Compared to human cells, there are about 10 to 100 times as many bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.
Bacteria and archea, both, are unicellular, prokaryotic organisms. They are this very simple organisms consisting of only one cell. On the contrary, human is a complex organism that has millions of cells in his body. Therefore, we can say that our bodies contain between 10 and 100 times more bacterial and archaeal cells than human cells.
Cells make up organisms, which are highly organised structures. It's amazing how intricate even extremely basic, single-celled organisms are. Molecules are made up of atoms inside each cell. Organelles or cell components are created from these. In comparison to single-celled animals, multicellular organisms, have an advantage since their cells can be specialised to fulfil particular functions and even sacrificed in some circumstances for the benefit of the organism as a whole.
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the erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the (fill in the blank) .
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because , At high altitudes, both the total atmospheric pressure and the partial pressure of oxygen are low.
The cells that carry hemoglobin, an oxygen-transporting protein that gives blood its red hue, are known as erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs). Over 99% of the blood's biological composition consists of red blood cells. About five million RBCs may be found in one microliter of blood.
Because there is less O2 available to be loaded, high-altitude situations invariably result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels.
High elevations result in an increase in blood hemoglobin levels. This is one of the most well-known effects of high altitude acclimatization. Oxygen may be transported more easily when there is more hemoglobin in the blood.
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy remains in the population because the allele is , and carrier mothers pass it to carrier daughters.
Answer: X-linked Recessive
Explanation:
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease caused by a genetic mutation of the X-chromosome and is recessive.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease caused by a genetic mutation of the X-chromosome and is recessive.
What are the séx-linked genes?These are genes that can be found only in the X-chromosome. The inheritance pattern expressed by these genes varies from the one expressed by genes located in autosomal chromosomes.
In the exposed example,
- muscular dystrophy are X-linked recessive disorders
- woman ⇒ carrier for muscular dystrophy ⇒ heter0zyg0us ⇒ XDXd
- man ⇒ doesn’t have muscular dystrophy ⇒ X-chromosome with the dominant allele ⇒ XDY
- XD ⇒ chromosome rarrying the dominant allele
- Xd ⇒ chromosomes carrying the recessive allele
Cross: Man x Woman
Parentals) XDY x XDXd
Gametes) XD Y XD Xd
Punnett square) XD Xd
XD XDXd XDXd
Y XdY XdY
F1) 1/2 = 50% of the progeny will express the normal phenotype, XD-
1/2 = 50% of the progeny will have muscular dystrophy, Xd-
100% of the girls will be normal and carriers, XDXd
100% of the boys have muscular dystrophy, XdY
Considering only boys,
100% of them will have the disease, XdY
0% will be carriers.
Considering only girls,
0% of them will have the disease,
100% will be carriers, XDXd
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Rank the strength of attraction between the particles that make up the gas in an oxygen tank, a rock, and juice, all at room temperature.
Answer:
rock, juice oxygen
Explanation:
Going by solid, liquid, and gas, there has to be the most attraction between solid substances.
which stage of atherosclerosis is smooth muscle cell progression and proliferation involved in
In the early as well as late stages of atherosclerosis is smooth muscle cell progression and proliferation involved.
In both the early and late stages of atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a significant role. The extracellular matrix-rich fibrous cap that VSMCs generate to protect the early atherosclerotic lesion's "necrotic" core covers the lesion when they invade it from the media. One significant step in the development of vascular lesions is smooth muscle cell proliferation (SMC).
Up until now, there hasn't been any concrete proof that mitogens play a part in the formation of arterial lesions, despite the widespread idea that growth factors play a role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In reaction to vascular damage, during atherogenesis, and during smooth muscle cell migration. It has been discovered that migration activates a large number of proximal signals and signal transduction pathways.
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in the gapc gene (a.k.a. gapc), how many exons are not amplified by the primers used in the first round of pcr?
A minimum of two exons aren't amplified in the initial PcR cycle.
During an important procedure known as glycol illnesses, G A p C G is heated. I feel. The capitalization of black analysis and camps was appropriate. The damaging relationships between G A P C, daily hide, and cholesterol. Represents Venice Cyril D hiding the phosphate and Venice g ease hydrogen. Additionally, this gene is psychosomatic.
What about exons?The regions of a gene called exons code for proteins.Amino acids are coded for in exons, which are found in mRNA.Distinct protein domains are encoded by different exons.The domains might be encoded by a single exon or by splicing together many exons.A gene's introns and exons are nucleotide sequences.As RNA matures, introns are cut out via RNA splicing, which suggests that they're not expressed in the resulting messenger RNA (mRNA) product.In contrast, exons still are chemically sure to one another to produce mature mRNA.Exons are protein-coding regions of an RNA transcript or the DNA that encodes it that are translated.Introns are intervening segments of DNA that do not code for proteins and can be used to divide exons.The key thing to remain in mind is that codons are characteristics of RNA, whereas exons and introns are characteristics of DNA.Otherwise, there is a risk that the functions of DNA and RNA in the Central Dogma ("DNA creates RNA makes Protein") may be misunderstood.Homologous sequences within the opposite type of nucleic need to be referred to by a different name.Learn more about exons here:
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when platelets adhere to the vessel wall, they release growth factors that cause smooth muscle to grow. what medical diagnoses are associated factors that influence platelets to adhere to the vessel wall? select all that apply.
Hemodynamic stress, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking are associated factors that influence platelets to adhere to the vessel wall.
The release of growth factors by platelets that stick to the vessel wall promotes the growth of smooth muscle, which in turn aids in the development of atherosclerosis. Smoking, high blood lipid and cholesterol levels, hemodynamic stress, diabetes mellitus, and immune systems all have the potential to damage blood vessels, promote platelet adhesion, and ultimately result in thrombosis.
When your blood arteries are damaged, the platelets communicate with one other. The platelets instantly form a plug (clot) to repair damage when it occurs. Adhesion is the process of moving over the surface of a broken blood vessel to halt bleeding.
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if a somatic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase, how many picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase ii of meiosis? (enter the number only, not the units)
Using the theories of cells, we got that 20 picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase of meiosis if a somantic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase is used.
The cell is actually the basic structural and functional unit of life forms. Every cell consists of the cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, and contains many biomolecules such as the proteins, DNA and RNA, as well as many small molecules of nutrients and the metabolites.[1]
Cells can easily acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as replication, DNA repair, the protein synthesis, and motility. Cells are capable of specialization and the mobility within the cell. Most cells are measured in micrometers due to the small size.
Hence, if a somatic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase, 20 picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase ii of meiosis.
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Double-glazing all the windows in a house will cost £4000. It will mean a yearly saving of £200 on
energy bills. What is the payback time in years?
According to the given statement 20 is the payback time in years.
What is energy in Example?Energy can take on a variety of shapes. Examples of these include: electrical energy, energy, energy source, nuclear or atom energy, light energy, heat energy, mechanical power, gravity force, and so on. Each form has the ability to shift or transform into others.
Why is energy so important?Since it is a basic human requirement, energy plays a significant role in our daily lives. Our human-made structures are not only warmed by energy, but also cooled by it. To lift your thumb, get out of bed, or even walk down the street, you need energy.
Briefing:Based on the given conditions, formulate: 4000÷200
Cross out the common factor:20
Get the result:20
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which pair is mismatched? a.opsonization: can involve the adaptive immune system b.interferon type 1: can make a cell resistant to viral infection c.macrophage: immune system cells that carry out phagocytosis d.fever: induced by the presence of pyrogens e.alternative complement pathway: complement activated by antibodies
The adaptive immune system may be involved in osonization.
Option A is accurate.
What are the adaptive immune response's four defining traits?Antigenic specificity, variety, immunologic memory, and the capacity to distinguish between the self and the non-self are the four features of adaptive immunity. Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) and antigen-presenting cells participate in an immune response (macrophages, B-cells, and dendritic cells).
Interferons play a role in the adaptive system, right?IFNs are a class of pleiotropic cytokines that were first identified for their capacity to prevent virus replication. But it is now known that these cytokines are crucial in controlling both innate and adaptive immunity.
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discuss what would happen to the rate of cellular respiration if the germinating lentils and crickets were kept in the respirometers for an extended period. you must show a critical understanding of the operations of the electron transport chain in your answer.
To fulfill the high-energy needs of a germinating seedling, cellular respiration increases as a seed emerges from dormancy and begins germinating.
Cellular respiration increases as a seed emerges from dormancy and starts to germinate in order to meet the high ATP requirements of a growing seedling. Sugars and other substances are used by seeds as a substrate for respiration during germination. Since there is a greater need for ATP during germination, the activity of the electron transport system also rises during this time.
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atp synthases are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. what does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of these eukaryotic organelles to prokaryotes? how might the amino acid sequences of the atp synthases from the different sources support or refute your hypothesis?
a) ATP synthase is a molecular machine. This enzyme (protein) is in fee of making ATP and is utilized by prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The truth that the equal enzyme seems in each organizations creates a dating due to the fact the perfect manner this will show up is via way of means of eukaryotes obtaining this mechanisms from prokaryotes. It is assumed that during truth this befell thru a manner referred to as endosymbiosis, wherein prokaryotic cells engulf different cells setting up a symbiotic dating. After hundreds of thousands of years it in the end have become 1 organism.
b) Since ATP synthase is a kind of protein one may want to assume that the amino acid series that creates this enzyme ought to be comparable among prokaryotes and eukaryotes and helping the concept that eukaryotes advanced from prokaryotes.
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in a certain fish, fin rays (supporting structures for the fins) can be either bony or soft in adult fish. linkage in a fish is similar to that in humans. what evidence would most strongly support the idea that the ray locus is on the x chromosome?
Mating of soft ray males and bony ray females give different results from the mating of bony ray males and soft ray females.
What are fin rays?
Each of the long, narrow bony protuberances that most bony fishes use to support their fins.
What is linkage?
Sex-linked traits or qualities are those that are impacted by genes found on the sex chromosomes, as related to genetics. Because the X chromosome has many more genes than the smaller Y chromosome, the word is frequently used to describe features or illnesses that are caused by genes on the X chromosome in humans.
Therefore, from the above explanation suggests that ray locus is on the X chromosomes.
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why is it critical for maintaining flux through the metabolic pathway that nadh be oxidized to nad , and (b) how is that done under anaerobic conditions in human cells?
Enables the energy-producing process by which NAD can move electrons from one reaction to another. Through a variety of metabolic processes, cells regenerate their energy when they are anaerobic.
NAD+ and NADH: What Function in Metabolism?With the help of metabolic activities like glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), NAD+ gets hydride to create NADH, a crucial redox carrier. Because of this, NADH also contributes to the production of ROS and is a key hydride donor for ATP synthesis via mitochondrial OXPHOS.
What is NAD+? As to why it matters:Every cell in your body contains NAD+, a vital coenzyme. It is crucial for the metabolic process and serves two primary purposes by converting nutrients into energy.
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Where in the cell cycle do you think the mutation occurred? Please explain your
reasoning.
Answer:
Metaphase.
Explanation:
Chromosomal mutation are either having an extra or missing piece, or having an extra or missing chromosome. An extra or missing piece happens during crossing over where the exchanged parts both go to one side, so one side has an extra chromosome piece and the other has a missing one. This happens in metaphase.
a gene that controls seed coat color in peas also determines the susceptibility of these peas to a particular disease. this situation is referred to as
The sensitivity of peas to a specific disease is also determined by a specific gene that regulates the colour of the seed coat. Pleiotropy is the term used to describe this circumstance.
Pleiotropy is the term used to describe this scenario, which has been found in a variety of species, including humans.
When an organism is heterozygous, it has two distinct alleles of the same gene. For instance, pea plants can have either homozygous dominant (red-red) or heterozygous red blooms (red-white). They are homozygous recessive if they have white blooms (white-white).
The phenotype of an organism is its outward appearance (FEE ,TIEP). Purple or white flowers would be possible phenotypes for the pea plant's feature of flower colour. Yellow and green seeds, in terms of seed colour,
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What helps to transport materials across the membrane, can open and close, or even change shape?.
which of the following statements is correct? multiple choice mitosis involves one division and produces two non identical gametes. meiosis involves two divisions and produces four non identical gametes. meiosis involves one division and produces two nonidentical gametes. meiosis involves two divisions and produces four identical gametes. mitosis involves two divisions and produces four identical gametes.
Meiosis involves two divisions and produces four non identical gametes.
What is meiosis or mitosis?
Meiosis is the sort of cell department that creates egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is a essential system for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, consisting of its chromosomes, and splits to shape equal daughter cells.
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HELP. QUESTION: Do we learn from our mistakes using pesticides that contained DDT was very effective in controlling insect pests on many crops. It was subsequently banned because of this harmful side effect
A. Soft egg shells
B. Bioaccumulation
C. Birth defects in baby chicks
D. Death of small mammals
DDT was subsequently banned despite being very effective when used as pesticides because of its harmful side effect of: (B) bioaccumulation.
DDT has the full form Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. It was a very commonly used pesticide or insecticide. It is a crystalline chemical compound. Apart from bioaccumulation, DDT was also responsible for the decrease in the reproductive rate of birds due to thinning of eggshells.
Bioaccumulation is the phenomenon where the intake of a chemical compound in an organism is more than its excretion or breakdown. In this phenomenon, the chemical agent quantity keeps building up gradually with time in an individual. Pesticide and pollution are the two most common reasons for bioaccumulation.
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Release factor 1 has been mutated so now it binds to the codon 5’-ugg-3’ and the gene encoding the native trna that binds to the ugg has been deleted. Assuming that the cell with these mutations is viable, what would occur at the ugg codon? look at the genetic code in lecture slides or in your book.
The original UGG tRNA encoding has been removed and the cell with this mutation is alive, so the UGG codon will change the codon sequence.
When the coding for a nucleotide is removed, a mutation occurs. These mutations are called frame shift mutations. These mutations are caused by the addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides in the DNA, usually followed by a shift in codon reading resulting in a change in the amino acid sequence in the protein that the gene encodes for. The frameshift is divided into two, namely single base deletion and single base insertion. Single base deletion occurs when a nucleotide is missing or missing from the DNA chain. Single base insertion occurs when a nucleotide pair inserts into the DNA chain
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describe two early hypotheses that dr. gillespie proposed to explain the morph ratio in the happy-face spider.
The first hypothesis is “why did each island have a 2:1 ratio of yellow to other morphs.” The second hypothesis is “why did the spiders come onto the islands in corresending order from 1 to 42”.
The current theory put forth by Gillespie and colleagues claims that predators looking for happy-face spiders keep the islands' 2:1 ratio constant. Predators on each island are either ineffectively looking for many morphs or effectively looking for the most prevalent morph, the yellow morph. Non-yellow morphs benefit from this since they are able to avoid predators more frequently. However, as other morphs become quite prevalent, predators begin to seek them out, which drives their frequencies back down. This method might shed light on why different morphs have evolved on different islands and why yellow and other spiders are regularly found in a 2:1 ratio.
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evolutionary roots of aerobic respiration: each of you will describe your process across evolution. a.)first appearance on earth. a.what are it inputs and where do they come from? b.what are its outputs and where do they go? c.what is its most important output? b.)describe each and every subsequent different function of your process across evolutionary time since its inception up to its role in aerobic metabolism. as in part (a), you will need to specify inputs and where from, outputs and where they go, and the most important output. bring notes to the group meeting about how your process is connected to the electron transport chain in modern aerobic metabolism. what materials does your process receive and send to the electron transport chain, and what does this exchange accomplish?
When oxygen first appeared on Earth 2.3 billion years ago as a result of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, it fundamentally changed the trajectory of evolution by enabling the emergence of aerobic respiration and complex multicellular life.
The energy that was stored in carbohydrates and lipids during photosynthesis is released during the process of aerobic respiration and made available to living things. Glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are the four phases.
The development and diversification of the first animals depended heavily on the biological toolkits for aerobic respiration. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), an enzyme, controls the Krebs' Cycle, a process by which organic molecules are oxidized to produce ATP in aerobic life forms.
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Please help me please.
I have a F
Answer: The last one "Cells copy once and divide twice making two cells."
Explanation:
Answer: A process where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Cells copy one and divide one making 2 cells
Explanation:
The division of a cell occurs once in mitosis but twice in meiosis.
a group of cells is assayed for dna content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 10 picograms of dna per nucleus. approximately how many picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis?
20 picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis
What is cell cycle?
It refers to series of events that take place in a cell, resulting in the duplication of DNA and division of cytoplasm and organelles to produce two daughter cells.”
Phases of cell cycle
Interphase and M phaseInterphase has G1 phase, S phase and G2 phaseInterphase:
Also known as resting phase of the cell cycle; interphase is the time during which the cell prepares for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication. It is divided into three phases:-
G1 phase: It is the phase of the cell between mitosis and initiation of replication of the genetic material of the cell. During this phase, cell is metabolically active and continues to grow without replicating its DNA.S phase (Synthesis) – The DNA replication takes place during this phase. If the initial quantity of DNA in the cell is denoted as 2N, then after the replication it becomes 4N. However the number of chromosomes does not vary, i.e. if the number of chromosomes during G1 phase was 2n, it will remain 2n at the end of S phase. G2 phase (Gap 2) –During this phase, the RNA, proteins, other macromolecules required for multiplication of cell organelles, spindle formation, and cell growth are produced as cell prepares to go into the mitotic phase.M phase:
This is mitotic phase or the phase of the equational division as the cell undergoes a complete reorganization to give birth to a progeny that has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cellMitotic phase is divided into four overlapping stages:-Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase, and
Telophase
According to given data, 10 picograms of dna per nucleus was found in the cells following mitosis. DNA replication takes place in the S phase, thus doubling the dna per nucleus to 20 picograms.
S phase is followed by G2 phase, and then prophase (of M phase) during which there is no change in the DNA content of the cell.
Thus 20 picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis.
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newly formed polypeptides are released and the ribosomal subunits break apart as a result of sequences in mrna called
Newly shaped polypeptides are released and the ribosomal subunits break apart as a result of sequences in mRNA called Translation.
The translation is the technique that takes the facts handed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids sure collectively with peptide bonds.
Within the course of translation, ribosomal subunits acquire collectively like a sandwich on the strand of mRNA, in which they proceed to attract tRNA molecules tethered to amino acids (circles). an extended chain of amino acids emerges as the ribosome decodes the mRNA series proper into a polypeptide, or a logo-new protein.
The release elements bind to a termination codon on the area and stimulate hydrolysis of the bond between the tRNA and the polypeptide chain at the P internet site online, resulting within the release of the completed polypeptide from the ribosome. The tRNA is then released, and the ribosomal subunits and the mRNA template dissociate.
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milk and ear wax multiple choice question. a) are not secretions. b) are secreted from modified sweat glands. c) are secreted from modified sebaceous glands. d) are in the blood.
Answer: b
Explanation: because it’s right
Milk and ear wax "are secreted from modified sweat glands".
The ceruminous glands, whose were remodeled merocrine sweat glands, secrete ear wax, while the mammary glands, which were remodeled apocrine sweat glands, secrete milk.
A particular kind of gland that can be found in the skin, ear, breast, and eyelid. Apocrine glands inside the ear aid in the formation of earwax, whereas those in the breast produce fat droplets with breast milk. Sweat glands have been located in apocrine glands on the skin and eyelid.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option (c).
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Alexis is trying to determine a victim's time of death. What is the LEAST effective method she can use for determining their time of death?
O A
О в.
O C.
OD.
rigor mortis
livor mortis
algor mortis
indicative acts
Time of death is determined by the rigor mortis method, which is the most effective forensic method hence option a is correct.
What is an effective method to determine the time of death?
This stiffening process, known as Rigor Mortis, has a generally known recurrence period and may thus be used to determine the time of death.
In general, if the corpse is warm and there is no rigidity, death happened within the last 3 hours. The death happened 3-8 hours earlier if the corpse is warm and rigid.
If the body is discovered before the body temperature has reached equilibrium with the ambient temperature, forensic experts can determine the time of death by measuring the body's core temperature.
Therefore rigor mortis is the best effective method to determine the time of death, hence option a is correct.
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which process would be included in an accurate diagram of the rock cycle? i
Answer:
Sedimentary and metamorphic rock melt and become magma.
Explanation:
a horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. she knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele r(rr and rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r(rr). the horticulturalist plans to cross a geranium that is true-breeding for red flowers with a geranium that is true-breeding for white flowers. which punnett square best describes this cross?
The one that best describes the Punnett square of this cross is:
R R
r Rr Rr
r Rr Rr
Geraniums that breed for red flowers mean that the allele trait is Homozygous dominant which is denoted by the letter RR. And geraniums that reproduce for white flowers mean that the allele is homozygous recessive, denoted by the letter rr.
Homozygous dominant genes are a combination of two dominant genes from male sex cells and female sex cells. Homozygous dominant genes are symbolized by two capital letters, such as AA and RR.
A recessive homozygous gene is the result of the combination of two recessive genes from two sex cells. The homozygous recessive gene symbol is two lowercase letters, for example, aa and rr.
Heterozygous genes are genes that have different pairs of alleles so that one is dominant and the other is recessive, so it is written with a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, such as Rr.
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cells in the adrenal gland produce the hormone epinephrine and store it in vesicles. to release epinephrine these vesicles are carried to the plasma membrane and fuse with it. what process is occurring?
Exocytosis is the process by which cells transport components into the extracellular fluid from within the cell.
What is the endocytosis procedure?A broad term for the process by which cells take in outside material by enveloping it with their membrane is endocytosis. Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are typically used as subcategories of endocytosis.
What makes endocytosis and exocytosis different from one another?Endocytosis is the process by which a material or particle from the outside of the cell is taken in by the cell membrane and brought inside. Vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the exterior of the cell is referred to as exocytosis.
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normally, proteins of large molecular size are not present in urine. increased amounts of proteins may appear as a result of kidney diseases in which the glomeruli are damaged or as a result of .
Because of high blood pressure or from injury to the glomeruli.
Why do proteins typically not appear in urine samples?There is protein in the blood, but healthy kidneys should only remove very little amounts (traces) of it through the filters into the urine (glomeruli). Protein loss in the urine is not typical.
What are the proteins found in typical urine?You typically have a very small amount of protein in your urine. If your urine contains a lot of protein (proteinuria), your kidneys may be the source of the issue. Your kidneys are a set of organs that purify surplus water and waste from your blood to create urine.
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