how can you increase system efficiency

Answer:

Bacterial Infection is when you get infected by bacteria it can happen if you have an open wound and it was not properly cleaned or it can also happen if you are using something that has not been sanitized to pierce you skin (IT CAN GET REALLY UGLY).

Explanation:

The explanation for the result of comparisons between the EDA-coding regions of the armoured and non-armoured fish revealed no differences in the difference between the two species of sticklebacks that would be conferred by environmental signals.

Thus, the correct option is E.

The EDА gene provides instructions for mаking а protein cаlled ectodysplаsin А. This protein is pаrt of а signаling pаthwаy thаt plаys аn importаnt role in development before birth. Specificаlly, it is criticаl for interаctions between two embryonic cell lаyers cаlled the ectoderm аnd the mesoderm.  

Аrmor plаte chаnges in sticklebаcks аre а clаssic exаmple of repeаted аdаptive evolution. Previous studies identified ectodysplаsin (EDА) gene аs the mаjor locus controlling recurrent plаte loss in freshwаter fish. Here we show thаt freshwаter EDА аlleles hаve cis-аcting regulаtory chаnges thаt reduce expression in developing plаtes аnd spines. Аn identicаl T → G bаse pаir chаnge is found in EDА enhаncers of divergent low-plаted fish. Recreаtion of the T → G chаnge in а mаrine enhаncer strongly reduces expression in posterior аrmor plаtes.

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Many of the theory's detractors said that punctuated equilibrium has never adequately explained how the significant changes depicted in the fossil record could have occurred in such a brief period of time.

Environmental conditions are thought to be constant in punctuated equilibrium. The ecosystem can, however, potentially alter as a result of climatic changes or the arrival of new predators. Additionally, it may highlight recent changes in a population that inhabits that area.

Punctuated equilibrium develops as a result of faster genetic variation transmission, which speeds up speciation and evolution. Examples of punctuated equilibrium can be found in the fossils of tyrannosaurids and mollusks in the Turkana Basin.

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Answer:

B.)consumer

Explanation:

Because it eats up the leaf right it consumes it .easy peasy

Answer:

b) Consumer

Explanation:

The organisms that gets its energy by eating other organism is called as consumers. Hence, option (b) is correct.

The researcher can conclude about this mosquito population is the population is evolving and it is not in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE).

Hаrdy-Weinberg Equilibrium (HWE) is used to estimаte the number of homozygous аnd heterozygous vаriаnt cаrriers bаsed on its аllele frequency in populаtions thаt аre not evolving.  Аccording to HWE, for а locus with two аlleles А аnd а with corresponding frequencies p аnd q, three genotypes аre possible АА, Аа, аnd аа with expected frequencies p², 2pq, q², respectively.

From the research, we know that a researcher is interested in two alleles of the same gene, D and d. This means the researcher used Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium. And from the genotype frequencies in the mosquito population, we can conclude that the mosquito population is evolving.

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Heat controls microbial growth is done by the process of conjugation. Heat is a popular and powerful tool for preventing the development of microorganisms. The correct option is conjugation.

What is Conjugation methods-

Conjugation methods are frequently utilized in laboratory aseptic techniques. However, because conjugation penetrates cells more effectively than dry heat, it is often the more successful treatment.

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Greater sodium concentration in the distal tubule, cause an increase in afferent arteriolar resistance due to paracrine signaling from the macula densa.

Arterioles have the highest development in resistance and significantly lower blood pressure than other organs. Arterioles will narrow as a result of increased resistance, which reduces blood flow to downstream capillaries and lowers blood pressure even further.

Arterioles are the primary location of vascular resistance and feature muscular partitions (usually the most practical one to two layers of clean muscle cells). The transition between arterioles and capillaries is where blood pressure and blood flow alter in the best way.

A blood vessel with a tiny diameter known as a resistance artery is found in the microcirculation and plays a significant role in the development of blood flow control and flotation resistance.

Resistance arteries often have precapillary sphincters and are tiny arteries or arterioles.

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The two muscles that insert on the fifth phalanx or on the fifth metatarsal are the extensor digitorum longus and fibularis tertius.

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Phenolics control microbes by :

1) Disrupting the cell membrane

2) Denaturing metabolic enzymes

3) Disrupting the cell wall

Phenolic compounds are a group of small molecules characterised by their structures having at least one phenol unit. Based on their chemical structures, phenolic compounds can be divided into exclusive subgroups, along with phenolic acids, flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, lignans, quinones, stilbens, and curcuminoids.

Phenolics play important roles in plant development, specifically in lignin and pigment biosynthesis. In addition they provide structural integrity and scaffolding assist to flora.

Phenolics have right chemical resistance and are immune to alcohols, esters, ketones, ethers, chlorinated hydrocarbons, benzene, mineral oils, fats, and oils.

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Mold is considered a multicellular organism, made up of many fungi cells. Thus the correct answer is option (C) Multicellular Organism.

Multicellular organisms are made up of many cells thus it is different from unicellular organisms.

Some organisms, such as slime molds and social amoebae of the genus Dictyostelium, have both uni- and multicellular structures. These include every type of animal, as well as most fungi, terrestrial plants, and algae.

Colonies of identical individuals that come together to form organisms are called colonies. However, it can be difficult to distinguish between "colonial protists" and "real multicellular organisms" because the terms are interchangeable (colonial protists are occasionally referred to as "pluricellular").

A fungus with many cells is called mold. It is made up of hyphal filaments, which can group together to form mycelia. A mycelium is a collection of mycelia, and these structures make up the thallus, or body, of the mold.

The complete question is:

Mold is made up of many fungi cells. Mold would be considered what type of organism?

A. unicellular

B. prokaryotic

C. multicellular

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Using theories of sweeteners, we find that C0₂ production increases when artificial sweeteners is added from alcohol fermentation of splenda and sweet 'n' lo by yeast.

Sweeteners are the ingredients that sweeten like sugar (sucrose), but may be low-calorie of synthetic substitutes. Under EU legislation, food products containing the sweetener or sweeteners must include the statement ‘with sweeteners’ on  label accompanying the name of the food product. The relationship between sweeteners and negative health effects which has been studied for many years by many of different regulatory agencies, and after rigorous safety assessments and  establishment of safe levels of use, certain sweeteners have been approved as the food additives.

Hence, on addition of different types of artificial sweeteners, CO₂ production increases from alcohol fermentation of splenda and sweet n lo by yeast.

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The correct genotypes of the plants are YY and yy. Since both the plants are homozygous.

In terms of genetics, being homozygous means having inherited the same alleles (versions) of a genomic marker from both biological parents. A person who possesses two identical copies of a genetic marker is said to be homozygous for that marker. In contrast, a person who has two copies of a certain marker is said to be heterozygous.

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The genotype YY or yy would correctly represent the alleles of the p plants.

The genotype YY or yy would correctly represent the alleles of the p plants. Since both the plants are homozygous. Each letter represents one of the two alleles in the genotype. The dominant allele is capitalized and the recessive allele is lowercase.

The letter used for the gene (seed color in this case) is usually related to the dominant trait (yellow allele, in this case, or “Y”). When P plants with contrasting traits were cross-fertilized, all of the offspring were heterozygous for the contrasting trait, meaning their genotype had different alleles for the gene being examined. For example, the F1 yellow plants that received a Y allele from their yellow parent and a y allele from their green parent had the genotype Yy.

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Cephalopods are a group of mollusks having members containing complex brains, competitive behaviors.

What are cephalopods?

Cephalopods, as we know, are members of mollusk class. Few examples are the squid, octopuses, nautilus, or cuttlefish etc.

These marine species have a bilateral body, prominent head, multiple arms/ tentacles that have come from the primitive mollusk foot.

Today’s cephalopods are mostly known for their multiple arms and so soft bodies, the older, ancient cephalopods were notorious for their shells. That is because they are preserved very well as fossils.

Therefore, cephalopods are the group of mollusks containing members with complex brains and elaborative behaviors.

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Answer:

what is that? for biology?

The following is not a function of meiosis : b.)create genetic variability. Hence option c is correct.

Type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells is called meiosis. This process produces egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.

Growth and division of cells occurs by mitosis and differentiation for specific cell types whereas genetic variations arise from mutations in which genetic material is rearranged as a cell gets ready to divide. Genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function introduce different traits in an organism.

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Answer: Rhyolite

Explanation: Rhyolite is an extrusive igneous rock. It is formed by the volcanic eruption. This rock have glassy appearance. It is a fine grained rock. It has light color due to small grain size and deposition of silica so the color is pink or gray. It also comprises of dark colored mineral specks like quartz, sanidine, plagioclase, biotite, and others. This rock also comprises of trapped gases. The rock appears in the crystalline form and appearance. The low content of the mafic minerals also contribute to the light color of the rhyolite rock.

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The corresponding codon for mRNA is CTU.

The template strand is the strand of DNA from which mRNA is synthesized. The coding or non-template strand is the DNA strand that is complementary to the template strand. It has the same sequence as mRNA. The DNA strand that serves as the template for RNA has the base sequence AGCTTCGA. Although DNA is double-stranded, only one strand at a time serves as the template for transcription.

This template strand is called the non-coding strand. The non-template strand is called the coding strand because its sequence is the same as that of the new RNA molecule. mRNA is normally translated by a series of ribosomes about 100 to 200 nucleotides apart. A group of ribosomes attached to an mRNA molecule is called polyribosomes or polysomes. Each ribosome within a group functions independently to synthesize a separate polypeptide chain.

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Phagocytic cells are an important part of the innate immune system because of their ability to:

Phagocytic cells are the type of immune cells that ingest the foreign pathogen and infected cells and therefore protect the body from infections. The example of phagocytic cells are: macrophages, dendritic cells, monocytes, etc.  Besides, they can also present foreign antigens on their surface for recognition by lymphocytes for adaptive immune responses.

Adaptive immunity is the specific type of immunity which is acquired by the individual after birth. This can occur either by getting infected by the pathogen or by administration of vaccine.

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The active transport of the sodium and potassium pump must work to maintain: A high concentration of sodium outside the cell and a high concentration of potassium inside the cytosol in order to maintain a resting membrane potential.

Active transport in cellular biology refers to the movement of molecules or ions across a cell membrane against the concentration gradient from a location of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration. Cellular energy is needed for active transport to achieve this movement.

The electrical potential differential across the plasma membrane of a cell during its non-excited condition is referred to as the resting membrane potential of the cell. The value of the electrical potential difference inside a cell compared to the extracellular environment is often used to indicate the difference across a cell membrane.

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Since an organism formed from sexual reproduction starts out as a single cell called a zygote, then the zygote divided by mitosis twice in order to generate four cells as image below.

Mitosis cell division is the cellular process by which multicellular organisms generate body cells, which involve the division of a parental cell to generate two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parental cell.

Therefore, with this data, we can see that mitosis is a cell division process that generates two cells for each division of a parental cell.

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DNP functions as a protonophore, allowing protons to pass through the inner mitochondrial membrane and bypass ATP synthase. This reduces the efficiency of ATP energy production.

2,4-dintrophenol (DNP) aids in the movement of protons across cell membranes, resulting in a decrease in ATP production (adenosine triphosphate, the molecule that transports energy within cells).

DNP acts as a protonophore, allowing protons to bypass ATP synthase by passing through the inner mitochondrial membrane. This reduces the efficiency with which ATP energy is produced.

As a result, the proton gradient cannot form across the inner mitochondrial membrane because H+ (hydrogen ion) pumping is halted. As a result, the pH across the inner membrane of mitochondria will decrease.

DNP is toxic to humans and can result in death as well as serious physical side effects. In the United Kingdom, selling DNP for human consumption is a crime.

Thus, it is dangerous to use DNP.

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The correct answer is a) Adenoids

They are present high up ion the throat behind nose. Adenoid glands are a part of the immune system that help in fighting the body against pathological bacteria and viruses that may cause infection. The adenoids are removed during an adenoidectomy if they have grown swollen or enlarged due to an infection or allergies. The lymphatic system fights infection and maintain body fluids in balance.

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The rate at which energy is added to the bodies of a group of animals, known as primary producers, in the form of biomass, is referred to as primary productivity.

By monitoring the output of oxygen or the intake of carbon dioxide, primary productivity is typically calculated. The standard unit of measurement for production rates is grams of organic carbon per unit area per unit time.

Any extraction of energy products in a usable form from natural sources is considered primary energy production. This happens either during the extraction of natural resources (for instance, in coal mines, crude oil fields, or hydroelectric power plants) or during the production of biofuels.

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Answer:

leading

Explanation:

leading strand is the new DNA formed after replication. lagging strand is the old DNA strand

The population's prevalence of the dominant allele Simply put, 1 - 0.02 = 0.98 (or 98%) represents the population's frequency of the dominant (normal) allele.

Determine the proportion of people who are homozygous for the dominant allele. We are aware that the recessive homozygote genotype frequency is q2 and equals 0.09. Accordingly, p = 1 - q p = 1 - 0.30 = 0.70 In terms of homozygote dominants, p2 = (0.70)2 = 0.49 or 49% is used.

The Hardy-Weinberg equation is written as p 2 + 2 p q + q 2 = 1, or p2 + 2 p q + q2 = 1. and is employed to establish the prevalence of genotypes in a certain group. To calculate the frequency of a particular event, Start by replacing the relevant terms with the known values you have been given for genotype.

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Only intercalated disks, thickened portions of the sarcolemma, enable electrical impulses to spread quickly in a continuous cell-to-cell fashion.

Myocardial conduction cells initiate and propagate the action potential that travels throughout the heart and triggers the contraction of blood . myocardial contractile cells constitute the bulk of the cells in the atrial and ventricles .

In side heart ,cardiac muscle tissue or myocardium , contains many cells that expand and contract in response to electrical impulses from the nervous system. These cardiac cells work  in a manner that they produce the rhythmic and wavy contractions that is termed as heartbeat.

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The binding of the signaling molecule epinephrine to its receptor results in inactivation of the enzyme glycogen phosphorylase

What are signaling molecules?

As a broad term for molecules that particularly attach to other molecules, ligand is frequently used to refer to signaling molecules (such as receptors). The message sent by a ligand is frequently transmitted inside the cell through a series of chemical messengers.

What is the role of epinephrine as a signaling molecule?

Hence, binding of epinephrine to the receptor results in the inactivation of enzyme glycogen phosphorylase

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Fruit flies develop eye in the middle of a leg (c) When Ey gene is introduced into cells that would normally give rise to a leg, transcription regulators used to control its expression in leg are different from that of Ey expression in the eye.

Process of copying a segment of DNA into RNA is called transcription. The segments of DNA transcribed in RNA molecules that encode proteins produce mRNA. Other segments of DNA are copied in RNA molecules which is called non-coding RNAs. mRNA comprises of only 1–3% of the total RNA samples.

The goal of transcription is to make RNA copy of a DNA sequence of gene and for protein-coding gene,  RNA transcript carries information needed to build a polypeptide.

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Our early ancestors and other primates were in constant migration to new ecological areas in search of food source and better and more suitable environment.

Human beings and our prehistoric predecessors as well as other primates are not evolving biologically as quickly as other creatures to adjust to the environment, and therefore we need to adapt to the environment that we live in and once the environment becomes too hostile to live in or in the event that the food source becomes scarce, our ancestors and other primates would migrate to new areas with friendlier environment and abundant source of food. Climate change being the major reason for early human migration, with the extreme temperature changes which either killed or drove away their food sources, the situation forced our early prehistoric predecessors to migrate to a new place where the environment is milder with ample food sources.

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