The large number of antibodies that can be produced in a single individual is a result of a single B cell: (3) making a unique antibody from all other B cells by genomic rearrangement.
Antibodies are the proteinaceous structures that form an essential part of the immune system. Each antibody is Y shaped structure that consists if 2 small light chains and 2 heavy chains. They are joined together by disulfide bonds. They are produced by the B cells.
B cells are also called the b lymphocytes that are a type of white blood cells. They provide humoral adaptive immunity to the body. The B cells are developed as well as matured inside the bone marrow.
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What provides the heat that drives the formation of igneous and metamorphic rocks?
Answer:
Something known as magma chambers.
Explanation:
A magma chamber is a big blob of melted, liquid rock within the Continental Crust.
The rock under our feet (Continental Crust) is basically solid. At subduction zones, in particular, friction (or other) heat can melt the rock at the base of the Continental Crust, and then blobs of molten rock melt their way upwards into the Continental Crust. That’s a magma chamber.
Sometimes the magma chamber has vents leading up to the open air and the magma erupts as volcanoes. In that case, the magma chamber can empty out and the ground above collapses into it, making a hole called a caldera. But more often, the magma in the magma chamber cools down to form solid rock. Such slow-cooled rock will form crystals as it cools. One form of such crystalline rock is granite; cooled down former magma chambers now solid granite are called plutons or batholiths. Typically they will be several kilometres across, and later erosion may well expose them at the surface.
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Eddie
in an actively contracting skeletal muscle cell, what would cause a decrease in the rate of glucose diffusion into the cell?
Hexokinase would cause a decrease in the rate of glucose diffusion into the cell in an actively contracting skeletal muscle cell.
What is the Hexokinase?Hexokinase is a glycolytic enzyme that is able to decrease the rate of glucose diffusion into the cell because catalyzes the generation of glucose 6 phosphate from glucose, and therefore it decreases its level in the cell.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the rate of glucose diffusion into the cell can be influenced by the Hexokinase enzyme which uses glucose to generate glucose 6 phosphate.
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the earliest evidence of hominins in south africa was described by . a. mary leakey b. raymond dart c. charles darwin d. owen lovejoy
The earliest evidence of hominins in south africa was described by (b) Raymond Dart. So option (b) is the correct answer.
Hominins - the group consisting of modern humans, extinct humans, and our immediate ancestors (including members of the genera Homo, Australopithecus, Paranthropus, and Ardipithecus).
Some traits that distinguish hominins from other living and extinct primates are behavioral traits such as upright posture, bipedal locomotion, large brains, specialized tool use and, in some cases, verbal communication. It's a feature.
The hominin own circle of relatives tree has deep roots in Africa. The oldest fossil of the genus Homo ever discovered is a 2.8 million-year-old jaw fragment of his found in East Africa. Our species, Homo sapiens, first appeared fairly high in trees and branched out at least 260,000 years ago.
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true or false cells cannot use the energy of glucose directly because a glucose molecule contains too much energy
Answer:
that would be false
Explanation:
In fact, when the cell needs energy for respiration it converts starch, the storage form of glucose, back into the reactive form of glucose to produce energy ATP
The graph below compares the rates of reaction of a burning candle and an exploding firework. What can you conclude from the graph? The reaction that causes a firework to explode requires less energy to start, and occurs more rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn. The reaction that causes a firework to explode requires less energy to start, and occurs less rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn. The reaction that causes a firework to explode requires more energy to start, and occurs less rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn. The reaction that causes a firework to explode requires more energy to start, and occurs more rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn.
Based on the graph, it can be concluded that:
the reaction that causes a firework to explode requires less energy to start, and occurs more rapidly than the reaction that causes a candle to burn; option A is correct.What is the activation energy of the reaction?The activation energy of a reaction is the minimum energy that reactant molecules must possess in order for them to effectively collide to give products.
Different reactions have different values for activation energies.
The higher the activation energy of a reaction, the more energy is required for the reaction to proceed to product formation and vice versa.
Comparing data from the graph showing the rates of reaction of a burning candle and an exploding firework the following can be observed;
The rate of the reaction of the exploding fireworks is faster than that of the burning candleThe burning candle has a higher activation energy than the exploding fireworks.Learn more about activation energy at: https://brainly.com/question/5280701
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Answer: its option a
Explanation:
What is gravitation lensing and how does it cause arcs of light around galaxies
Gravitational lens can occur when a huge amount of matter, like a cluster of galaxies, creates a gravitational field that distorts the light from distant galaxies.
Gravitational lensing is a powerful tool that affects the clustering components in the universe by effecting gravitational field on light from background sources.
When the light from other galaxies passes by massive objects in the universe, the gravitational pull from these objects can distort or bend the light. The gravity of the massive focal point were galaxy is acting like a magnifying glass as it traps light and this effect called gravitational lensing.
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finches that live in areas that only have large seeds and small seeds as a food source have adapted their beak sizes in response to this food availability. this is an example of selection. a. directional b. diversifying c. guided d. stabilizing e. uniform
Finches that live in areas that have large seeds and small seeds as a food source have adapted their beak sizes in response to this food availability and this is an example of selection a) directional.
What is the adaptation in the finches?Evolution in Darwin's finches is characterized by rapid adaptation to an unstable and challenging environment that caused ecological diversification and speciation. This resulted in striking diversity in their phenotypes like beak types, body size, plumage and feeding behavior.
The small finch evolved a small broad beak which it uses to feed on soft seeds and nuts although it is known to eat flowers, buds, young leaves, and the occasional insect. Unlike the large ground finch ,its beak would not be as strong to eat hard nuts and seeds.
Darwin's finches are an example of how natural selection has caused variation of beaks among the finches.
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what is the function of the endoplasmic reticulum, both smooth and rough? what are the structural differences?
SER is mainly involved in lipid formation and it doesn’t have ribosomes on its surface whereas RER forms proteins and its surface has ribsomes on it
The main function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum is formation and packaging and metabolism of lipid, fat molecules, steroid hormone and it is also involved in detoxification. The main function of is manufacture and packaging of protein molecule. Main difference – SER surface appears smooth as it is void of any ribosomal structure on it and RER has numerous ribosome molecules on it giving it rough appearance.
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Current climate change is part of normal fluctuation over time.
True
False
according to the trichromatic theory of color vision, when you view a yellow light, which cones in your retina will begin to fire at high rates? group of answer choices green red and green red and blue blue and green
According to the trichromatic theory of color vision, when we view a yellow light L cones (blue and green) in our retina will begin to fire at high rates.
As an alternative, the L and M cones locate basically all wavelengths of seen mild, and excessive L and M cone responses each making contributions to growing a yellow color sign all through the center and long wavelength components of the spectrum.
The trichromatic concept of shade vision, first discussed by means of younger and Helnotz, postulates that there are 3 one of a kind retinal cones in the attention which might be touchy to blue, inexperienced, and purple, respectively. These findings suggest that L cones signal reddish orange, M cones signal greenish blue, and S cones sign bluish pink.
The trichromatic concept of color imaginative and prescient turned into created with the aid of younger and Helmnotz and is a theory of color vision that assumes that there are handiest 3 forms of cones, each most effectively activated with the aid of wavelength stages of mild corresponding roughly to blue, inexperienced, and pink.
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researchers have developed a drug that disrupts gene expression in a parasitic species of fungi. the drug functions by preventing the complementary binding of trna with an mrna molecule. this drug most likely targets the
The medication will work by inhibiting tRNA from attaching to Ribosomes.
The ribosome is an mRNA molecule located in the cytoplasm of a cell that has a codon similar to tRNA. RNA and protein make up ribosomes.
The ribosome is also involved in protein synthesis. Therefore, the complementary binding of tRNA to Ribosome will not occur, thereby preventing the disruption of gene expression in a parasitic species of fungi.
Consequently, we can draw the conclusion that the medication will work by blocking the binding of tRNA to Ribosome.
The RNA-induced silencing complex (RISC) is a ribonucleoprotein complex made up of proteins that collaborate with regulatory short non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs), such as small interfering RNAs (siRNAs) and microRNAs, to control gene expression through the RNA interference (RNAi) pathway. Because these short non-coding RNAs (sncRNAs) are complementary to or nearly complementary to messenger RNAs, they can bind to specific mRNA regions and activate RNA interference (RNAi) through mRNA degradation, translational repression, etc. The Argonaut (Ago) protein, which cleaves target mRNAs, is the central element of the RISC complex.
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why are most stray cats short haired cats
Most stray cats are short haired cats because according to the American Humane Society, roughly 95% of all cats are short hair cats.
What are cats?The cat is a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal which is the only domesticated species in the family Felidae and is commonly referred to as the domestic cat or house cat to distinguish it from the wild members of the family.
So most cats have shorts hairs and doesn't just apply to stray cats. Research claims that some people claim that long hair cats are more expensive and rare, so the owner is likely to take better care of them and keep them indoors.
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15. a stream runs through a mountain forest. willow trees grow on each side of the stream. a small deer population feeds on the willows. mountain trout rely on the willow shade for shelter. the apex predator in the forest is the mountain lion. the mountain lions primarily eat deer, but also eat rodents, and fish, as well as other prey species. analyze the components of the ecosystem. what is the most likely outcome if the mountain lion population vanishes? (1 point)
The most likely outcome if the mountain lion population vanishes The trout population will decrease.
A mountain is an extended part of the Earth's crust, normally with steep facets that show good sized exposed bedrock. Even though definitions vary, a mountain might also fluctuate from a plateau in having a confined summit area, and is typically higher than a hill, usually rising at the least three hundred metres above the encompassing land.
Forms of mountains: There are 5 primary kinds of mountains: volcanic, fold, plateau, fault-block and dome. A more distinctive classification beneficial on a nearby scale predates plate tectonics and adds to these classes.
They usually have steep, sloping facets and sharp or rounded ridges, and a high factor, known as a top or summit. Most geologists classify a mountain as a landform that rises at least 1,000 ft (three hundred meters) or greater above its surrounding place. A mountain variety is a sequence or chain of mountains which are close collectively.
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Question 5 of 30
Which type of society is most likely to have a great number of factories?
OA. Pastoral
OB. Postindustrial
OC. Industrial
O D. Hunter-gatherer
Which type of society is most likely to have a great number of factories?... Industrial
What is society?
A society is a group of people that regularly contact with one another or a significant social group that inhabits the same physical or social territory and is typically under the control of the same governmental authority and prevailing cultural norms.
A given society may be defined as the sum of all of these relationships among its constituent members. Societies are characterised by patterns of relationships (social relations) between people who share a particular culture and institutions. In the social sciences, subgroup domination or stratification patterns frequently appear in bigger societies.
By designating particular behaviours or ideas as acceptable or unacceptable, societies create patterns of behaviour. The term "societal norms" refers to certain behavioural patterns within a particular community. Societies and their standards are constantly and gradually changing.
Hence the correct answer is OC. Industrial
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the effects of sympathoadrenal and parasympathetic nerve activity on the cardiac rate and stroke volume.
The volume of a stroke and the heart rate. From of the adrenal gland, dopamine & adrenaline.
What takes place after a stroke?Brain activity is lost when brain cells are destroyed. It's possible that you won't be able to perform tasks that require that section of your brain. For instance, a stroke may impair your capacity to move, communicate, eat, think, and recall, as well as your capacity to control your bowel & bladder, emotions, and other essential bodily processes.
Is a stroke a result of stress?Stress can increase blood pressure, raise blood sugar and fat levels, and make the heart work harder. Due to these factors, there is a higher chance that clots will develop, spread to the heart and brain, and result in a stroke or a stroke.
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when making a suspension for inoculation, what broth is used and what is the required concentration in mcfarland units?
Suspension for inoculation of the bacteria to be tested is prepared in saline or Mueller–Hinton broth to the turbidity of a 1.5 x 108 cells/ml McFarland standard.
McFarland standards gives the reference to adjust the turbidity of bacterial suspensions so that the number of bacteria will be within the certain parameter. approximately a culture density should be around 1.5 x 108 cells/ml according to McFarland standards .
McFarland Standards are used to standardize the approximate number of bacteria in a liquid suspension by comparing the turbidity of the test. McFarland Standard contains a chemical solution of barium chloride and sulfuric acid.
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PLS HELP ME!!??? :(
Is good a limiting factor for plants? Why or why not?
Answer:
In the natural world, limiting factors like the availability of food, water, shelter and space can change animal and plant populations. Other limiting factors, like competition for resources, predation and disease can also impact populations.
Explanation:
neurogenic shock, or spinal shock, is a phenomenon caused by the inability of the vasomotor center in the brain stem to control blood vessel tone through the sympathetic outflow to the blood vessels. in neurogenic shock, what happens to the heart rate and the skin?
The failure of the vasomotor center in the brain stem to control blood vessel tone by sympathetic outflow to blood vessels results in neurogenic shock, also known as spinal shock. The heart rate is slower during neurogenic shock.
Due to damage to your neural system from a spinal cord injury, you may experience neurogenic shock, which makes it difficult to maintain a stable heart rate, blood pressure, and temperature. This is a dangerous condition that, like other types of shock, can be fatal since your blood flow is inadequate.
The altered physiological state known as spinal shock occurs right away after a spinal cord injury (SCI). It manifests as flaccid paralysis, anesthesia, the absence of bowel and bladder control, and lack of reflex activity.
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what would happen to a mammalian heart if the nerves leading to it were severed? the heart muscle would stop contracting. only the atria would be able to contract. the heart muscle would contract randomly. systolic contraction would still occur, but diastolic relaxation could not occur. the heart muscle would continue to contract but its contraction rate may change.
If the nerve endings of a mammalian heart were severed, the muscles of the heart would not stop contracting, but their rate of concentration changes.
How are nerves supplied to the heart?
The heart’s nervous supply is autonomic. It has parasympathetic and sympathetic parts both.
Sympathetic system: It acts on the sinoatrial node, dashing up the change rate, and thereby the heart rate increases.
Parasympathetic system: It works in reverse, which slows down the heart rate. The heart contains a natural pacemaker (sinoatrial node) which is why a nervous supply is not required. If the nerves to the heart are severed, then it'll still beat. As a matter of fact, it will beat quicker than normal, since there's commonly a parasympathetic supply that is slowing the heart down.
Therefore, even if all nerves are severed from the heart, it will still continue to beat, only much faster.
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if heterozygous round crossed with homozygous round produce 2400 plant how many plant are pure round
If heterozygous round plant is crossed with a homozygous round plant, then it will produce 2400 plant from which 1200 plants were pure round i.e., homozygous (RR).
What is Inheritance?Inheritance is the transfer of characters from the parent generation to the offspring. It takes place through the DNA which contains chromosomes and genes. The genes are responsible for the development of various characteristics in the daughter generation.
According to Mendel's genetics, for each character or gene a pair of contrasting alleles which code for different phenotype is present.
Here, a heterozygous round plant (with two different alleles) is crossed with a homozygous round plant, which results into the production of 2400 plants in the F1 generation.
Therefore, the total number of plants which are pure round can be calculated by Punnett square.
Pure round plants are the plants which are homozygous (RR) and pure wrinkled plants are (rr).
Therefore, the number of plants which are pure red = 1/2 of the total plants or 50% of the total plants.
Thus, number of pure round plants = 1/2 × 2400
Number of pure round plants = 1200
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PLS ANSWER AS FAST AS U CAN !!
Answer:
16 protons and 16 neutrons
living organisms increase in complexity as they grow and this results in a decrease in the entropy of an organism. how does this contradict the second law of thermodynamics? explain how living organisms still obey the second law of thermodynamics despite their constant increase in order
Living organisms do not obey the second law of thermodynamics which states that an organism's entropy increases with each conversion of energy.
Organisms maintain order when the environment changes, and they become less ordered according to the second law of thermodynamics. These events actually work in concert when living organisms create ordered biological structures by increasing local entropy. Living organisms can gain or lose energy from the external environment.
Therefore, organisms are open systems. Since organisms are not closed systems, this does not affect the second law of thermodynamics. According to the second law of thermodynamics, all processes must cause a net increase in the entropy of the universe. It is true that entropy decreases and order increases as an organism grows. However, they release heat into the environment, increasing the entropy of the universe.
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List 2 Fluids for each that are used in the Home, school/work and outdoors.
The types of fluid for the places mentioned include the following below:
1. Home - Oil, water
2. School/work - Liquid soap, Oxygen.
3. Outdoors - Oxygen, water
What is a Fluid?This is referred to as a substance or compound and is usually in the form of liquid or gas. It has the ability to continually flow when it is subjected to shear stress or external force.
There are various types of fluids which have their individual properties which is based on their structure and atoms such as oil which is used in the home for cooking various types of food substances.
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Answer:
Home: Cooking Oil is used to cook a variety of vegetables/ foods, Water is a basic need to live and we drink it everywhere including our homes.
School: Liquid soap is used for clean windows, floors and sometimes ourselves, Oxygen is also a basic need just like water to live but for breathing.
Outdoors: Engine Oil is a liquid and used to repair cars and Gas is a fuel used to run cars and vehicles
according to results from the experiment described in the animation, how did the extinction rate in the large mossy area compare to that in small isolated mossy areas?
After one year, 40% of the species that were present in the vast area had disappeared from the tiny sections.
What is an illustration of being alone?Isolation might include spending a lot of time alone at home, not having access to resources or participating in the community, and having little to no contact with friends, family, & acquaintances.
What three sorts of isolation are there?Based on how the disease spreads, these unique transmission-based precautions often fall under one of three categories of isolation. The three common types of transmission-based precautions are interface separation, droplets isolation, & airborne isolation, according to the CDC.
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Measure population numbers over time in different areas to determine how population size may be changing in response to human development.
What are the five major causes of extinction?
Causes of Extinction. Habitat Loss; Overexploitation; Introduced Species; Global Pollution and Climate Change are all factors contributing to the extinction of species. Learn more about each of these and other causes of extinction. HABITAT LOSS: The most common cause of endangerment is habitat loss.
What was the cause of the pterodactyls extinction?
“There is broad agreement that the cause of the dinosaur and pterosaur extinctions were one and the same,” University of Texas, Austin paleontologist Brian Andres says. The aftermath of the asteroid impact is the large scale reason for both.
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for each of the following pedigrees, determine: i) the most likely mode of inheritance (recessive or dominant, x-linked, y-linked or autosomal) ii) the genotype of the individual marked with a star assume that individuals marrying into the family do not have the defective allele. explain your reasoning. clearly define any symbols that you use.
The most likely mode of inheritance is x-linked inheritance as only the mother is affected.
The genotype of the individual marked with a star is XDXd.
When analyzing a family, autosomal dominant inheritance can be recognized by the vertical transmission of the trait—from parent to child.
There's a subtlety in overwhelming inheritance—formally a characteristic is called autosomal dominant as it were when the phenotype of the heterozygote is the same as the homozygous variant.
It isn't as a rule conceivable to run the show out of an autosomal legacy to affirm X-linkage. In any case, certain designs unequivocally recommend X-linkage.
This is often because all male siblings would acquire the latent allele from their mother (and be XY) whereas all female descendants would acquire the overwhelming allele from their father (and be XDXd).
For illustration, a family where a male parent without the characteristic (XDY) and a female parent communicating the characteristic (XdXd) with 100% male expression and 0% female expression infers X-linkage.
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Although part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this full question:
For each of the following pedigrees, determine i) the most likely mode of inheritance (recessive or dominant, x-linked, y-linked, or autosomal) ii) the genotype of the individual marked with a star assume that individuals marrying into the family do not have the defective allele. explain your reasoning. clearly define any symbols that you use.
SOMEONE HELP PLEASEEEE
Scientific Question: Which forest type stores the most carbon per year?
Claim: Which forest stores the most carbon per year?
Evidence: Compare the amount (numbers) of carbon stored by at least 3 different forests. Answer in complete sentences.
Reasoning: Use information from the reading and table to support your claim. Provide a connection between carbon being stored and photosynthesis.
The tropical rainforest stores the most carbon per year.
The tropical rainforest is known for its high productivity and ability to store large amounts of carbon due to its high levels of rainfall, temperature, and sunlight. Photosynthesis, the process by which plants convert carbon dioxide into organic compounds using energy from the sun, plays a critical role in carbon storage.
The high levels of sunlight and temperature in the tropics allow for year-round photosynthesis, resulting in a greater amount of carbon being stored. The vast biodiversity of tropical rainforests allows for a variety of plant species to grow, each with its own unique abilities to store carbon. Comparatively, boreal and temperate forests store less carbon due to their shorter growing seasons and lower productivity.
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The complete question is:
Which forest type stores the most carbon per year? Claim: Which forest stores the most carbon per year? Evidence: Compare the amount (numbers) of carbon stored by at least 3 different forests. Answer in complete sentences. Reasoning: Use information from the reading and table to support your claim. Provide a connection between carbon being stored and photosynthesis.
in the scotopic system, the relationship between the number of visual receptor cells and the number of ganglion cells demonstrates a of in
The amount of ganglion cells and visual receptor cells shows convergence of information.
The absence of photoreceptors at the optic disc is caused by what?The absence of photoreceptors in the optic disc region is caused by the ganglion cell axons exiting the retina and creating the optic nerve. FIG. 19.5, Different densities of rods and cones are seen throughout the retina. At the fovea, cones are situated.
Scotopic vision is caused by which cells?The rods are in charge of scotopic vision, while the cones are in charge of color and daylight vision. Red, green, and blue lights cause different types of cones to react.
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you collect some pond water and separate out the different organisms into several jars. you place the jars on a sunny windowsill, but add no food to the water. one specific type of organism is still alive long after all the others have died. this organism is probably
This organism is probably Autotroph.
Autotrophs include algae, plants, and certain bacteria and fungus. Autotrophs are the food chain's producers, which means they generate their own nutrition and energy. Kelp, like most autotrophs, generates energy by a process known as photosynthesis.
Autotrophs are referred to as producers since they can manufacture their own nourishment from basic ingredients and energy. Plants, algae, and also some microbes are examples. Consumers are heterotrophs because either consume producers and other consumers. Heterotrophs include dogs, animals, fish, and humans.
Not all plants are autotrophic. Some non-green plants, such as dodder plants, get their sustenance from other seedlings and are hence heterotrophic. Heterophic plants lack chlorophyll, which limits their capacity to manufacture their own nourishment.
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what data would dr. losey need to collect in order to support his hypothesis that bt corn is the reason for the declining population of monarch butterflies?
Dr. Losey needs to collect data on how long larvae live on milweed plants near and far from Bt corn fields.
The monarch butterfly is one of the most well-known and researched butterflies on the planet. It has orange wings that are laced with black lines and surrounded by white dots. Millions of monarch butterflies migrate from the United States and Canada south to California and Mexico for the winter. Biotechnology has been used to improve Bt corn's resistance to insect pests. Its insect protection is provided by a naturally occurring microorganism known as Bacillus thuringiensis, or "Bt." The protein produced by Bt corn targets caterpillars of the order Lepidoptera.
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What plant(s) are unique and/or rare in the temperate rainforest (20 points)
The Giant Water Lilies, the Rafflesia and the Nepenthes are some rare and unique plants found in the temperate rainforests.
What are these rare/ unique plants?
The great water lilies also known as the Victorian Amazonica is a type of water lily native to the rainforests of the Amazon Basin in South America. Victoria amazonica is one of the largest and most beautiful plants in the world and can reach up to 3 meters in diameter. The flowers are white with pink stripes and are about 1 meter in diameter. It is also known as ‘Queen of the Night’ as it only blooms at night and stays only for about 48 hours.
Rafflesia, also known as Corpse Flower is a flower of the parasitic plant. It contains no stems or leaves to produce food, instead growing from the vine it feeds on. This is the largest flower in the world, around three feet wide. Its survival depends on deception. It mimics a mammalian corpse, from its texture and color to its odor of rotting flesh. It is found in the rainforests of Southeast Asia, especially in Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and Vietnam.
Nepenthes also known as Monkey Cups, are pitcher plants, found mostly in tropical environments of the world. It is a carnivorous plant and eats small animals for nutrients, by luring them into its pitcher shaped trap by using its sweet nectar.
Other rare plants found in temperate forests are the Jabuticaba Tree, the Durian Fruit, Balsa Tree, passion flower, etc.
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