Compare and contrast electron behavior in Rutherford’s, Bohr’s, and the quantum models

9.82 mL is the volume of 32% HCl required to make about 1 N HCl in 100ml volumetric flask.

N₁V₁ = N₂V₂

where,

N₁ = Normality of solution with known concentration

V₁ = Volume of solution with known concentration

N₂ = Normality of solution with unknown concentration

V₂ = Volume of solution with unknown concentration

Now find the mass of solution

Mass = Density × Volume

         = 1.16 × 0.32 × 1000

         = 371.52 g

Normality = [tex]\frac{\text{Weight}}{\text{Equivalent weight}}[/tex]

                = [tex]\frac{371.52\ g}{36.5}[/tex]

                = 10.18 equivalents

Now put the values in above formula we get  

N₁V₁ = N₂V₂

1 × 100 = 10.18 × V₂

100 = 10.18 × V₂

[tex]V_{2} = \frac{100}{10.18}[/tex]

    = 9.82 mL

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that 9.82 mL is the volume of 32% HCl required to make about 1 N HCl in 100ml volumetric flask.

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The proper name of the compound is now 1,1 - dihydroxy-3-phenyl propene.

Firstly we know that the parent chain is based on propane. Now we have three substituents on that parent chain. Two hydroxy moieties and one phenyl moiety.

The proper name of the compound is now 1,1 - dihydroxy-3-phenyl propene.

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Answer:

36.1% Ca

Explanation:

To find the percent calcium, you need to (1) construct the chemical formula of calcium chloride, then (2) calculate the molar mass of calcium chloride, and then (3) calculate the percent calcium in calcium chloride.

(Step 1)

Calcium = Ca²⁺

Chlorine = Cl⁻

Calcium Chloride = CaCl₂

(Step 2)

Atomic Mass (Ca): 40.078 g/mol

Atomic Mass (Cl): 35.453 g/mol

Molar Mass (CaCl₂): 40.078 g/mol + 2(35.453 g/mol)

Molar Mass (CaCl₂): 110.984 g/mol

(Step 3)

CaCl₂ = 1 atom Ca and 2 atoms Cl

1 atom Ca = 40.078 g/mol

   40.078 g Ca
--------------------------  x  100%  =  36.1% Ca
 110.984 g CaCl₂

The pH of a 0.0100 M sodium benzoate solution with a Kb of 1.5 × 10-¹⁰ is 5.91 (option B).

The pH of a solution in chemistry refers to the notation expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution.

The pH is measured on a logarithmic scale of which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline.

The pH of a solution can be calculated using the following formula;

pH = - log {H+}

pH = - log {0.0100}

pH = 2

Therefore, the pH of a 0.0100 M sodium benzoate solution with a Kb of 1.5 × 10-¹⁰ is 5.91.

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The properties are given below:

The property of solids, liquids, and gases refers to those features which are used to identify solids, liquids and gases.

Some property of solids, liquids and gases are shape and volume.

Shape: Solids have definite shape; liquids take the shape of their container; gases have no shape.

Volume: Solids have definite volume; liquids have definite volume; gases do not have a definite volume

In conclusion, solids, liquids and gases have unique properties in their shape and volume.

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The highlighted apparatus are;

1) stirring rod

2) crucible

The term chemical reaction refers to the process by which two or more substances are combined to form a product. The product may look like or different from the reactants that were combined to produce it.

Now we can see the set up that was used as shown for the reaction of  dilute nitric acid with lead(II) oxide to prepare lead(II) nitrate.

The highlighted apparatus are;

1) stirring rod

2) crucible

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Answer:

33 atm

Explanation:

If all other variables are held constant, you can use Gay-Lussac's Law to find the pressure change:

P₁ / T₁ = P₂ / T₂

In this equation, "P₁" and "T₁" represent the initial pressure and temperature. "P₂" and "T₂" represent the final pressure and temperature. You can plug the given values into the equation and simplify to find P₂.

P₁ = 7.0 atm                     P₂ = ? atm

T₁ = 15 °C                         T₂ = 70 °C

P₁ / T₁ = P₂ / T₂                                       <----- Gay-Lussac's Law

7.0 atm / 15 °C = P₂ / 70 °C                   <----- Insert values

0.46667 = P₂ / 70 °C                             <----- Simplify left side

33 = P₂                                                  <----- Multiply both sides by 70

Answer:

a) Ca (s) + 2 H₂O (l) ---> Ca(OH)₂ (aq) + H₂ (g)

b) Al₂O₃ (s) + 3 C (s) + 3 Cl₂ (g) --->  2 AICI₃ (s) + 3 CO (g)

c) 2 FeCl₃ (aq) + 3 H₂S (g) ---> Fe₂S₃ (s) + 6 HCI (aq)

d) CaCO₃ (s) + 2 HCI (aq) ---> CaCl₂ (aq) + CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l)

Explanation:

For an equation to be balanced, there must be an equal amount of each type of atom on both sides of the reaction. The reactants are on the left side and the products are on the right side.

a) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The unbalanced equation:

Ca (s) + H₂O (l) ---> Ca(OH)₂ (aq) + H₂ (g)

Reactants: 1 calcium, 2 hydrogen, 1 oxygen

Products: 1 calcium, 4 hydrogen, 2 oxygen

The balanced equation:

Ca (s) + 2 H₂O (l) ---> Ca(OH)₂ (aq) + H₂ (g)

Reactants: 1 calcium, 4 hydrogen, 2 oxygen

Products: 1 calcium, 4 hydrogen, 2 oxygen

b) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The unbalanced equation:

Al₂O₃ (s) + C (s) + Cl₂ (g) --->  AICI₃ (s) + CO (g)

Reactants: 2 aluminum, 3 oxygen, 1 carbon, 2 chlorine

Products: 1 aluminum, 1 oxygen, 1 carbon, 3 chlorine

The balanced equation:

Al₂O₃ (s) + 3 C (s) + 3 Cl₂ (g) --->  2 AICI₃ (s) + 3 CO (g)

Reactants: 2 aluminum, 3 oxygen, 3 carbon, 6 chlorine

Products: 2 aluminum, 3 oxygen, 3 carbon, 6 chlorine

c) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The unbalanced equation:

FeCl₃ (aq) + H₂S (g) ---> Fe₂S₃ (s) + HCI (aq)

Reactants: 1 iron, 3 chlorine, 2 hydrogen, 1 sulfur

Products: 2 iron, 1 chlorine, 1 hydrogen, 3 sulfur

The balanced equation:

2 FeCl₃ (aq) + 3 H₂S (g) ---> Fe₂S₃ (s) + 6 HCI (aq)

Reactants: 2 iron, 6 chlorine, 6 hydrogen, 3 sulfur

Products: 2 iron, 6 chlorine, 6 chlorine, 3 sulfur

d) ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

The unbalanced equation:

CaCO₃ (s) + HCI (aq) ---> CaCl₂ (aq) + CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l)

Reactants: 1 calcium, 1 carbon, 3 oxygen, 1 hydrogen, 1 chlorine

Products: 1 calcium, 1 carbon, 3 oxygen, 2 hydrogen, 2 chlorine

The balanced equation:

CaCO₃ (s) + 2 HCI (aq) ---> CaCl₂ (aq) + CO₂ (g) + H₂O (l)

Reactants: 1 calcium, 1 carbon, 3 oxygen, 2 hydrogen, 2 chlorine

Products: 1 calcium, 1 carbon, 3 oxygen, 2 hydrogen, 2 chlorine

Taking into account the definition of pH and pOH, the pH of the solution is 9.69.

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity that indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.

The pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions, that is, the concentration of hydrogen ions or H₃O⁺:

pH= - log [H⁺]= - log [H₃O⁺]

Similarly, pOH is a measure of hydroxyl ions in a solution and is expressed as the logarithm of the concentration of OH⁻ ions, with the sign changed:

pOH= - log [OH⁻]

The following relationship can be established between pH and pOH:

pOH + pH= 14

A solution had a hydroxide ion concentration of 4.9×10⁻⁵ M. This is [OH⁻]= 4.9×10⁻⁵ M. So, pOH is calculated as:

pOH= - log (4.9×10⁻⁵ M)

Solving;

pOH= 4.31

Replacing in the relationship established between pH and pOH, the pH can be calculated as:

pH + 4.31= 14

Solving:

pH= 14 - 4.31

pH= 9.69

In summary, the pH of the solution is 9.69.

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The number of moles of carbon dioxide produced will be 8.6 moles.

First, let's look at the balanced equation of the reaction. The complete combustion of ethanol gives carbon dioxide and water as follows:

[tex]C_2H_5OH + 3O_2 --- > 2CO_2 + 3H_2O[/tex]

We can see from the equation that the burning of 1 mole of ethanol produces 2 moles of carbon dioxide. In other words, the mole ratio is 1:2.

Thus, with 4.3 moles of ethanol, the amount, in moles, of carbon dioxide that will be produced will be:

                            4.3 x 2 = 8.6 moles

In other words, 8.6 moles of carbon dioxide will be produced from the complete combustion of 4.3 moles of ethanol.

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The balanced equation will be [tex]2NH_3 + 3I_2 -- > N_2I_6 + 3H_2[/tex]

They are chemical equations that obey the law of conservation of atoms.

In other words, they are equations in which the number of atoms before and after reactions are the same.

Thus, the balanced equation for the reaction will be [tex]2NH_3 + 3I_2 -- > N_2I_6 + 3H_2[/tex]

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Answer:

4.69 x 10²⁴ molecules CH₄

Explanation:

To find the amount of molecules, you need to (1) convert grams to moles (via molar mass) and then (2) convert moles to molecules (via Avogadro's Number). It is important to arrange the conversions in a way that allows for the cancellation of units. The final answer should have 3 sig figs to match the sig figs of the given value (125 g).

Molar Mass (CH₄): 16.05 g/mol

Avogadro's Number:

6.022 x 10²³ molecules = 1 mole

125 g CH₄         1 mole            6.022 x 10²³ molecules
----------------  x  ---------------  x  -------------------------------------  =  
                          16.05 g                       1 mole

=  4.69 x 10²⁴ molecules CH₄

Answer:

40 g

Explanation:b

Titration is a technique for determining unknown molarity of acid by adding a base of know malarkey to a known volume of acid

The process of calculating the quantity of a material A by adding measured increments of substance B, the titrant, with which it reacts until exact chemical equivalency is obtained " is the definition of titration. Titration, commonly referred to as titrimetry, is a method of chemical qualitative analysis used to determine the concentration of a certain analyte in a mixture.

The goal of titration is to identify the equivalence point, or the point at which chemically equivalent amounts of the reactants have been combined, which is a key analytical chemistry technique also known as volumetric analysis. The stoichiometry of the reactants determines how many reactants have been mixed at the equivalence point.

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The amount of potassium chloride (KCl) in 27.2 kg of a solution containing 18.7% KCl by mass solution is 5.086 kg.

Mass of solute = Mass percent of solute x  Mass of the solution

Here,

Mass percent of solute = 18.7 %

Mass of the solution = 27.2 kg

Now put the value in above formula we get

Mass of solute = Mass percent of solute x  Mass of the solution

                         = [tex]\frac{18.7}{100} \times 27.2\ kg[/tex]

                         = [tex]\frac{508.64}{100}[/tex]

                         = 5.086

Thus from the above conclusion we can say that The amount of potassium chloride (KCl) in 27.2 kg of a solution containing 18.7% KCl by mass solution is 5.086 kg.

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Answer:

298-273 = 25°C is correct answer!

Answer:

2.37 atm

Explanation:

0.72+1.65 = 2.37 atm

Answer:

B.) The molecule is a branched hydrocarbon.

Explanation:

A hydrocarbon is any molecule made up of carbon and hydrogen exclusively. A methyl- prefix denotes the presence of a methyl group (CH₃), which is situated as a branch off of a hydrocarbon carbon.

The enthalpy change of the reaction:  A + 2B → C is determined as follows: ΔH = ΔH₁ +  ΔH₂; option C

Enthalpy change refers to the change in heat content as reactant molecules combine to form products.

The enthalpy change of a multistep reaction is calculated from by summing the enthalpy changes of the intermediate steps that leads to the overall reaction.

Thus, the enthalpy change of the reaction:  A + 2B → C is determined as follows:

ΔH = ΔH₁ +  ΔH₂

In conclusion, the enthalpy change of the reaction is determined from the summation of the enthalpy changes that occur in the intermediate steps.

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531.2 grams of oxygen and 608.22 grams of C6H12O6 make up the potential yield.

Determine the reaction's theoretical yield:

Given is the reaction: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O = C6H12O6 + 6 O2.

2.38 x 102 g of H2O are provided as the mass.

Given is 18.6 moles of CO2.

6 CO2 + 6 H2O →  C6H12O6 + 6 O2

6 moles of H2O  1 mole of C6H12O6

1 mole of water equals 0.6 moles of C6H12O6.

18gm of H2O = 276/6 gm of C6H12O6

2.38*10^2 gm of H2O = ? gm of C6H12O6

[tex]=\frac{2.38*10^{2} *\frac{276}{6} }{18}[/tex]

[tex]=608.22gms[/tex] of C6H12O6

1 mole of  C6H12O6 = 276gms

? moles of C6H12O6 = 608.22gms

= 608.22/276

= 2.2 moles of C6H12O6

6 moles of CO2 = 6 moles of O2

1 mole of CO2 = 1 mole of O2

∴ 18.6 moles of CO2 = 18.6 moles of O2

1 mole of O2 = 32gms of O2

∴18.6 moles of O2 = ?  gm

= 18.6*32

= 531.2gms of O2

Hence 531.2 grams of oxygen and 608.22 grams of C6H12O6 make up the potential yield

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Answer:

Mg(s) = oxidized

H₂SO₄(aq) (hydrogen) = reduced

Explanation:

Oxidized substances lose electrons and see an increase in oxidation number. Reduced substances gain electrons and see a decrease in oxidation number.

Lone elements always have an oxidation number of 0. H₂SO₄ and MgSO₄ are ionic compounds that can be broken up into a cation and polyatomic anion. The anion, SO₄²⁻, has an overall oxidation number of -2. Therefore, to make the overall charge of the ionic compound neutral, the hydrogen in H₂SO₄ has an oxidation state of +1 (bc there are two hydrogens) and the magnesium in MgSO₄ has an oxidation state of +2.

Since Mg(s) is losing electrons (goes from 0 to +2), it is being oxidized. Since the hydrogen in H₂SO₄(aq) is gaining electrons (goes from +1 to 0), it is being reduced.

Answer:

0.382 atm

Explanation:

In order to find the pressure, you need to know the moles of carbon dioxide (CO₂) gas. This can be found by multiplying the mass (g) by the molar mass (g/mol) of CO₂. It is important to arrange the conversion in a way that allows for the cancellation of units.

Molar Mass (CO₂): 12.011 g/mol + 2(15.998 g/mol)

Molar Mass (CO₂): 44.007 g/mol

15 grams CO₂               1 mole
----------------------  x  ------------------------  =  0.341 moles CO₂
                                44.007 grams

To find the pressure, you need to use the Ideal Gas Law equation.

PV = nRT

In this equation,

-----> P = pressure (atm)

-----> V = volume (L)

-----> n = moles

-----> R = Ideal Gas Constant (0.08206 atm*L/mol*K)

-----> T = temperature (K)

After you convert Celsius to Kelvin, you can plug the given and calculated values into the equation and simplify to find the pressure.

P = ? atm                              R = 0.08206 atm*L/mol*K

V = 20 L                               T = 0 °C + 273.15 = 273.15 K

n = 0.341 moles

PV = nRT

P(20 L) = (0.341 moles)(0.08206 atm*L/mol*K)(273.15 K)

P(20 L) = 7.64016

P = 0.382 atm

Answer:

17.3 L

Explanation:

With all other variables held constant, you can find the missing volume using the Charles' Law equation:

V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂

In this equation, "V₁" and "T₁" represent the initial volume and temperature. "V₂" and "T₂" represent the final volume and temperature. Before we can solve, we need to convert Celsius to Kelvin (because we don't want negative numbers or temp. of 0).

V₁ = 20.0 L                                            V₂ = ? L

T₁ = 0.00 °C + 273.15 = 273.15 K         T₂ = -36.2 °C + 273.15 = 236.95 K

V₁ / T₁ = V₂ / T₂                                             <----- Charles' Law equation

20.0 L / 273.15 K = V₂ / 236.95 K               <----- Insert values

0.0732 = V₂ / 236.95 K                               <----- Simplify left side

17.3 L = V₂                                                   <----- Multiply both sides by 236.95

Answer: 5.72%

Explanation:

Given:

Experimental value of gas constant, R = 0.0878 L.atm/mol⋅K

Known value of gas constant, R = 0.0821 L.atm/mol⋅K

This percent error is defined as the difference in percentage between a measurement's real value and its observed value.

[tex]\text { Percent Error }=\frac{\mid \text { Experimental Value }-\text { Known Value } \mid}{\text { Known Value }} * 100[/tex]

[tex]\text { Percent Error }=\frac{\mid \text {0.0878}-\text { 0.0821 } \mid}{\text { 0.0821 }} * 100[/tex]

[tex]\bf{Percent \ Error = 5.72\%}[/tex]

In the case the relative strength of the two forces C and D is that D represents a ion-dipole forces, which are known to be very much stronger than the force that is said to be represented by C.

A concept map is known to be a kind of a special type of a web diagram that is often used in the exploration of knowledge and gathering and also in sharing of information.

Note that Concept mapping is a strategy used in creating the idea of a map as it is made up of  a visual depiction of ideas, theories, and others.

Note that Intermolecular forces are known to be those forces that are said to be attractive and also a kind of a repulsive forces that is seen between the molecules of a substance.

Looking at the image attached, In regards to the relative strength of the two forces C and D. The fact is that D stands for ion-dipole forces, which are known to be very much stronger than the force that is said to be represented by C.

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Taking into account the definition of pH and pOH, the hydroxide ion concentration will be 1×10⁻¹¹ M.

pH is a measure of acidity or alkalinity that indicates the amount of hydrogen ions present in a solution or substance.

The pH is defined as the negative base 10 logarithm of the activity of hydrogen ions, that is, the concentration of hydrogen ions or H₃O⁺:

pH= - log [H⁺]= - log [H₃O⁺]

Similarly, pOH is a measure of hydroxyl ions in a solution and is expressed as the logarithm of the concentration of OH⁻ ions, with the sign changed:

pOH= - log [OH⁻]

The following relationship can be established between pH and pOH:

pOH + pH= 14

A solution had a hydrogen ion concentration of 1×10⁻³ M. In other words [H⁺]= 1×10⁻³ M.

Replacing in the definition of pH, it is calculated as:

pH= - log (1×10⁻³ M)

Solving;

pH= 3

Replacing in the relationship established between pH and pOH, the pOH can be calculated as:

pOH + 3= 14

Solving:

pOH= 14 - 3

pOH= 11

Replacing in the definition of pOH the concentration of OH⁻ ions is obtained:

- log [OH⁻]= 11

Solving:

[OH⁻]= 10⁻¹¹

[OH⁻]= 1×10⁻¹¹ M

In summary, the hydroxide ion concentration will be 1×10⁻¹¹ M.

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The molarity of the solution will be 4.97 M.

It is the number of moles of solutes per 1 liter of solvent or solution.

Mole of 34.1 g NaCl = 34.1/58.44 = 0.5835 mol

117.3 mL = 117.3/1000 = 0.1173 L

Molarity of the solution = 0.5835/0.1173 = 4.97 M

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Answer:

The removal of second electron from alkaline earth metals leads to the stable octet state in M2+ ions. In case of alkali metals it is not so. Since the removal of electron leads to stability, hence it can easily removed leading to lowering of second ionization enthalpy in alkaline earth metals.

Explanation:

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Answer:

3

Explanation:

An equation is balanced when there is an equal amount of each element on both sides of the reaction. You can change these amounts by adding coefficients.

The unbalanced equation:

FeCl₃ + NH₄OH ---> Fe(OH)₃ + NH₄Cl

Reactants: 1 iron, 3 chlorine, 1 nitrogen, 5 hydrogen, 1 oxygen

Products: 1 iron, 1 chlorine, 1 nitrogen, 7 hydrogen, 3 oxygen

The balanced equation:

FeCl₃ + 3 NH₄OH ---> Fe(OH)₃ + 3 NH₄Cl

Reactants: 1 iron, 3 chlorine, 3 nitrogen, 15 hydrogen, 3 oxygen

Products: 1 iron, 3 chlorine, 3 nitrogen, 15 hydrogen, 3 oxygen

Ammonium Chloride = NH₄Cl

0.28 moles of nitrogen gas are there in 6.8 liters at room temperature and pressure (293 K and 100 kPa).

Ideal gas law :

An ideal gas is a gas in which atoms dose not exert any force on each other even after collision which walls and other atoms (inelastic collisions).

Mole definition:

The mole is the amount of compound present in a given system which has molecular mass as that of the mass of carbon12 .carbon 12

Using ideal gas law ,

PV=nRT

Given,

pressure = P = 100kPa

Volume = V = 6.8 Lit

Temperature = room temperature = T = 293 K

R= universal gas constant = 8.314

n= moles = ?

∴[tex]n = \frac{PV}{RT}[/tex]

∴ n = 100 × 6.8 / 8.314 × 293

∴n = 0.28 moles

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