be 6*10= 60 ATP.
2 NADH molecules are used in gluconeogenesis to produce 1 Glucose molecule. So for 10 Glucose molecules, it will be 2*10=20NADH.
Gluconeogenesis is a manner that transforms non-carbohydrate substrates (which include lactate, amino acids, and glycerol) into glucose (parent 1). each lactate and alanine are first converted into pyruvate, which then enters the mitochondrion and is carboxylated to oxaloacetate (OAA) with the aid of pyruvate carboxylase (pc).
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that consequences in the era of glucose from positive non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. it is a ubiquitous system, found in flora, animals, fungi, bacteria, and different microorganisms.
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n
6. Even a gene mutation that is a point mutation, meaning it affects
that nucleotide base, can still make a major change
Consider the below information for normal hemoglobin:
ns)
portion of
Hemoglobin DNA
MRNA
AMINO Acids
Sickle Cell Anemia is caused by a point mutation known as a substitution. Show
what would occur if the first T ("thymine") DNA base in the portion shown above
experienced a mutation with a substitution of A ("adenine").
Sickle Cell Hemoglobin:
CCU-GAC1-GAG
mRNA:
GGA CTC CTC
CCU GAG GAG
Proline-Glutamic Acid-Glutamic Acid
Portion of mutated hemoglobin DNA:
Amino Acids:
Amino acids involved in the sickle cell anemia is Proline-Valine-Glutamic acid.
What is sickle cell anemia?Sickle cell is an inherited disease caused by a defect in a gene. A person will be born with sickle cell disease only if two genes are inherited—one from the mother and one from the father.
Sickle cells that block blood flow to organs deprive the affected organs of blood and oxygen. In sickle cell anemia, blood is also chronically low in oxygen. This lack of oxygen-rich blood can damage nerves and organs, including kidneys, liver and spleen, and can be fatal.
Stem cell or bone marrow transplants are the only cure for sickle cell disease, but they're not done very often because of the significant risks involved. Stem cells are special cells produced by bone marrow, a spongy tissue found in the centre of some bones.
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Answer:NRNA is
Explanation:
In molecular biology, messenger ribonucleic acid is a single-stranded molecule of RNA that corresponds to the genetic sequence of a gene, and is read by a ribosome in the process of synthesizing a protein.
if you were able to find a drug that could inhibit the reactivation of telomerase activity in cancer cells, the cancer cells would
If you were able to find a drug that could inhibit the reactivation of telomerase activity in cancer cells, the cancer cells would slowly erode their chromosome ends.
Telomerase is also known as terminal transferase. Telomerase is an enzyme found inside our cells that may be linked to aging. It caps our DNA strands with short, repetitive "caps." These caps are known as "telomeres." Telomeres protect the chromosome's end from DNA damage or fusion with neighboring chromosomes. When our cells divide, they must replicate their DNA in order for each daughter cell to receive a complete set of operating instructions. However, with each cell division, a small portion of the protective telomeres on the DNA strand are lost. Telomerase is active in gametes and most cancer cells, but is absent or present in very low levels in most somatic cells.
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adenosine inhibits other neurons in the brain. specifically, it inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters and decreases the effect of dopamine. during the day, adenosine levels rise, and adenosine acts on its receptor to inhibit other neurons. specifically, what effects would caffeine have?
Caffeine prevents adenosine from binding, which results in an increase in dopamine and a shift in perspective as well as less weariness.
The parasympathetic nervous system is affected by caffeine. the main organs, including the brain. Caffeine impacts the activity within the neuron cell as it attaches to the adenosine receptor, it inhibits the adenosine receptor.
Caffeine use frequently causes dilated pupils, tremors, anxiety, restlessness, and irritability, among other physiological consequences.
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environmental impacts from freshwater aquaculture include group of answer choices economic loss of income from sport fishing. nutrient overload and escape of exotic species. water loss due to increased irrigation. introduction of heavy metals into native fish.
Environment impacts freshwater aquaculture include nutrient overload and escape of exotic species.
When the aquaculture sector first started to take off, there were a few things that made it difficult for the sector to produce fish sustainably. The goal of fish farming has never been to harm the environment; rather, it is to improve food security.
Environmental issues did, however, develop. There was no lack of unfavorable press, and these reports have stuck with the general public. Nutrient and effluent build-ups, the negative effects of fish farms on nearby wild fisheries due to disease and escape, and environmental damage as a result of the site's location were common criticisms.
Aquaculture's harmful environmental effects are complex. When there are many fish in one place, nutrients might accumulate. The trash that fish produce has the potential to accumulate in the neighborhood. Algal blooms and dead zones may result from the water's oxygen being depleted in this way. Antibiotic use by farmers to prevent disease has raised concerns about the drugs' impact on the ecosystem surrounding the cages, including wild fish. Many people were also concerned that the escaped non-native fish would increase food competition among wild fish, possibly driving out the native fish.
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the three domain system of taxonomic classification now places protists into their own single kingdom. true or false
Living organisms are now classified into a single kingdoms under third domain system of taxonomical, as shown above.
Given statement is true.
What is taxonomic example?Studying living things including animal, plants, microorganisms, and people in order to categorize them and increase our understanding of them is known as taxonomy. For instance, although from some views people and whales are separate animals, both are classified as mammals and share a common ancestor.
Why is taxonomic classification used?In order to more effectively communicate biological information, it aids in the classification of species. Through hierarchical classification, taxonomy allows scientists to understand and categorize the variety of life on Earth.
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which of these is a feature of most shield volcanoes? broad base, steep sides, violent eruptions, or thick lava?
Answer: Broad Base
Explanation:
an athlete is nearing the end of a race and her cells are low on oxygen. what is most likely to occur in her cells so that glycolysis can continue to produce atp? responses fermentation fermentation cell-to-cell communication cell-to-cell communication dna synthesis uppercase d n a, synthesis protein synthesis protein synthesis
An athlete is nearing the end of a race and her cells are low on oxygen. Fermentation is most likely to occur in her cells
What is glycolysis?
It is referred to as the “sweet splitting process” since it indicates the conversion of sugars that are sweet to the tongue. Six carbon sugars are transformed into a three carbon sugars. It is at this time of conversion that energy is released. Glycolysis can occur in absence or presence of oxygenBoth fermentation and glycolysis produce ATP, and both are involved in the production of energy and supplying it to cellsWhat is Fermentation?
It is an anaerobic pathway- a common pathway in the majority of prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. In this process glucose is partially oxidised to form acids and alcohol.In organisms like yeast, pyruvic acid formed by partial oxidation of glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2). ). This anaerobic condition is called ethanol fermentationIn certain bacteria and animal muscle cells, under anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase. This is called lactic acid fermentation.Learn more about fermentation at - Brainly.com https://brainly.com/question/11554005
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How can the increase demand on water affect water quality
Answer:
The increase demand on water would cause companies in those industry's to increase there production to keep up with demand. In doing that they would have to filter less of the water in return to produce more water for demand. Making the quality less and less because of this reason.
Explanation:
why, in the evolution of eukaryotes, might it have been advantageous for separate organisms to become united into a single organism? can you describe analogous, more recently evolved, examples of intimate symbioses that function as a single integrated organism?
one celled eukaryotes emerges from prokaryotes. The organisms after sometime evolved from single-celled eukaryotes are known as multicellular fungi, plants, animals.
Eukaryotes are described as a living thing constitute one or more cells, each one of them has an identical nucleus and the genetic source DNA in shape of chromosomes.
All living organism separated from eubacteria and archaea are described as eukaryotes.
It can also be described as any of the one celled or multicellular organism that have a separate nucleus, enclosed in cell membrane.
The reason for separate organism to become united into a single celled organism is not as considered good compare to multi-celled organism. Having a multi-celled organism, specific cells in his body can perform definite tasks which gives him a rapid execution time of these tasks against to a single-celled organism.
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exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. this process is called multiple choice transcription. translation. deamination. denaturation.
Exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This process is called denaturation
What is Denaturation?
It is one of the phenomenons that results in the disturbance of stability and structure of the proteinThe stability and structure of protein depends on physical and chemical conditions.
Temperature and pH affect the stability to a great extent.Due to changes in temperature, pH or other chemical activities, hydrogen bonds present in the proteins get disturbed. This results in unfolding of globular proteins and uncoiling of the helix structure.The uncoiling of helix structure affects chemistry of proteins and they lose their biological activity. This phenomenon of losing their activity and uncoiling of helix structure due to physical or chemical changes is called denaturation of proteins.During denaturation of proteins, the secondary and tertiary structures get destroyed and only primary structure is retained.Learn more about Denaturation at Brainly.com https://brainly.com/question/12323414
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Which of the following best describes the features of an ocean ridge?
A. Ocean ridges have steep slopes and a crater.
B. Ocean ridges have gentle slopes and only span a small distance.
C. Ocean ridges have steep slopes and can span a large distance.
D. Ocean ridges have gentle slopes and a crater.
The correct answer about the best description of ocean ridges characteristics from the options above is:
Ocean ridges have steep slopes and can span a large distance.
The answer is option c
What is meant by ocean ridges?Ocean ridges can simply be defined as those submarine mountain chains resulting from the ocean floor rising. That being said, these ocean ridges appear to girdle the earth.
Generally speaking, there are four major types of ocean ridges. These are as follows:
Feacture-zone ridgesSpreading-center ridgesBasaltic-volcanic ridgesIsland arc ridges.In conclusion, it can be deduced from the explanation above that ocean ridges have steep slopes and can span a large distance
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, or by pushing through the cell membrane while taking some of that membrane with it, a process called
Most viruses will leave a host cell by bursting the cell, a process called lysis, or by pushing through the cell membrane while taking some of that membrane with it, a process called budding.
Enveloped viruses generally are released from the host cell by budding. During this process, the virus obtains its envelope, which is a modified piece of the host's plasma or other, internal membrane. Through budding, a bit of the host cell membrane becomes part of the virus.
On the other hand, lysis destroys the host cell. A lytic infection eventually leads to cell lysis, which is accompanied by the freeing of newly produced virus particles and cell debris into the environment. Cell lysis is a common result of viral infection.
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some substances are not normal components of urine because they are completely reabsorbed. choose the substances that satisfy this requirement under healthy conditions. multiple select question. hydrogen ions calcium ions sodium ions glucose lactate amino acids filtered plasma proteins
The substances that satisfy the requirement are Glucose , amino acids and sodium ions
Water makes up 95 percent of human urine. The remaining components include minor amounts of urea (2%), creatinine (0.1%), uric acid (0.03%), chloride, sodium, potassium, sulphate, ammonium, and phosphate, as well as other ions and molecules.
The substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+ etc., in the filtrate
are reabsorbed actively
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what are the examples non-metallic minerals
Answer:
clay, mica, Dolomite, sand, marble
Explanation:
a piece of a polypeptide is folded so that a serine side chain is located on the surface of the polypeptide. describe the effect on the protein of changing that amino acid to isoleucine.
The side chain of a serine molecule has an aliphatic -OH, a polar bond that may create an H-bond with a water molecule. A partial charge intermolecular contact is called an H-bond.
Only once -OH is deprotonated may serine form a covalent connection with another substrate in the enzyme pocket.
The side chain of isoleucine is aliphatic, nonpolar, and hydrophobic. It can only engage in Van der Waals interaction with proteins. Proteins must contain polar aminoacids on their surface that may interact with water in order to be soluble in an aqueous environment.
Serine's side chain is hence polar and hydrophilic. With the watery environment, intermolecular attraction would develop in molecule. The hydrophobic, nonpolar side chain of isoleucine. The watery environment would resist it. Since the isoleucine side chain prefers to remain on the inner of the protein, this modification may modify the protein's overall structure.
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What is a limitation of the model in representing the steps of transcription and translation?
Explain how the lab demonstrated the energy transformation that occurs within photosynthesis. Make sure you include the following words in your response: photosynthesis, light energy, glucose, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and chemcial energy.
In the lab, we can use cells of leaves containing chlorophyll molecules in the chloroplasts to see how sunlight excites electrons in presence of carbon dioxide and it generates simple carbohydrates (chemical energy) as occur during photosynthesis.
What is the biological pathway of photosynthesis?The biological pathway of photosynthesis refers to a series of chemical reactions by which plants use sunlight (light energy), water and carbon dioxide in order to generate oxygen as a byproduct and chemical energy contained in the bonds of carbohydrates, especially simple carbohydrates such as glucose molecules.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the biological pathway of photosynthesis is known to generate chemical energy in the form of simple carbs such as glucose and saccharose macronutrients which are the result of using the light energy from the sun and carbon dioxide present in the surrounding environment.
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the cell type that always maintains direct junctional contact with other cells of the same type is the:
The cell type that always maintains direct junctional contact with other cells of the same type is the b.
What is Osteocytes ?Osteocytes, which make up 90% to 95% of all bone cells and reside inside the bone matrix, have long been viewed as passive bystander cells in contrast to osteoblasts and osteoclasts, whose actions result in bone gain and loss and whose dysfunction results in growth abnormalities and osteoporosis.
What about cells?There are many billions of cells in a human body. They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are two different types of cells. Although prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have different shapes (see prokaryote, eukaryote), they are quite similar in terms of their molecular make-up and functions. Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids make up the majority of the molecules in cells. The cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm are the three components that make up a cell. Intricate arrangements of microscopic fibers and hundreds or even thousands of tiny, unique structures known as organelles can be found in the cytoplasm. The parasitic bacteria Mycoplasma gallicepticum, which inhabits the respiratory, genital, and urinary systems of primates, is thought to be the tiniest known creature capable of autonomous development and reproduction. Mycoplasma is the name of the cell used in the study. It has a 0.0001 mm diameter.A single cell makes up a unicellular creature, also referred to as a single-celled organism, as opposed to a multicellular organism, which is made up of numerous cells. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are the two broad categories into which all organisms fall.Learn more about cells here:
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which statements are true of capillaries? check all that apply. question 17 options: capillaries are found in abundance in areas of high metabolic activity. capillaries do not branch. capillaries are made of endothelium and loose connective tissue. capillaries can form networks.
Blood is delivered to human tissues by blood arteries, which act as conduits or channels. Two tube-like closed systems comprised of the vessels start and stop at the heart.
What is high metabolic activity ?pertaining to metabolism (the total of all chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes).
These regions "lit up" after the scan is finished. Cancer cells frequently, but not always, fit this description of being hypermetabolic. Additionally, not all hypermetabolic conditions are cancer. The diagnosis method involves many steps, including a PET scan.Physical activity level - powerful muscles require a lot of energy to burn. Exercise regularly to build muscle and train the body to burn calories more quickly even when at rest. Drugs, such as nicotine or caffeine, can raise the BMR.What is Endothelium ?The endothelium, which is made up of a monolayer of endothelial cells, is in direct touch with the blood, lymph, and moving cells because it is the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
Vascular endothelial cells, which make up the endothelium in blood vessels, carry out critical functions for blood flow.The endothelium controls blood flow while acting as a permeable barrier for the blood vessel. Endothelial cells are essential for applications in basic research including blood brain barriers, diabetes, angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and other cardiovascular illnesses.Blood is transported from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium by one system, the pulmonary arteries. The systemic vessels are the other system that transports blood from the left ventricle to the tissues throughout the entire body before returning it to the right atrium. Blood vessels are categorized as arteries, capillaries, or veins based onTo know more about Capillaries please click here ; https://brainly.com/question/64497
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in which form of reproduction does the offspring grow specifically from the stem or root of a plant? (1 point) responses
In asexual type of reproduction the offspring grow specifically from the stem or root of a plant.
New plants are created by asexual reproduction without the need for seed production. In this kind of asexual reproduction, the roots, stems, leaves, and buds are used to create new plants.
Asexual reproduction refers to a type of reproduction when a offspring is born to a single parent. The newly created people are clones of their parents since they have the same genetic makeup and physical characteristics. Both multicellular and unicellular organisms can reproduce asexually.
The full gene pool of their single parent is inherited by the offspring that are produced through asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms. The main method of reproduction for single-celled organisms like bacteria.
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Answer:
vegetive reproduction :)
Explanation:
On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the __________.
On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the Diencephalon
"Diencephalon" is the term used to describe the structures around the 3rd ventricle and form the nucleus of the cerebrum "big brain", the members of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus.
Diencephalon Function
The diencephalon plays a role in the motor control of sensory information exchange and the control of autonomic functions of various parts of the body. Examples of some activities that involve the work of the diencephalon are chewing, seeing, eye movements, facial expressions, hearing, breathing, swallowing, smelling and regulating body balance.
Structure and Parts of the Diencephalon
Diencephalon consists of 4 structures that have their respective specific tasks, namely:
1. Thalamus
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain, precisely between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. The word thalamus comes from the Greek word which means inner space. The main function of this gland is to convey sensory and motor signals related to consciousness, sleep and alertness to the brain cortex, the thalamus is a suborgan of the diencephalon.
2. Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that is the control center of the autonomic system, the hypothalamus is located just above the brainstem. This gland-shaped organ is part of the endocrine system. In humans, the hypothalamus is about the size of a pea and accounts for 1% of the total brain weight.
3. Subthalamus
The subthalamus is an important extrapyramidal motor nucleus that has many connections with other nervous system nuclei. The function of the subthalamus is not yet fully understood, but if there is an abnormality in this part, there will be abnormalities in the movement of the foot or hand that hit strongly on one side of the body.
4. Epithalamus
The epithalamus is a narrow band of nerve tissue that forms the roof of the diencephalon, functions in regulating the body's circadian rhythm and inhibits gonadotropic hormones.
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in which region of the world mudflows are more common
Answer:
Usually in mountainous areas.
when pyruvate is used to make one molecule of glucose, 1) how many molecules of atp/gtp are consumed? 2) how many are generated? 3) what is the total cost of gluconeogenesis?
When pyruvate is used to make one molecule of glucose
4 ATP, 2 GTP are used.2 ATP and 2 NADH are generated.4ATP, 2 GTP, and 2 NADH are used.In gluconeogenesis, glucose is created. It is essentially glycolysis carried out reverse; the standard free energy is favorable thanks to three new processes involving four new enzymes. ATP is used by the gluconeogenesis pathway, which gets its energy mostly from oxidizing fatty acids.
The molecule can be transferred from the mitochondria thanks to the conversion to malate. After entering the cytoplasm, mitochondria convert it back to oxaloacetate.
Malate + NAD+ Oxaloacetate + NADH in the cytoplasm
PEP GDP Oxaloacetate + GTP
It then passes through the same intermediates as glycolysis from this point on. The endoplasmic reticulum hosts the final reaction.
G6P glucose is present in the endoplasmic reticulum (catalyst: glucose-6-phosphatase). A glucose transporter shuttles the glucose out into the extracellular space.
For every molecule of glucose synthesized from two molecules of pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 GTP, and 2 NADH are used.
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