For hfr conjugation, of the rolling cycle replication takes one gene per second to transfer, what is the result of the recipient after a 3 second conjugation then There is a copy of that in the recipient cell.
Bacterial conjugation, often known as bacterial sex, is a key method of horizontal gene transfer in which DNA is directly transferred from a donor bacterium to a receiver bacterium. The typical form of a recipient cell is aplasma or some chromosomal D. N. A. One of the components of donor cells is the H. F. R. F. DNA from chromosomes and plasmids will be transferred to a recipient cell.
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Answer all please I need it asap
1. A(n) _____________________ transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
2. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
3. In the __________________________, NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the _________________________, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. True / False: Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of heterotrophs.
6. True / False: Autotrophs need light in order to carry out photosynthesis.
1. A(n) electron-carrier molecule transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
2. The equation for photosynthesis is given below as follows:
6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + light energy ----> C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6 O₂3. In the light-independent reaction, NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the light-dependent reaction, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of heterotrophs is False.
6. Autotrophs need light in order to carry out photosynthesis is True
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis is the process by which plants produce sugars from carbon dioxide and water molecules using the energy of sunlight.
Photosynthesis occurs in two stages:
light stage or light-dependent reactiondark stage or light-independent reactionOrganisms that produce their own foods are called autotrophs whereas organisms that depend on already-made food are heterotrophs.
Autotrophs have chloroplasts in their cells whereas heterotrophs lack chloroplasts in their cells.
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If the antenna complex did not exist in a particular plant mesophyll cell, what effect would that have on photosynthesis?.
If the antenna complex did not exist in a particular plant mesophyll cell, the effect will be that no photosynthesis would occur.
The antenna complex is the main light capturing system in the plants. It captures the sunlight energy and excitation of electron takes place through it. The complex is actually a collection of the pigment chlorophyll and a few proteins.
Photosynthesis is the process of synthesizing food by plants in which they use the inorganic raw materials like sunlight energy, water and carbon dioxide to produce food in the form of sugars and also the by-product oxygen. The process occurs in two phases: light-dependent and light-independent.
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The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because __________.
The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act as hormones, rather than as neurotransmitters.
The correct option is c.
The inner portion of an adrenal gland called the adrenal medulla regulates the hormones that start the flight or fight response. Both epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have comparable roles, are the primary hormones released by the adrenal medulla.
Preganglionic sympathetic fibres stimulate the adrenal medulla, triggering the release of dopamine, norepinephrine, and epinephrine. The fight-or-flight reaction, fear, mental stress, upright posture, pain, cold, hypotension, hypoglycemia, and other stressors all enhance sympathetic neuronal output.
The complete question is:
The adrenal medulla is different from the remainder of the sympathetic division because __________.
a. postganglionic neurons of the adrenal medulla secrete acetylcholine
b. it has short preganglionic fibers and long postganglionic fibers
c. it secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine, which act as hormones, rather than as neurotransmitters
d. it is the only structure of the sympathetic division whose preganglionic cell bodies are not in the lateral horns of the spinal
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explain how a carrier protein can facilitate the diffusion of glucose or other substances into the cell.
Specific chemicals are bound by carrier proteins and transferred on one side of the membrane. The conformational changes they go through next enable the molecule to cross the membrane and exit on the other side.
How carrier protein facilitate the diffusion?
When a molecule diffuses, it usually moves from a high concentration location to a low concentration area until the concentration is the same everywhere in the space.
Contrary to channel proteins, another form of membrane transport protein that is less selective in the molecules it transports, carriers are proteins that move a particular material through intracellular compartments, into the extracellular fluid, or across cells. Carrier proteins are found in lipid bilayer cell structures such cell membranes, mitochondria, and chloroplasts, just like other membrane transport proteins.
Therefore, carrier proteins can facilitate the diffusion of glucose or other substances into the cell.
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during exercise, the blood flow to the active skeletal muscles is increased by autoregulation. how does this work? what other controls on blood flow operate?
During exercise the skeletal muscles require more ATP which in turn requires more oxygen. This autoregulation is mediated by the cerebral resistance which causes dilation of arteries. When the demand of excessive oxygen is reduced, neurotransmitters are released that constrict the blood vessels.
Cerebral resistance is the relation between cerebral perfusion pressure and CBF. It functions to mediate a normal blood flow rate to any organ. If the demand of oxygen is more at any organs, it facilitates the dilation of arteries so that the blood flow rate remains nearly constant.
Neurotransmitters are the chemicals that carry the chemical signals from one neuron to another. Thus, they act as messengers.
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an island has a population of 100,000 moths that has 98% gray individuals and 2% black individuals. generation after generation, this ratio and population size remains basically the same. after a hurricane, 15,000 black moths are blown onto the island. after 2 years, a. the percentage of gray moths will increase. b. all of the black moths will be killed off. c. the black moths will emigrate back to their original habitat. d. the percentage of black moths will increase. e. all the white moths will be killed off.
When 15,000 black moths are blown onto the island the percentage of black moths will increase because high gene flow increases the size of the population and of the geographical area in which genetic material occurs.
What is gene flow?
It is also called gene migration. It is the transfer of genetic material from one population to another and takes place between two populations of the same species through migration, and is mediated by reproduction and vertical gene transfer from parent to offspring. It is important to counteract the evolutionary forces.
Factors affecting gene flow:
Natural selectionMutationGenetic driftmigrationAllele frequency or gene frequency is the relative frequency of an allele at a particular locus in a population.
After a hurricane, the addition of 15000 moths onto the island is an example of gene flow.
Here, after the hurricane, 15000 black moths are blown onto the island so the percentage of black moths increased from 2% to a higher rate. in this way gene flow occurs and the population of black moths increases.
Hence, Gene flow is the reason for the increase in the population of black moths.
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research has demonstrated that when siblings have similar personalities, this similarity is largely the result of:
Research has demonstrated that siblings have similar personalities, and this similarity is largely the result of: genetics.
What is genetics and how is it important?The study of genes, genetic variation, and heredity in organisms is termed as genetics. It is an important branch in biology because heredity is vital to evolution of organism.
DNA is responsible for building and maintaining the human structure. Genes are segments of DNA which gives physical characteristics that make you unique and every body has a complete instruction manual that tells your cells how to behave. In humans, genes vary in size that ranges from a few hundred DNA bases to more than 2 million bases.
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the nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants is known as
The nutritive seed tissue that enhances the efficiency of food storage in the seeds of flowering plants is known as the endosperm.
The endosperm is a tissue produced inside the seeds of most flowering plants following double fertilization. It surrounds the embryo and gives nutrition in the form of starch, though it can also carry oils and protein.
There are three types of endosperm:
Nuclear: Primary endosperm nuclear division and subsequent nuclear divisions do not occur at the same time as the cell wall formation in nuclear endosperms.
Cellular: Nuclear divisions and cell wall development occur simultaneously in cellular endosperms and the endosperm has a cellular shape from the beginning.
Helobial: The cell wall is placed between the first two nuclei in this type of endosperm formation.
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During the reaction work up, pentane is used as an organic solvent and there are aqueous extractions. Which layer is most dense?.
Using the theories of alkanes, we got aqueous layer is the most dense when pentane is used as an organic solvent.
Alkanes are the series of compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds. These are basically known as saturated hydrocarbons. This group of compounds consists of the carbon and hydrogen atoms with single covalent bonds. Also it comprises a homologous series having a molecular formula of CnH2n+2.
Alkanes are the simplest family of the hydrocarbons. They contain only carbon and hydrogen. Each carbon atom actually forms four bonds and each hydrogen atom forms one bond
Hence, during the reactions, when pentane is used as an organic solvent and there are aqueous extractions, the layer which is most dense is aqueous layer.
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exposure of zebrafish nuclei to cytosol isolated from eggs at metaphase of mitosis resulted in phosphorylation of nep55 and l68 proteins by cyclin-dependent kinase 2. nep55 is a protein of the inner nuclear membrane, and l68 is a protein of the nuclear lamina. what is the most likely role of phosphorylation of these proteins in the process of mitosis? exposure of zebrafish nuclei to cytosol isolated from eggs at metaphase of mitosis resulted in phosphorylation of nep55 and l68 proteins by cyclin-dependent kinase 2. nep55 is a protein of the inner nuclear membrane, and l68 is a protein of the nuclear lamina. what is the most likely role of phosphorylation of these proteins in the process of mitosis?
They are involved in disassembly of nuclear envelope.
A nucleus, as related to genomics, is the membrane-enclosed organelle inside a cellular that incorporates the chromosomes. An array of holes, or pores, in the nuclear membrane lets in for the selective passage of sure molecules (which includes proteins and nucleic acids) into and out of the nucleus.
The nucleus is composed of diverse systems namely nuclear envelope, nucleoplasm or nucleus sap nuclear matrix, chromatin and nucleolus. The nuclear membrane paperwork an envelope like structure around the nuclear contents and is normally referred to as a nuclear envelope.
The primary features of the nucleus are to store the mobile's DNA, maintain its integrity, and facilitate its transcription and replication.
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Cell w has half as much dna as cells x, y, & z. Which phase of the cell cycle is cell w in?.
Cell w is in G1 phase of the cell cycle.
If a cell in a mitotically active tissue has half the DNA of the other cells in the tissue, the cell is in G1, which occurs after the M phase and before the S phase, where the DNA will replicate. Mitotically active tissue is tissue that is actively dividing cells, such as the root tip of a plant or a developing embryo.
The DNA is replicated and double the amount of DNA than the mother cell is formed during the S phase of the interphase so that the genetic material is evenly divided between the daughter cells after the division.
Meiosis is a part of the sexual process because gametes (sperm and eggs) have one-half the number of chromosomes as diploid (2N) individuals.
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birds are able to extract more oxygen than mammals from an equal volume of air. which of the statements reflects why birds are able to do so? birds have a greater surface area for diffusion because they have air sacs in addition to lungs. birds have air sacs that enable them to hold their breath for longer, thereby increasing the time for oxygen to diffuse. birds have capillaries that are in close contact with the lungs. birds do not have air mixing in their lungs; air flows in a unidirectional manner across the lung surface for increased diffusion.
Air does not mix in the lungs of birds; instead, it moves unidirectionally over the surface of the lungs to increase diffusion.
Similar to how a bird has air sacs throughout its body. Therefore, these sacs likewise swell when birds inhale air. Additionally, unlike avian lungs, which are static, air sacs are both anterior and posterior in nature. That is, they remain still. Thus, it takes two full cycles of inhaling and exhaling before the oxygenated air is fully utilized. In this instance, the air is held for a longer period of time because of air sacs. They also gain extra right-side space for air diffusion as a result.
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how does blocking retrograde axoplasmic transport in an axon affect the activity of a neuron?
The soma becomes unable to respond to changes in the distal end of the axon this way axon affects the activity of a neuron.
Retrograde trophic assistance for growing neurons can interfere with their growth and frequently results in their death. Here, we describe the results of removing retrograde support from the isthmo-optic projection in chick embryos by preventing axoplasmic transport at the terminal sections of the axons, an action that is known to kill the isthmo-optic neurons in the long run. Neuron survival in the isthmo-optic nucleus was reduced even more swiftly. This unique effect persisted at 6 and 9 h after injection, but at longer survival durations, as was expected, the number of dead neurons rose significantly above control levels. According to our understanding of the temporary decrease in neuronal death, retrograde trophic signals contain both life- and death-promoting elements, with the former acting more quickly in this system.
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On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the __________.
On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the diencephalon.
Diencephalon is one component that is located in the back of the forebrain, which component includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, and additionally the epithalamus. The diencephalon itself is one in every of the fundamental parts of our mind. Its place is pretty hidden and its length is pretty small, the precise place of this diencephalon is among the hemispheres of the mind and simply above the brainstem.
Despite its small length, the diencephalon performs an crucial function in mind fitness and frame feature due to the fact the diencephalon is the a part of the mind that sends alerts and cooperates with our bodies.
Some of the things managed via way of means of the diencephalon, they may be senses (hearing, seeing, smelling, feeling), frame movements, motor functions, homeostasis, contact notion and so on.
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when the amygdala jumpstarts stress-related networks peripheral to the central nervous system, what part of the body releases the chemicals such as adrenaline that produce energizing effects?
Adrenaline is produced in the medulla by the adrenal glands as well as by some neurons in the central nervous system. During a stressful situation, adrenaline is quickly released into the bloodstream, sending impulses to organs to create a specific response.
The adrenal medulla, the innermost part of the adrenal gland, regulates the hormones that initiate the flight or fight response. The adrenal medulla secretes two main hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine (noradrenaline), which have similar functions. Adrenaline is produced by your adrenal glands and released into your bloodstream. Adrenaline, a hormone produced by your adrenal glands, serves a purpose. It assists you in dealing with dangerous situations by causing temporary changes in your body. As part of the process, your heart rate and breathing rate increase.
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b) The correlation coefficient for all of the data (r) was calculated as 0.85. What type
of correlation does this show? Explain. (2 points)
DELL
A strong correlation between independent and dependent variables is indicated by a coefficient of correlation of 0.85.
What type of correlation is this?Correlation coefficients serve as measures of how strongly two variables are related linearly. Positive relationships are shown by correlation coefficients greater than zero. A value less than zero denotes an negative association. Lastly, a value of 0 denotes that there is no correlation between the two variables, x and y.
On dividing the covariance by the sum of the standard deviations of the two variables, one may calculate the correlation coefficient. Here, the given correlation value of the data is 0.85. So, the more severe (closer to -1 or 1) the correlation coefficient, the stronger the association. This also signifies that a correlation that is close to zero denotes the independence of the two variables, i.e., that neither variable tends to drop nor rise as the other does.
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As you drive along a roadside you and your friend notice a dead deer that apparently was struck by a car. your friend comments that she has never seen a deer so rigid. as a student in forensics how would you describe the rod of the deer
The bacteria in the body feed on the tissue when an organism dies, releasing CO2 into the body is how you should explain to your friend as a forensic student.
Because the abdomen housed the stomach and several visceral organs, it looked to be larger. Because the dead deer was left where it was after being struck by a car for several hours or even days without anyone clearing it, it appeared to be much larger than usual when it was discovered. The internal organs of the dead deer also grew larger than usual as a result of the sun's heat heating them up.
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Question correction:
As you drive along the road, you and your friend notice a dead deer that apparently was struck by a car. Your friend comments that she has never see such a fat deer. As a student of forensic, how would you explain to your friend why the abdominal region of the dead deer was so large?
Identify the allele that is expressed in a heterozygous individual.
you have an enzyme solution and you add an inhibitor molecule and observe a marked decrease in enzyme activity. you increase the substrate concentration but this does not lead to any observable increase in enzyme activity. what can you conclude about your inhibitor?
Non-competitive inhibitor, does not cause an increase in enzyme activity when the concentration of the substrate is increased.
Noncompetitive inhibition is a special sort of allosteric regulation that occurs when an inhibitor binds to an allosteric site, reducing the enzyme's effectiveness.
Simply put, an allosteric site is one that differs from the substrate-binding active site. Comparable to competitive, uncompetitive, and mixed-type inhibition, noncompetitive inhibition is distinct from the others.
The inhibitor shares the same affinity for both the enzyme and the enzyme-substrate complex in noncompetitive inhibition because it binds at the allosteric site independently of substrate binding.
Noncompetitive inhibition is distinguished from uncompetitive inhibition by this activity, in which an inhibitor only binds to the enzyme-substrate complex.
The reaction rate won't change even if the substrate concentration is increased, and enzyme activity will still be suppressed.
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true or false? generally, the more food in the stomach, the faster the absorption rate of alcohol
Generally, the more food in the stomach, the faster the absorption rate of alcohol the statement is false.
A serving of alcohol needs between 30 and 2 hours after intake to completely enter the bloodstream. Alcohol is metabolized by the body at a rate of 0.25 ounces per hour. It is significant to remember that gender might affect how quickly alcohol is absorbed.
A person's ability to absorb alcohol can vary depending on their gender; for instance, a 140-pound male can consume two drinks in an hour and have a blood alcohol level of 0.038, whereas a 140-pound female can consume two drinks in an hour and have a blood alcohol level of 0.048. Women's BACs are greater than men's after consuming the same quantity of alcohol because they have less dehydrogenase, an enzyme that breaks down alcohol in the stomach.
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during the pcr lab, an ls23l student got lazy and decided not to put chelex inside the microcentrifuge with the student's dna. what would you expect to happen from this?
The DNA would be degraded by the DNAse due to the laziness of the student to not put Chelex inside the microcentrifuge.
Chelex 100 molecular-grade resins can be used to quickly and easily prepare nucleic acids from a wide range of samples, including cell, blood, and tissue cultures. DNA and RNA were prepared with Chelex 100 suitable for detection by PCR, RT-PCR, ddPCR, or LAMP.
The Chelex method of DNA extraction is suitable for the extraction of DNA from a smaller number of samples. This method is quick, and easy and does not involve any toxic organic solvents. The basic procedure involves the extraction of DNA by adding the sample to a warm suspension of Chelex at pH 10-11.
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Why isn't there more information about the dangers of sugar?
Answer:
It's wide use in consumable goods
Explanation:
Why there is little information is because Sugar is vastly use in most consumed goods, which if its dangers are being regularly announced may decline it's demand and cause a great downfall for those engaging in its trade
if you made a change in the promoter sequence in the dna that inactivates the promoter, what would happen at the rna level? group of answer choices nothing, the rna would be made as usual. the mutation of the dna would be carried through to the rna sequence.
If the Promoter in DNA is inactivated, then the gene's transcription (production of RNA) under the control of that inactivated Promoter will halt.
The Promoter is a DNA sequence upstream to a gene, and it regulates the production of RNA of the immediate gene (a process called transcription). In transcription, the enzyme RNA polymerase binds to a promoter and starts producing RNA. If Promoter is inactivated, then RNA polymerase will not be able to bind to it, leading to no RNA production.
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Two hundred students were surveyed to find out what color to use for the school uniform. The results of the survey are shown in the following graph. What percent of students chose the color red? A. 12% B. 8% C. 32% D. 40%
Analyze factors that affect carrying compacity
The factors that affect carrying capacity include the following:
FoodShelterWater etc.What is Carrying capacity?This is an ecological term which refers to the maximum number of individuals of a species that the environment can carry and sustain and is dependent on some factors such as food, shelter etc.
In the case of food, shelter and water , their availability in large proportion means that the number of species which the environment can sustain will be higher due to them having a direct relationship.
In the case of the organisms eating well and having a safe shelter , their reproductive rate will increase which will lead to more number of organisms being present in the environment and will therefore increase the carrying capacity in this scenario.
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which of the following statements is true of enzymes? group of answer choices enzymes generally increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers. enzyme function is generally independent of physical and chemical environmental factors such as ph and temperature. required nonprotein cofactors generally alter the substrate specificity of enzymes. enzyme function is generally increased if the three-dimensional conformation of an enzyme is altered
The correct statement is " enzymes generally increase the rate of chemical reactions by lowering activation energy barriers".
The activation energy required to change a reactant together into the product is decreased by enzymes. A reaction that might not be catalyzed by an enzyme is shown on the left, and one that is shown on the right. An enzyme would attach to a reactant as well as speed up the conversion of that reactant together into the product inside an enzyme-catalyzed reaction.
In human bodies, enzymes work as catalysts to quicken reactions by assisting in the reduction of the activation energy required to initiate a reaction. The active site is a unique location on each enzyme molecule where even the primary structure interacts with the enzyme.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option (A)
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What is one of the most important substances that goes across the cell membrane?
Answer: Water
Explanation: Water passes quite easily across most membranes, even though many solute molecules cannot. An important process known as Osmosis is the result.
rickets is an inherited form of bone disease that is due to an x-linked dominant allele. if a man who has rickets marries and has children with a woman who does not have this disease, what is the probability that their sons and daughters will have the disease?
There is 100% probability of the daughters of having the rickets disease and 0% probability that son’s would inherit the disease.
A lack of vitamin D or calcium is the most common cause of rickets. Vitamin D largely comes from exposing the skin to sunlight, but it's also found in some foods, such as oily fish and eggs. Vitamin D is essential for the formation of strong and healthy bones in children.
In rare cases, children can be born with a genetic form of rickets. It can also develop if another condition affects how vitamins and minerals are absorbed by the body
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what would be the limiting factor for atp production by glycolysis in a strenuously exercising muscle that lacks lactate dehydrogenase?the supply of pyruvatethe supply of adpincreased acidity from lactic acid, causing muscle damagethe supply of nad the supply of co2
In a muscle without lactate dehydrogenase, the availability of NAD+ is what limits the amount of ATP that can be produced through glycolysis.
The molecule that transports energy in an organism's cells is known as adenosine triphosphate.
When lactate dehydrogenase—which is required for converting lactate to energy—is absent from a muscle, the compound NAD+ breaks down energy molecules to create ATP, which is crucial for muscle function.
The process by which glucose is broken down to provide energy is known as glycolysis. It generates two pyruvate molecules, ATP, NADH, and water. There is no need for oxygen during the process, which occurs in the cytoplasm of a cell. Both aerobic and anaerobic organisms experience it.
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1. Evolutionary Theory
Which statement is NOT part of evolutionary
theory?
a All species are related through descent from
common ancestors.
b. Species change over time, sometimes
developing into new species.
c. Species develop traits they need to survive in
their environment.
d. Species have adapted to environmental
changes over billions of years.
Answer: c. Species develop traits they need to survive intheir environment.