Changes in amygdala structure and function have been demonstrated in adolescents who are either at-risk or have been diagnosed with various mood and/or anxiety disorders.
What does amygdala
The amygdala is the part in the anatomy of the brain that is associated with the processes of emotion, behavior, and memory.
This part of the brain is shaped like an almond. The amygdala is located deep in the temporal lobe, the part of the cerebral cortex in the middle of the brain.
In this central area of the brain, the amygdala is next to the hippocampus, the part of the brain associated with memory formation.
Along with the hippocampus, the amygdala is part of the limbic system.
The limbic system itself is a structure in the brain involved in behavioral and emotional responses.
In addition to the hippocampus and amygdala, the limbic system also consists of the thalamus, hypothalamus, and basal ganglia.
Structure and function of the amygdala
The amygdala is located on two sides of the brain, namely the right and left brain.
The right side is involved with negative emotions, while the left is associated with negative and positive emotions.
Each hemisphere of the amygdala has three parts. Each part is connected to other brain structures that have different functions. the three parts, namely:
- The medial (middle) subnucleus group associated with the olfactory bulb and cortex (related to olfactory function or the sense of smell).
- The basolateral group (bottom and sideways) is connected to some of the cerebral cortex, especially the frontal lobes.
- Groups of middle and anterior (front) nuclei that connect with the brainstem, hypothalamus, and sensory structures.
The connection between the amygdala and these brain structures links cognitive functions (thinking, learning, and remembering) with physiological functions of the body (such as breathing, heartbeat, touch, or smell).
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LUNG
Complete the sentences.
1. Oxygen is carried to all parts of your body in your
2. Another name for alveoli is A ______________ S
3. The bronchial tubes start at the bottom of your T
4 Dirt is kept out of your lunge by they hairs called C
5. Air comes into your lungs through bronchial U _____________S
I
6. The cilia and mucus keep your lungs clean, pink and
E
7. All of the parts of our body that help us breathe are called the
Respirator.
(2 words)
_D
t
system.
Answer:
7) digest system, 3) throat
What is bacterial infection??
Answer:
Bacterial Infection is when you get infected by bacteria it can happen if you have an open wound and it was not properly cleaned or it can also happen if you are using something that has not been sanitized to pierce you skin (IT CAN GET REALLY UGLY).
Explanation:
phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to: select all that apply. engulf many different pathogens. attack cells infected by a virus. produce multiple antibodies. present foreign antigens that stimulate adaptive immune responses.
Phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to:
engulf many different pathogens.present foreign antigens that stimulate adaptive immune responses.Phagocytic cells are the type of immune cells that ingest the foreign pathogen and infected cells and therefore protect the body from infections. The example of phagocytic cells are: macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, etc. Besides, they can also present foreign antigens on their surface for recognition by lymphocytes for adaptive immune responses.
Adaptive immunity is the specific type of immunity which is acquired by the individual after birth. This can occur either by getting infected by the pathogen or by administration of vaccine.
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which neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells? multiple select question. gaba acetylcholine glycine norepinephrine glutamate
The neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells are acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
A molecule that, when a nerve impulse arrives, is released at the end of a nerve fiber. This chemical then diffuses across the synapse or junction, causing the impulse to be transferred to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure is called neurotransmitter.
Depending on the type of receptors present, some neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine and norepinephrine, can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects. When several synapses in close proximity are triggered at once or receive input from several presynaptic cells, spatial summation occurs.
Thus, because of receptors these can cause excitatory as well as inhibitory responses by summation of impulses.
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A patient sustained an electric shock when she accidentally touched live wires following a severe storm. The shock affected her urinary function and resulted in oliguria and uremia. How will the patient’s symptoms be treated if she develops anuria?.
Using theories of urinary system, we got hemodialysis is the method through which patient`s symptoms be treated of she develops anuria.
Hemodialysis, also called as haemodialysis, or simply dialysis, is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working properly. This type of dialysis achieves the extracorporeal removal of the waste products such as creatinine and urea and free water from blood when the kidneys are in state of kidney failure. Hemodialysis is one of three renal replacement therapies (the others two being kidney transplant and peritoneal dialysis). A other method for extracorporeal separation of blood components such as plasma or cells is called as apheresis.
Hence, if the patient develops anuria, in that case patient`s symptoms be treated by the hemodialysis method.
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Look at the DNA samples from Cytochrome b shown above. What do you notice about the sequences for each population?
Answer:
Explanation:
they have lines.
oncoviruses are a type of animal virus that can cause a neoplasm. which type of virus is likely to be an oncovirus?
Oncovirus is likely to be a lysogenic virus that can cause neoplasm, leading to cancer.
By modifying the cancer-related pathways in the host cells, oncoviruses may encourage their survival and growth. Oncoviruses can cause neoplasms, either benign or malignant. Malignant neoplasms have the ability to migrate to other parts of the body while still replicating. Lysogenic virus allow the virus to replicate within the host cell before turning to lytic cycle. In this was, oncoviruses are lysogenic virus capable of causing cancer.
Lysogenic would delay the return to the lytic cycle long enough for it to multiply and gather into a tumor. The viral genome is incorporated into the host cell's genome during the lysogenic cycle, causing internal infection.
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explain why a plasmid and a segment of dna to be inserted into a plasmid must be cut with the same restriction enzyme.
Plasmid must be cut with the same restriction enzyme because it will produce fragments with the same complementary sticky ends, making it possible for bonds to form between them.
The restriction enzymes cuts at specific points in the given sequences, hence these restriction enzyme are used to forms fragments with complementary sticky ends, therefore helping in the formation of bonds between them.
A restriction enzyme is generally a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments whose sequence is known at each ends.
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which group of mollusks has members with complex brains, intricate sensory organs, and elaborate behaviors?
Cephalopods are a group of mollusks having members containing complex brains, competitive behaviors.
What are cephalopods?
Cephalopods, as we know, are members of mollusk class. Few examples are the squid, octopuses, nautilus, or cuttlefish etc.
These marine species have a bilateral body, prominent head, multiple arms/ tentacles that have come from the primitive mollusk foot.
Today’s cephalopods are mostly known for their multiple arms and so soft bodies, the older, ancient cephalopods were notorious for their shells. That is because they are preserved very well as fossils.
Therefore, cephalopods are the group of mollusks containing members with complex brains and elaborative behaviors.
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Review this illustration to answer the question.
Which structure is responsible for organizing spindle fibers during mitosis?
The stricture responsible for organizing spindle fibers during mitosis is the centriole. The third option.
What is mitosis?Mitosis refers to the division of non-sex or vegetative cells in the body of living organisms to produce two daughter cells.
The onset of mitosis is marked by the dissolution of the nuclear membrane and the condensation of the chromatin material located in the nucleus. Thus, the chromatin material becomes visible as chromosomes.
Simultaneously, the centrioles start giving off spindle fibers at the opposite ends of the cell. This stage of mitosis is referred to as prophase.
Thereafter, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell and the spindle fibers from the centriole engage each chromosome at the centromere. This stage is otherwise known as metaphase.
Next, the spindle fibers start shortening to pull apart sister chromatids to opposite poles. This is the anaphase.
The sister chromatids complete their migrations to the pole at telophase. Thereafter, the nuclear membrane reappears, the chromosome decondense, and the cytoplasm divide to give two independent daughter cells.
In other words, the structure responsible for organizing spindle fibers is the centrioles.
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which is not the neurotransmitter criteria? a) neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet. b) chemical must be rapidly inactivated/broken down after its release. c) application of the isolated neurotransmitter on the post-synaptic cell membrane should have the same effect when it is released by a neuron. d) postsynaptic potential change must result when a neurotransmitter is released and bound to its postsynaptic receptors. e) none of the above.
Neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet is not the criteria for neurotransmitter. So the correct option is a.
A neuron releases a signaling chemical called a neurotransmitter across a synaptic gap to influence another cell. Any major body component or target cell that receives the signal may be another neuron, but it could also be a gland or muscle cell. These signals enable you to move your limbs, experience sensations, maintain heartbeat, as well as receive and process all the information your body receives from other internal body parts and your environment.
These signals enable you to move your limbs, experience sensations, maintain heartbeat, as well as receive and process all the information your body receives from other internal body parts and your environment.
The axon terminal, a component of the neuron, is where neurotransmitters are found. They are kept inside synaptic vesicles, which have thin walls. Numerous thousands of neurotransmitter molecules can fit inside each vesicle.
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Label the following diagram
The macromolecule that is shown in the image is an amino acid.
What is the macromolecule?We know that a macromolecule is the kind of molecule that is composed of many units. The units that are contained in the molecule are the ways that the molecule can be able to be combined so as to give a larger molecule.
In the case of the molecule that is shown in the image in the question, we can see that the compound must be an amino acid because it has the amino group and the carboxyl group as we can see here.
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6co2 6h2o light energy ---> c6h12o6 6o2 what do you think will happen to the rate of the reaction as the light source is moved further away from the aquatic plant
The process of photosynthesis, which results in the production of glucose in plants, is 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6CO2+6H2O.
What kind of reaction produces C6H12O6 6O2 energy from 6CO2 6H2O?6CO2+6H2OC6H12O6+6O2 is the chemical equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2. In plants, the chloroplasts in the mesophyll of the leaves are where photosynthesis occurs.
What part of photosynthesis does 6CO2 play?Carbon dioxide and water are changed into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis. Since glucose is a big molecule (C6H12O6) with six carbon atoms, only six molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are needed to create one molecule of glucose.
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the p plants that mendel used in his experiments were all homozygous for the trait he was observing. which genotypes could correctly represent the alleles of the p plants?
The correct genotypes of the plants are YY and yy. Since both the plants are homozygous.
In terms of genetics, being homozygous means having inherited the same alleles (versions) of a genomic marker from both biological parents. A person who possesses two identical copies of a genetic marker is said to be homozygous for that marker. In contrast, a person who has two copies of a certain marker is said to be heterozygous.
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The genotype YY or yy would correctly represent the alleles of the p plants.
The genotype YY or yy would correctly represent the alleles of the p plants. Since both the plants are homozygous. Each letter represents one of the two alleles in the genotype. The dominant allele is capitalized and the recessive allele is lowercase.
The letter used for the gene (seed color in this case) is usually related to the dominant trait (yellow allele, in this case, or “Y”). When P plants with contrasting traits were cross-fertilized, all of the offspring were heterozygous for the contrasting trait, meaning their genotype had different alleles for the gene being examined. For example, the F1 yellow plants that received a Y allele from their yellow parent and a y allele from their green parent had the genotype Yy.
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The presence of what cell part will be most helpful in classifying a cell as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic?.
The nucleus is the component that contributes the most to determining whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic in nature.
Because it houses a cell's DNA, the nucleus is one of the most crucial eukaryotic organelles. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are two other crucial organelles that are assumed to have evolved from primitive single-celled organisms and play significant roles in energy conversion. Organelles that are membrane-bound, such as numerous mitochondria, are present in eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, the process of cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. Prokaryotic cells, in contrast, lack mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles but still engage in cellular respiration.
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What is the function of epithelial tissue in the human stomach?
- support and bind other tissues together
- contract to allow for movement of the stomach
- provide protection and allow secretion and absorption
- receive and transmit impulses and process information
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heat controls microbial growth via: a. denaturation (inactivation) of enzymes b. induction of thymine dimers c. conjugation d. plasmoptysis
Heat controls microbial growth is done by the process of conjugation. Heat is a popular and powerful tool for preventing the development of microorganisms. The correct option is conjugation.
What is Conjugation methods-
Conjugation methods are frequently utilized in laboratory aseptic techniques. However, because conjugation penetrates cells more effectively than dry heat, it is often the more successful treatment.
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You're studying a sample of igneous rock. The rock formed within Earth's crust. The sample contains a very high concentration of dark-colored, high-density minerals. Classify the rock by type and composition.
Answer: Rhyolite
Explanation: Rhyolite is an extrusive igneous rock. It is formed by the volcanic eruption. This rock have glassy appearance. It is a fine grained rock. It has light color due to small grain size and deposition of silica so the color is pink or gray. It also comprises of dark colored mineral specks like quartz, sanidine, plagioclase, biotite, and others. This rock also comprises of trapped gases. The rock appears in the crystalline form and appearance. The low content of the mafic minerals also contribute to the light color of the rhyolite rock.
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describe the most likely effect of gasdermin pore formation on water balance in the cell in a hypotonic environment.
The most likely effect of gasdermin pore formation in a cell that is hypotonic is that water will enter the cell causing them to burst because they become filled with too much water.
The cell would have a higher solute concentration than the surrounding environment. Better known as osmosis, the diffusion of water involves moving toward higher solute concentration. Due to phagocytes digesting the compounds of the cell along with other pathogens, this would prevent the spread of infection. Interleukin release activates the adaptive immune response by stimulating B and T leukocytes to divide and produce antibodies or kill infected cells.
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in crosses between fish of the two different morphologies, the lack of bony armor segregates as a recessive trait that maps to the ectodermal dysplasin (eda) gene. comparisons between the eda-coding regions of the armored and non-armored fish revealed no differences. what is the explanation for this result? in crosses between fish of the two different morphologies, the lack of bony armor segregates as a recessive trait that maps to the ectodermal dysplasin (eda) gene. comparisons between the eda-coding regions of the armored and non-armored fish revealed no differences. what is the explanation for this result? the difference between the two species of sticklebacks would be in allelic forms of eda. the difference between the two species of sticklebacks would be regulatory sequences controlling eda expression. the difference between the two species of sticklebacks would be some other gene controlling the development of bony plates. the difference between the two species of sticklebacks would be conferred by environmental signals.
The explanation for the result of comparisons between the EDA-coding regions of the armoured and non-armoured fish revealed no differences in the difference between the two species of sticklebacks that would be conferred by environmental signals.
Thus, the correct option is E.
What is ectodermal dysplasia (EDA)?The EDА gene provides instructions for mаking а protein cаlled ectodysplаsin А. This protein is pаrt of а signаling pаthwаy thаt plаys аn importаnt role in development before birth. Specificаlly, it is criticаl for interаctions between two embryonic cell lаyers cаlled the ectoderm аnd the mesoderm.
Аrmor plаte chаnges in sticklebаcks аre а clаssic exаmple of repeаted аdаptive evolution. Previous studies identified ectodysplаsin (EDА) gene аs the mаjor locus controlling recurrent plаte loss in freshwаter fish. Here we show thаt freshwаter EDА аlleles hаve cis-аcting regulаtory chаnges thаt reduce expression in developing plаtes аnd spines. Аn identicаl T → G bаse pаir chаnge is found in EDА enhаncers of divergent low-plаted fish. Recreаtion of the T → G chаnge in а mаrine enhаncer strongly reduces expression in posterior аrmor plаtes.
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Fill in the blanks DNA REPLICATION
Answer:
leading
Explanation:
leading strand is the new DNA formed after replication. lagging strand is the old DNA strand
Which change would cause an increase in afferent arteriolar resistance due to paracrine signaling from the macula densa?.
Greater sodium concentration in the distal tubule, cause an increase in afferent arteriolar resistance due to paracrine signaling from the macula densa.
Arterioles have the highest development in resistance and significantly lower blood pressure than other organs. Arterioles will narrow as a result of increased resistance, which reduces blood flow to downstream capillaries and lowers blood pressure even further.
Arterioles are the primary location of vascular resistance and feature muscular partitions (usually the most practical one to two layers of clean muscle cells). The transition between arterioles and capillaries is where blood pressure and blood flow alter in the best way.
A blood vessel with a tiny diameter known as a resistance artery is found in the microcirculation and plays a significant role in the development of blood flow control and flotation resistance.
Resistance arteries often have precapillary sphincters and are tiny arteries or arterioles.
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g comparing humans with other primates, what behaviors do you think were most important for supporting our ancestors as they migrated to new ecological areas?
Our early ancestors and other primates were in constant migration to new ecological areas in search of food source and better and more suitable environment.
Human beings and our prehistoric predecessors as well as other primates are not evolving biologically as quickly as other creatures to adjust to the environment, and therefore we need to adapt to the environment that we live in and once the environment becomes too hostile to live in or in the event that the food source becomes scarce, our ancestors and other primates would migrate to new areas with friendlier environment and abundant source of food. Climate change being the major reason for early human migration, with the extreme temperature changes which either killed or drove away their food sources, the situation forced our early prehistoric predecessors to migrate to a new place where the environment is milder with ample food sources.
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a researcher is studying a population of mosquitoes in a lake. the researcher is interested in two alleles of the same gene, d and d, in these mosquitoes. at the start of the study, the researcher calculates the following genotype frequencies in the mosquito population: dd 0.6, dd 0.17, and dd 0.23. when this population is re-sampled 10 years later, the researcher collects the following genotype frequencies: dd 0.4, dd 0.3, and dd 0.3. what can the researcher conclude about this mosquito population?
The researcher can conclude about this mosquito population is the population is evolving and it is not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE).
What is the Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?Hаrdy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is used to estimаte the number of homozygous аnd heterozygous vаriаnt cаrriers bаsed on its аllele frequency in populаtions thаt аre not evolving. Аccording to HWE, for а locus with two аlleles А аnd а with corresponding frequencies p аnd q, three genotypes аre possible АА, Аа, аnd аа with expected frequencies p², 2pq, q², respectively.
From the research, we know that a researcher is interested in two alleles of the same gene, D and d. This means the researcher used Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. And from the genotype frequencies in the mosquito population, we can conclude that the mosquito population is evolving.
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in a cotransduction experiment the alleles a , b , and c were studied. the allele a alone was transduced into an auxotroph 1750 times, b alone 1700 times, and c alone 1725 times. alleles a and b were both found 11 times, b and c 117 times, and a and c 15 times. what can you definitely conclude?
We can definitely conclude that genes b and c are more closely linked than a and b or a and c.
Define alleles?
Leading courses on genetics and evolution define a allele as a variant that has the same sequence of nucleotides at the same location on a lengthy DNA molecule.
A locus is the chromosomal or genomic location of a gene or any other genetic element, and alleles are different DNA sequences found at a locus.
An identical trait is determined by a pair of alleles, such as eye color, where one allele codes for black eyes and the other for brown eyes.
The genotype is made up of all the alleles that an organism possesses. The genotype of an organism is referred to as homozygous if a pair of alleles is comparable.
Therefore, we can definitely conclude that genes b and c are more closely linked than a and b or a and c.
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which of the following is not a function of meiosis? a.cause an organism to grow b.create genetic variability c.reduce the chromosome number in gametes d.produce gametes
The following is not a function of meiosis : b.)create genetic variability. Hence option c is correct.
What happens in meiosis?Type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells is called meiosis. This process produces egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.
Growth and division of cells occurs by mitosis and differentiation for specific cell types whereas genetic variations arise from mutations in which genetic material is rearranged as a cell gets ready to divide. Genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function introduce different traits in an organism.
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a population has an allele that encodes for ear size, large ear being dominant and small ear being recessive. the frequency of the dominant allele is .6. what percentage of the population has big ears?
The population's prevalence of the dominant allele Simply put, 1 - 0.02 = 0.98 (or 98%) represents the population's frequency of the dominant (normal) allele.
How is the homozygous dominant proportion determined?Determine the proportion of people who are homozygous for the dominant allele. We are aware that the recessive homozygote genotype frequency is q2 and equals 0.09. Accordingly, p = 1 - q p = 1 - 0.30 = 0.70 In terms of homozygote dominants, p2 = (0.70)2 = 0.49 or 49% is used.
How is the Hardy-Weinberg equation solved?The Hardy-Weinberg equation is written as p 2 + 2 p q + q 2 = 1, or p2 + 2 p q + q2 = 1. and is employed to establish the prevalence of genotypes in a certain group. To calculate the frequency of a particular event, Start by replacing the relevant terms with the known values you have been given for genotype.
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which of the following is inconsistent with the punctuated equilibrium model? multiple choice it is difficult to determine when speciation occurred. transitional fossils are less likely to be found. speciation often occurs rapidly. there is a period of no change interrupted by speciation. it often involves an isolated subpopulation.
Many of the theory's detractors said that punctuated equilibrium has never adequately explained how the significant changes depicted in the fossil record could have occurred in such a brief period of time.
Does punctuated equilibrium remain steady and reliable?Environmental conditions are thought to be constant in punctuated equilibrium. The ecosystem can, however, potentially alter as a result of climatic changes or the arrival of new predators. Additionally, it may highlight recent changes in a population that inhabits that area.
What is an illustration of a punctuated equilibrium?Punctuated equilibrium develops as a result of faster genetic variation transmission, which speeds up speciation and evolution. Examples of punctuated equilibrium can be found in the fossils of tyrannosaurids and mollusks in the Turkana Basin.
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a triplet of bases in a template strand of dna is gat. what would be the corresponding codon for mrna?
The corresponding codon for mRNA is CTU.
The template strand is the strand of DNA from which mRNA is synthesized. The coding or non-template strand is the DNA strand that is complementary to the template strand. It has the same sequence as mRNA. The DNA strand that serves as the template for RNA has the base sequence AGCTTCGA. Although DNA is double-stranded, only one strand at a time serves as the template for transcription.
This template strand is called the non-coding strand. The non-template strand is called the coding strand because its sequence is the same as that of the new RNA molecule. mRNA is normally translated by a series of ribosomes about 100 to 200 nucleotides apart. A group of ribosomes attached to an mRNA molecule is called polyribosomes or polysomes. Each ribosome within a group functions independently to synthesize a separate polypeptide chain.
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a bacterial broth culture grown in isolation (pure culture) reflects a predictable growth profile. list the four principle phases of a typical growth profile and briefly describe: (a) what is happening during each phase with regard to the viable cell count and (b) what is causing the change to occur
The four-phase of bacterial culture growth are the lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
Lag Phase: Cellular activity, but not growth, characterizes this initial phase. During this phase, these cells enlarge but do not divide.
Exponential (Log) Phase: Bacterial cells move into the exponential or log phase after the lag phase. The cells are currently dividing by binary fission and multiplying by two after each generation. As DNA, RNA, cell wall components, and other components required for growth are produced for division, metabolic activity is high.
Stationary Phase: As the nutrients get depleted and waste products start to build up, the population expansion seen in the log phase eventually starts to slow down. The number of dividing cells equals the number of dying cells at the stationary phase of bacterial cell development. There is no overall population growth as a result.
Death Phase: As nutrients become scarcer and waste products multiply, more cells are undergoing cellular death.
Factors like oxygen, pH, temperature, and light impact microbial growth.
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