During gene therapy, Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.
Gene therapy uses viruses to implant therapeutic genes into stem cells. Viruses proliferate by injecting their genetic material into living cells. A virus is utilized to implant a healthy version of the ADA gene into the patient's stem cells in order to treat ADA-SCID.
Since stem cells may regenerate on their own, the need for recurrent injections of therapeutic cells may be reduced or perhaps eliminated in cell-based gene therapy. Gene therapy's main objective is to treat illnesses brought on by damaged genes.
Cell treatment is the transfer of cells to a patient, whereas gene therapy involves the transfer of genetic material into the proper cells. The transfer of genetic material during gene therapy often occurs in vector form.
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Explain why the plant height at 50 mL is not consistent with the rest of the data. What evidence can you use from the regression analysis to make this point?
The plant height of not persistent with the rest of the data due to probably the wrong amount of gibberellic acid added to the plant at that step.
What is regression analysis?Regression analysis can be defined as the method that is used to compare an independent variable with a dependent variable.
When a graph is plotted between Independent variable (gibberellic acid) and the Dependent variable (plant height) it is scattered because 50ml data.
This is so due to probably the wrong amount of gibberellic acid added to the plant at that step.
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15) naturally occurring variations within a species are mainly the result of
a) dynamic equilibrium and sexual reproduction b) sexual reproduction and competition
c) sexual reproduction and mutations
d) mutations and competition
Answer:
d mutations and competition
____________________ theory is the theory that proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from certain types of bacteria that eukaryotic cells engulfed.
The endosymbiotic theory proposed that the mitochondria and the chloroplast evolve from some types of bacteria which the eukaryotic cells engulfed.
The endosymbiotic theory tries to explain how the eukaryotic cells came into existence from prokaryotic cells. According to this theory, the eukaryotic organelles like the mitochondria and the chloroplasts were actually free living prokaryotes and were taken in one after the other via endosymbiosis.
This theory has been backed by evidences which establish the phylogenetic similarity between mitochondria and bacteria and also between chloroplast and cyanobacteria. The evidences include the presence of circular DNA in both chloroplast as well as the mitochondria and also the fact they divide by binary fission like bacteria.
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What two environmental factors influence the shape of a proteins?
What is the term called when the shape of a protein is changed?
What impact does this change in shape have on the proteins ability to function or job?
Make sure to use complete sentences, and write a sentence to answer each question.
The shape of proteins are affected by temperature and pH.
The change of shape of proteins is known as denaturation.
Denaturation of a protein will make it unable to function.
What factors affect protein functions?Proteins are large molecules which are found in living organisms.
The shape of proteins are affected by temperature and pH of their environment.
The change of shape of proteins is known as denaturation.
Denaturation of a protein will make it unable to function since protein function depends on its shape.
In conclusion, protein denaturation affects its function.
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Sari and Jon disagree over who needs more calories (proportionately) per day to survive a three-month-old baby or a
grown adult San argues that a grown adult is bigger and needs more calories per pound of body weight Jon believes
the baby would require more calories per pound of body weight
he is most likely conect and why?
San, because it takes more energy to move the larger muscles that adults have, so they need more calories
Jon, because babies grow at a much berate than adults and require more cabries to support this growth
Jah, because babies are more active than grown adults and need more energy from calories
San because adults have more to do during the day and need more calories to sustain their activities
Answer:
Jon, because babies grow at a much [faster rate] than adults and require more [calories] to support this growth
Explanation:
Adults need 13 calories per pound of body weight while babies need 35 to 50 calories per pound of body weight.
Answer:
b
Explanation:
How dose skin protect the body from pathogens ?
Answer:
The epidermis, which serves as the body's primary defense against water and infection, and the dermis, which effectively links the epidermis to the rest of the body, are the two major layers that make up the skin.
The stratum germinativum, the bottommost layer, produces layers of cells that make up the epidermis. Cell division is in its active phase at this point. The cells gradually go up into the various levels, where they make associations with neighboring cells based on whatever layer they are in. The skin's waterproofing and ability to withstand infection by pathogens are both a result of the migration and bonding of keratin proteins and lipids.
The stratum is the highest layer that the cells reach.
How does the body identify a pathogen?To start with, your immune system has several kinds of cells as well as other stuff like proteins floating around. There are two major types of immunity: innate and adaptive and they work together to help you identify and fight infection. Of the different types of white blood cells we have, there are a specific subgroup called lymphocytes that are involved specifically in adaptive immunity.
So the first step in innate immunity is physical barriers. Your skin and your intestines (which are technically 'outside' of your body - think of us as an elongated donut where our guts are the hole of the donut) are examples of such barriers. We're all good with having lots of bacteria on the outside (meaning on our skin and in our digestive tract). Problems happen when the outside stuff gets inside.
So then the next question is how to identify something foreign coming in. Turns out that structurally most living cells (and viruses) have proteins on their outsides. Some of these are receptors, others are structural, and yet others are covered in sugars etc. The thing is, these proteins and sugars are different between different things. So bacteria will have chemicals on them that are different than any chemical we have in our own body. When lymphocytes are growing up in the thymus, they are basically exposed to our normal proteins, sugars, and other molecules so they know to ignore them. If this process doesn't happen properly you can run into problems with things like autoimmune diseases.
Now you mentioned antibodies. Antibodies are actually made in a very fascinating way. Antibodies are essentially proteins with a certain part that can hook onto other molecules that fit the correct shape. Think of the analogy of a bunch of different shapes floating around and having the antibodies have holes for specific shapes, so they can only really attach to that specific shape (or antigen). But you ask, how do they know what shapes to try to attach to or recognize? Well, proteins are coded for by DNA and what happens in B-cells, the makers of antibodies is that there's tons of genetic recombination. We basically scramble DNA in different B-cells to be able to make up completely new and novel protein types that can then attach to other things that we have never been exposed to before.
So innately, we have the ability to recognize almost anything that's small enough and has some kind of outside texture or shapes to hook on to. Each B-cell makes a specific antibody to one shape and we specifically kill the cells that recognize shapes that are present in our own body. Furthermore, those peripheral cells that recognized general features common to many pathogens such as weird sugars or capsules swallow and chew up the things they encounter and present the little bits to immune cells like B-cells to see if they match the right shape for the type of cell. If they do, that cell now starts dividing and making tons of that type of antibody so that you get a good antibody response.
And finally, to remember that you've been exposed to a certain antigen, you have T-cells which basically serve to coordinate this whole process with hormones such as interleukins. When they see something they recognize, they also divide, but the cool thing about T-cells is that they basically live your entire life. Once they've seen something, those T-cells stick around pretty much forever, which is why things like vaccines work.
There are also other parts of our innate immune system, including compounds and proteins in our blood called the complement system. It can be a completely non-cellular method of killing bacteria based purely on antibodies and other proteins.
Oceans are a source of food with approximately _____________________ pounds of fish and shellfish caught annually.
Oceans are a source of food with approximately 200 billion pounds of fish and shellfish caught annually.
The provisioning service of food from capture fisheries and culturing activities is one of the primary services offered by the oceans to human societies. Fish, invertebrates, plants, and, in some cultures, marine animals and seabirds for direct eating or as food for aquaculture or agriculture are all included in this.
The ocean makes a much less overall contribution to the world's food supply. Despite making up 71 percent of Earth's area, the oceans only provide 2 percent of the world's caloric food supply. Without counting the billions of fish raised in aquaculture, it has been estimated that between 0.97 and 2.7 trillion fish are killed each year around the world when they are taken in the wild.
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In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the calvin cycle ________
In photosynthesis, the light reactions captures solar energy while the calvin cycle converts the captured energy into chemical energy
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis can be defined as the process whereby green plants manufacture their food from carbon dioxide, water and chlorophyll using the energy gotten from sunlight
So therefore, in photosynthesis, the light reactions captures solar energy while the calvin cycle converts the captured energy into chemical energy
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The condition characterized by advanced hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in adults is:________.
The condition characterized by advanced hyposecretion of the thyroid gland in adults is Hyperthyroidism.
It is the result of excess thyroid hormone, which causes an overactive or we can say increased metabolism and increased speed of all the body's processes. The condition of hyperthyroidism is the most common cause of goiter in the today's world, as shown in the attached image.
Therefore, it leads to weight loss, fast heart rate, sweating, and . nervousness. The most common cause for an overactive thyroid is an autoimmune disorder which is called Grave's disease.
There is a medical name for the term hyperthyroidism which is overactive thyroid.
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Luke is a quarterback on a football team. He throws the ball into the air and the wide receiver catches it and scores a touchdown. In a neuron, which physical part plays a role similar to that of the wide receiver in football
A dendrite is a neuron whose physical part plays a role similar to that of the wide receiver in football
The finger-like cells called dendrites are found on the terminal of a neuron. They are tiny, branching fibers that protrude from the nerve cell's cell body. This fiber expands the area that can be used to receive incoming data. The receiving or input parts of a neuron are called dendrites.
Appendages called dendrites are made to receive signals from neighboring cells. They take the form of projections with a tree-like structure that are triggered by other neurons and carry the electrochemical charge to the cell body (or, more rarely, directly to the axons). These little protrusions relay electrical stimulation to the soma and take in information from neighboring neurons. Synapses also cover the dendrites.
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Cindy collects 20 insects for her biology class, all of which are spiders, dragonflies, and cicadas. (Note that a spider has 8 legs and no wings, a dragonfly has 6 legs and 4 wings, and a cicada has 6 legs and 2 wings.) She counts 138 legs and 36 wings altogether. How many cicadas does Cindy collect in total
Cindy collects 4 cicadas in total.
Let,
D represent the number of dragonflies
C represent the number of cicadas
S represent the number of spiders
Since the total number of insects is 20:
Equation 1
D+C+S=20
A spider has 8 legs, a dragonfly has 6 legs, and a cicada has 6 legs. Since the total number of legs is 138:
Equation 2
6D+6C+8S=138
A spider has 0 wings, a dragonfly has 4 wings, and a cicada has 2 wings. Since the total number of wings is 36:
Equation 3
4D+2C+0S=36
Multiplying equation 1 with 6 and subtracting it from equation 2:
6D+6C+8S-6(D+C+S)=138-6(20)
2S=18
S=9
Multiplying equation 1 with 4 and subtracting it from equation 3:
4D+2C+0S-4(D+C+S)=36-4(20)
-2C-4S=-44
Substituting S with 9:
-2C-4(9)=-44
-2C=-8
C=4
Thus, Cindy collects 4 cicadas in total.
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In a hardy-weinberg population, 16% of individuals display the homozygous recessive phenotype. What proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele?.
Proportion of the population will be heterozygous is 0.48
Let's start with the basic Hardy-Weinberg equations first.
p + q = 1 and p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
With "p" being the dominant allele and "q" being the recessive allele
We know that 16% (or 0.16) show the recessive trait. This means that the fraction of the population with the recessive trait, q^2 is 0.16
With the value for q^2, q can be calculated
What follows is that q = 0.4
With this knowledge "p" can be calculated 1 - q= p
which results in "p" being 0.6
This 0.6 is the frequency at which the dominant allele is present in the population
heterozygous = 2pq = 2 (0.6 x 0.4) = 0.48
Hence, proportion of the population will be heterozygous is 0.48
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How are the products represented in the chemical equation for photosynthesis?
O 0₂ +6C0₂
O C6H12O6 + 6H₂O
O 6CO2 + 6H₂O
O C6H12O6 + 60₂
Answer:
D.) C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
Explanation:
The balanced chemical equation for photosynthesis:
6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O ------> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂
The reactants are on the left side of the reaction, and the products are on the right side. The reactants consist of carbon dioxide and water. The products are glucose and oxygen.
The products represented in the chemical equation for photosynthesis is C6H12O6 + 60₂. Therefore, option (D) is correct.
What do you mean by photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is a cycle utilized by plants and different life forms to change over light energy into substance energy that, through cell breath, can later be delivered to fuel the creature's exercises.
Trees and plants use energy from the sun and carbon dioxide in the air to make food through a natural process called photosynthesis. The plants and trees that make up forests play a role in the production of oxygen by storing carbon both above and below the ground.
Instances of photosynthesizing organic entities: Phytoplankton photosynthesis is basically carried out by green plants, cyanobacteria and various kinds of algae.
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A sprinter would experience muscle fatigue sooner than a marathon runner due to?
Muscle fatigue sooner due to anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter.
Anaerobic metabolism creates energy by burning carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. This happens when your lungs can't put sufficient oxygen into the bloodstream to keep up with the demands of your muscular tissues for energy. Anaerobic metabolism, which can be described as ATP production without oxygen (or in the absence of oxygen), occurs by direct phosphate transfer from phosphorylated intermediates, together with glycolytic intermediates or creatine phosphate (CRP), to ADP forming ATP.
Anaerobic metabolism at the cellular stage occurs when oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation are compromised. this can be a result of hypoxemia, anemia, inadequate systemic blood waft, or a mixture of these factors.
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One cup of oatmeal has approximately 25 grams of carbohydrates. How many calories are coming from the carbohydrates in the oatmeal
Explanation:
100 rhfgshshshsjhsbsjsjsj
The brain is a network of interconnecting neurons that control and integrate the body's activities. what components make up these neurons?
Dendrites, axons, and the cell body, or soma, which can be compared to the branches, roots, and trunk of a tree, are the three primary components of a neuron.
The basic building blocks of the brain and nervous system are neurons (also known as neurones or nerve cells). Neurons are the cells that receive sensory information from the outside world, give motor commands to our muscles, and transform and relay electrical signals at each stage along the way. A neuron gets information from neighbouring cells on its dendrite, or "tree branch." Motor neurons, sensory neurons, and interneurons are the three main subtypes of neurons.
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3) Organic compounds A) always contain nitrogen. B) are synthesized only by animal cells. C) always contain carbon. D) always contain oxygen.
Always contain Carbon
The majority of organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, and occasionally other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, or phosphorus.
What are Organic compounds ?Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.
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Which specific b vitamin is critical for energy metabolism and nerve cell membranes? deficiency in this vitamin leads to beriberi.
Thiamin deficiency in this vitamin leads to beriberi.
ThiaminVitamin B1 (thiamin), often known as thiamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that can be obtained as a dietary supplement or naturally in some foods. The growth and operation of different cells depend heavily on thiamin. There is a daily requirement for thiamin because only trace amounts are kept in the liver. However, it wasn't until the late 19th century that the symptoms of thiamin shortage were linked to nutrition. The symptoms of thiamin deficiency were originally noted in ancient literature of Chinese medicine. Japanese sailors who consumed a restricted diet of just rice for months at sea in 1884 were found to have unusually high rates of disease and mortality, according to a Japanese physician.
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A selectively permeable membrane sac filled with water and large molecules of starch is suspended in a beaker of distilled water. what will happen?
A selective permeable membrane sac filled with water and large molecules of starch is suspended in a break of distilled water then water will enter into the sack and it will swell.
This is the process of osmosis in which movement of water molecules form a solution with high concentration to lower concentration till the equilibrium attain. Starch does not pass through thee selectively permeable membrane.Water moves from outside if the cell to the inside leading to swelling of cells.
Small molecules diffuse faster than larger molecules through a membrane. The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute.
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the black plague, the epidemic that devastated the european continent during the 1300's is an example of :
is the division of the nervous system that innervates the digestive tract, and ___________ is also called autonomic nervous system
Enteric nervous system is the division of the nervous system that innervates the digestive tract, and vegetative nervous system is also called autonomic nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system's autonomic nervous system controls physiological functions that are carried out automatically, such as digestion, blood pressure, respiration, and sexual desire. There are three physically separate divisions in it: enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic.The enteric nervous system (ENS), a partially autonomous component of the nervous system, is made up of a number of neuronal circuits that regulate immunological and endocrine activity as well as motor and local blood flow.The enteric nervous system, which makes up the third division of the autonomic system, is made up of a number of neurons that are integrated into the gastrointestinal tract's and its derivatives' wall. This system regulates the secretion and motility of the digestive tract.learn more about Enteric nervous system here: https://brainly.com/question/11223058
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True or false: sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin.
True, photopsin and rhodopsin are the photoreceptor proteins found in the cones of the retina and are the basis of color vision.
What is the function of rhodopsin?The retina contains a chemical compound called rhodopsin. It is responsible for converting light into electrical impulses that the brain interprets as vision. Nerve fibers from the retina come together at the back of the eye and form the optic nerve, which carries electrical impulses to the brain.
What is the function of the retina?The function of the Retina is to capture light through the cornea, pupil and lens, and, through the optic nerve, convert it into neural signals and send them to the brain, which transforms it into visual recognition.
With this information, we can conclude that A very thin layer of light-sensitive tissue, located at the back of the eye, the retina is formed by millions of photoreceptor cells, which capture, record, decode light waves and, through the optic nerve, send them to the brain, where the vision.
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You are studying two species of dung beetles, one of which rolls its dung balls during the day and rests at night. The other rolls its dung balls at night and rests during the day. These species will not breed because of
one of which rolls its dung balls during the day and rests at night. The other rolls its dung balls at night and rests during the day. These species will not breed because of Temporal isolation.
When two species are divided based on when they operate, it results in the phenomena of temporal isolation. The difference in their mating seasons or the time of day they are active could be the reason for this divergence. This type of isolation reduces the likelihood of interbreeding between the two species, which may eventually lead to speciation.Because two species of beetles in the provided question are active at separate times of the day and do not cross-pollinate, it can be said that these species are exhibiting a temporal form of isolation.learn more about Temporal isolation here: https://brainly.com/question/469933
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Which other body areas would if tested prove to have a high density of sweat glands?
Soles of feet, palms, underarms, forehead will have a high density of sweat glands when tested.
Increased friction on bare feet is a fourth potential benefit of sweating on the soles. This is believed to have aided our ancestors in gaining a firmer footing when fleeing from predators or any other danger. All over the body, sweat glands are responsible for producing sweat.Your hypothalamus, a tiny part of your brain, signals to the eccrine sweat glands dispersed throughout your body that it is time to start cooling you down by creating sweat as soon as your body's internal temperature starts to rise. However, cooling off is more difficult than having your perspiration simply drip off of you.learn more about sweat glands here: https://brainly.com/question/19763172
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Suppose a mouse develops loss of sodium pump activity in the thick ascending limb of the loop of henle in all of the nephrons in both kidneys. What problem would you expect this mouse to have?.
A tendency to drink more water than normal accompanied by excretion of dilute urine.
What happens in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle?Sodium chloride (NaCl) is actively reabsorbed by the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle, but water cannot pass through it. A lumen-to-interstitium osmotic gradient and medullary interstitial hypertonicity are consequently produced as a result of this segment's increase in the interstitial fluid's osmolality.
If the sodium pump loses its activity then sodium is not reabsorbed in the thick ascending limb of loop of Henle. The concentration of sodium chloride increases in the interstitial fluid and hence more water will be needed to counter the effect and more dilute urine will be excreted out.
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Which structure is highlighted?
a. anterior cavity
b. pupil
c. posterior cavity
d. iris lens
Option (c) Posterior cavity is the highlighted structure.
The area behind the lens that extends to the retina's location on the back side of the internal eyeball is known as the posterior cavity. The vitreous humor, a more viscous fluid, fills the posterior cavity.
The posterior chamber is a crucial component in the creation and movement of aqueous humor.
The posterior chamber receives the aqueous humor secreted by the ciliary body's epithelium, which then flows through the pupil and into the anterior chamber.
The anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical components behind it, including the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve, are located in the posterior segment, also known as the posterior cavity, which makes up the back two-thirds of the eye.
Hence, Posterior cavity is the highlighted structure.
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(b) What are the differences between reproduction in Rhizopus and in maize.
Maize reproduces sexually while rhizopus reproduces both sexually and asexually.
Reproduction in rhizopus and in maizeRhizopus belongs to a group of organisms in the kingdom Fungi. Maize, on the other hand, belongs to a group of organisms in the kingdom Plantae.
Rhizopus is able to reproduce both sexually and asexually. Sexual reproduction is by the fusion of compatible hyphae - one carrying the + strain and the other the - strain.
Asexual reproduction in rhizopus is by the formation of asexual spores - sporangiospores and chlamydospores.
Maize is only able to reproduce sexually. The male gamete in the form of pollen pollinates (fertilizes) the female gamete in the form of ovule or egg. Double fertilization occurs to form a seed coat that nourishes the zygote.
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On each side of the skull, the __________ suture joins the parietal bone with the temporal bone.
On each side of the skull, the Squamosal suture joins the parietal bone with the temporal bone.
The squamosal or squamous suture is the cranial suture between the temporal and parietal bones bilaterally. From the pterion, it extends posteriorly, curves inferiorly and continues as the parietotemporal suture. The squamous suture is the connecting joint in the skull between the parietal bone and the lower portion of the temporal bone called the par squamosa. Edges of the squamous suture overlap in a scale-like formation. It is located just above the ears on both sides of the head. The squamous suture forms the joint of the skull between the squamous part of the temporal bone and the inferior aspect of the parietal bone.
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This functional group is a nitrogen with two hydrogens attached to it. It is found in proteins and functions as a base.
Amino group
The term "amino acid" refers to an amino acid with an amino group immediately linked to the -carbon. These contain the secondary amines proline and hydroxyproline. They were previously frequently referred to as amino acids, which is incorrect because they lack the imine grouping HN=C. The archaic phrase is still used often.
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are the chemical compounds that come together to make proteins. These biomolecules are essential for human growth and development and are engaged in a number of biological and chemical processes in the body. In nature, there are around 300 amino acids.
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Why must the formulas of hydrates have the number of water molecules as whole number integers?
The formula for hydrate indicates the number of water molecules that are attached to each formula unit of the compound. Forexample, nickel (II) sulfate hexahydrate is a green/blue solid that has six water molecules included in the crystal foreach Ni2+and each SO42-ion.Many common minerals are
What is a hydrate ?Any compound containing water in the form of H2O molecules, usually, but not always, with a definite content of water by weight.
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