Microorganism protect themselves against harmful UV light and visible light by using Iron minerals around themselves.
The iron minerals have unique properties in that they block damaging UV radiation while yet allowing organisms to utilise the portion of sunlight required for photosynthesis. UV rays kill cells by damaging their DNA. Two molecules of thymine, one of the bases that makes up DNA, react when exposed to light. The thymine dimer that results is extremely stable. The cell cannot perform its usual tasks if cellular processes are interfered as a result of an inadequate repair or unrepaired damage of thymine dimer.
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Microorganisms use the iron minerals in their surroundings to shield them from damaging UV and visible light.
In the presence of sunshine, some bacteria that require light may consume dissolved iron and perform photosynthesis. However, they did not emit oxygen throughout the process, unlike modern green plants. Rust and other iron minerals are waste products of the process. Because the iron minerals absorb the damaging UV radiation, organisms may still utilize the portion of sunlight required for photosynthesis. Compared to today's seas, the quantity of iron needed to create the minerals was far higher.
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after nervous stimulation stops, what prevents ach in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction? question 28 options: acetylcholinesterase destroying the ach the action potential stops going down the overloaded t tubules calcium ions returning to the terminal cisternae the tropomyosin blocking the myosin once full contraction is achieved
After nervous stimulation stops, following prevents Ach in the synaptic cleft from continuing to stimulate contraction : a)acetylcholinesterase destroying the ach.
What is acetylcholinesterase?Acetylcholinesterase is an enzyme which will degrade acetylcholine and prevent constant stimulation of the receptors on the target cell.
The key role of AChE is to terminate neuronal transmission and signaling between the synapses to prevent ACh dispersal and activation of the nearby receptors. AChE is inhibited by organophosphates and is also an important component of pesticides and nerve agents.
Acetylcholinesterase is present in the synapse between nerve cells and muscle cells. It springs into action soon after a signal is passed, breaking down the acetylcholine into its two component parts, acetic acid and choline.
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how do sound waves ultimately result in the production of receptor potentials? group of answer choices the tectorial membrane squeezes the auditory nerve the basilar membrane releases neurotransmitters the eardrum has receptors that create action potentials hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane
Hair cells in the cochlea vibrate, causing ion channels to open in their membrane
The hair cells in the organ of Cochlea convert the vibrations of mechanical sound into nerve impulse. The vibration of the basilar membrane, on which the organ of Corti is resting, stimulates them. The endocochlear potential, which exists between the endolymph and perilymph, is one of the most significant aspects of this process of conversion of sound into an electrical impulse by hair cells.
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A male rabbit that is heterozygous for both traits and a female rabbit heterozygous for both traits. What is the proportion of their offspring that is white haired and black eyed?
Answer:
(In Description)
Explanation:
As the male is long-haired with a black coat means genotype Bbss and the female is having short hair and black coat means genotype BbSs. The offspring genotype can be BBSs, BBSs, BbSs, and bbss.
What is a genotype?
In a broad sense, the term "genotype" refers to an organism's genetic makeup; in other words, it describes an organism's entire set of genes. In a narrower sense, the term can refer to the alleles, or variant forms of a gene, that an organism carries.
Black hair in rabbits is determined by a dominant allele, B, and brown hair by a recessive allele, b. Short hair is caused by a dominant allele, S, whereas long hair is caused by a recessive allele, s.
The Punnett square for the given scenario can be shown in the image attached below:
Thus, these can be the genotype of the offspring.
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In many animals, glucose rather than starch, is transported by the blood through the body to all the cells. Starches in many foods are digested to yield glucose. Based on what you learned in this laboratory activity, explain why the digestion of starch to glucose is necessary.
Answer:
So, to answer your question, digestion of starch to glucose is necessary because enzymes and transport molecules require small, regular molecules to manipulate, and because glucose serves as the basis for most carbohydrate metabolism.
Explanation:
hope it hepls;)
if rna polymerase can transcribe the dystrophin gene at an average rate of 43 nucleotides a second, how long does it take to transcribe the entire gene? use two decimal places for the answer.
If RNA polymerase can transcribe the dystrophin gene at an average rate of 43 nucleotides a second, the time taken to transcribe the entire gene will be 32.29 hours approximately.
In the question, it is given that the dystrophin gene is of the size 2.5 mega-base.
Now, 1 mega-base = 10⁶ base pairs.
Also, 1 base-pair = 2 nucleotides.
Therefore, the total nucleotides in the dystrophin gene will be
= 2.5 × 10⁶ × 2
= 5 × 10⁶ nucleotides.
Since 43 nucleotides take 1 second to be transcribed.
1 nucleotide will take 1/43 seconds.
Hence, 5 × 10⁶ nucleotides will take = (5 × 10⁶) / 43 seconds.
Converting, it into hours = (5 × 10⁶) / (43 × 3600) hours.
Thus, the total time taken is 32.29 hours.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
The size of dystrophin gene is 2.5 mega-bases. If RNA polymerase can transcribe the dystrophin gene at an average rate of 43 nucleotides a second, how long does it take to transcribe the entire gene? Use two decimal places for the answer.
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icosahedral symmetry of viral capsids is achieved by arranging viral capsomer proteins in what geometric arrangement?
Symmetry of icosahedral viral capsids is triangle.
A capsid is the protein shell of a virus, enclosing its genetic cloth. It includes several oligomeric (repeating) structural subunits fabricated from protein called protomers. The observable three-dimensional morphological subunits, which may also or won't correspond to individual proteins, are known as capsomeres.
Viral capsids are nanometre-sized packing containers that own complicated mechanical houses and whose important function is to encapsidate the viral genome in a single host, to move it and to finally release it internal every other host mobile.
Capsid formation takes place via a nucleation procedure pushed by means of the favorable binding energy between capsid proteins.
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you are interested in determining how far a certain gene is from its centromere in neurospora. you find 90 asci with a first division segregation pattern and 25 asci with a second division segregation pattern. what is the map distance from gene to centromere?
Map distance from gene to centromere is 110bp.
Genetic map distance is roughly proportional to the physical distance, i.e. the amount of DNA between two loci. Gene map distance is the distance between two points on a chromosome that are counted by the number of crossovers between them.
For example, suppose we have in Arabidopsis species is 1.0 cM this means that this species contains approximately 150,000bp and contains approximately 50 genes in the loci . Thus, Genetic map distance is a unit for measuring distance between genes on a chromosome according to the frequency of recombination between them.
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Please answerrrrrrrrrr
Answer:
the last one: macromolecules can be converted into other forms such as carbs being stored as fats.
remembering how to solve a puzzle without any conscious recollection that you can do so best illustrates (fill in the blanks) memory.
The ability to do so finest exemplifies implicit memory.
Consciousness or conscience?"An inner sensation or voice which tells you weather your actions are good or bad" is what the term conscience denotes. An adjective meaning "aware of and responsive to one's surroundings" is "conscious."
Who can be conscious?The Latin term conscious originally meant "knowing" or "aware." Therefore, a conscious individual is aware of her surroundings as well as of her own presence and ideas. If you're "ego," you're extremely conscious of how you believe you look or act and may even be embarrassed by it.
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what makes animals like dogs and foxes domesticated or tame? is it genetics or environment that helps us time (domesticated) wild animals?
Domesticated animals are animals that have been selectively bred and genetically adapted over generations to live apace with humans. They are genetically dissimilar from their wild ancestors or cousins.
Animal domestication falls into three main categories:
domestication for companionship (dogs and cats), animals reared for food (sheep, cows, pigs, turkeys, etc.), and working or draft animals (horses, donkeys, camels). Animals that make good contenders for domestication generally share many traits.
Domestication happens through selective breeding. Individuals that show beneficial traits are selected to be bred and these prudent traits are then passed along to future generations. Wolves were the first animal to be domesticated, sometime between 33,000 and 11,000 years ago.
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protein threads that form the basis of a clot: a.hemoglobin b.fibrinogen c.globulin d.thrombin e.fibrin
Protein threads that make the basis of a clot is termed Fibrin.
So, the correct option is E.
A blood clot is mostly made up of fibrin, an insoluble protein that is generated in reaction to bleeding. It is made of fibrinogen, a soluble protein generated by the liver and present in blood plasma, which is a stiff protein material that is structured in long fibrous chains. Following this, fibrin molecules combine to form lengthy fibrin threads that entangle platelets, accumulating a spongy mass that gradually hardens and contracts to form a blood clot.
The blood clot is made up of a tangled web of filaments that is created when fibrinogen is converted into insoluble fibrin and then cross-linked. Because plasma contains fibrinogen, it can clot on its own.
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which structure delivers venous blood from the tissues and organs of the abdominal and pelvic cavities, and from the lower limbs?
The inferior vena cava transports venous blood from the lower limbs, the abdominal cavity, and the pelvic cavity.
The inferior vena cava wins ancestry from the laps, extremities, and means in the stomach. The vena cava is the best vein in the frame. The inferior vena cava (also known as IVC or the posterior vena cava) is a big tone that gives ancestry from the shape and lowers material to the kindliness of the essence.
Venous blood is deoxygenated ancestry that flows from insignificant blood vessel ancestry ships inside the tissues into following best veins to the kindliness of the essence. Venous blood is an example of choice for most routine laboratory tests. Venous blood gives a clear example of all the cells, biomarkers, and proteins flowing in your ancestry, making it win standard for the most routine experiments.
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describe at least 2 ways bone functions in protection of the human body
Bones always keep our organs safe from hard impacts, punctures, and other forms of injury.
Define skeleton system?Your body's main support structure is the skeletal system. It is made up of connective tissue like tendons, ligaments, and cartilage as well as bones. The musculoskeletal system is another name for it.
The skeleton serves a variety of purposes. In addition to giving us our human form and traits, it:
Enables movement: Your skeleton supports your weight as you move and stand. Your body's organs and parts are mobile thanks to joints, connective tissue, and muscles.Bones have bone marrow, which makes blood cells. In the bone marrow, red and white blood cells are made.Organs that are shielded and supported by the body: The spine is supported by the backbone, the heart and lungs are shielded by the ribs, and the brain is protected by the skull.Mineral reserves are kept in bones, which are home to calcium and vitamin D.To know more about skeleton system, visit:
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homologous structures multiple choice have fully divergent functions. are only shared by organisms of the same genus. are also called analogous structures. are often shared by organisms in the same line of descent. have identical functions.
Homologous structures are : d)often shared by organisms in the same line of descent. Hence d) is correct option.
What are homologous structures?Similar physical features in organisms that share a common ancestor but features are completely different are called Homologous structures. Example for homologous structures are the limbs of humans, cats, whales, and bats.
Homologous structures are body parts of organisms that have same anatomical features, therefore, indicating a common ancestor or developmental origin. They can share the same trait but they do not have the same function. Some examples are: the forelimbs of the bats and of humans are homologous structures.
Homologies are traits present in more than two organisms that are inherited from the common ancestor of those particular organisms.
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which stress on a population is a direct result of overcrowding? responses air pressure changes air pressure changes rapid spread of disease rapid spread of disease mutation mutation immigration
Stress on a population that is a direct result of overcrowding is : rapid spread of disease .
What is overcrowding?Overcrowding increases the risk of infection as number of potential transmitters increases. This results in the children and adults living in crowded conditions getting more infections and severe infections.
While population density offers an objective measure of the number of people living per unit area but overcrowding refers to people's psychological response to density.
Overcrowding may be caused due to increased birth rates, lower mortality rates, reduced predation and large scale migration. This leads to the overabundant species and other animals in the ecosystem competing for food, space, and resources.
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During which days of the cycle does the level of progesterone in the blood increase most rapidly? What happens to the uterus during this time?
Cycle does the level of progesterone in the blood increase most rapidly is luteal or secretary phase
Progesterone is in the class of medication called as progestine and it is the female hormones and it work as part of hormones replacement therapy by decreasing the amount of estrogen in the uterus and this phase always occur from day 14 to day 28 of the cycle and progesterone stimulated by LH is the dominant hormone during this phase to prepare the corpus luteum and the endometrium foe possible fertilized ovum implantation and progesterone level rises after ovulation and peak five to nine days your luteal phase
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Alex was brought into the clinic by his
football coach that stated that Alex is
delirious, has intense cramps and has been
vomiting since he drank over 1000 mL of
water in under 45 minutes at football
practice.
Normally, the sodium concentration inside
the cells is equal to the sodium
concentration outside of the cell. However,
drinking this much water in a short amount
of time will cause the inside
of the cell to become diluted.
To compensate, water from
the outside of the cell will
rush into the cell, causing
water intoxication.
Which cell
organelle
allows this to
happen?
Answer:blood
Explanation:
The cell membrane allows water to rush into the cell when it becomes diluted due to excessive water intake.
The cell organelle that allows water to rush into the cell when it becomes diluted due to excessive water intake is the cell membrane. The cell membrane is selectively permeable, meaning it controls what substances can enter and leave the cell.
In this case, the dilution of the cell causes the concentration of solutes inside the cell to be lower than the concentration outside, leading to osmosis, where water molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration through the cell membrane.
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The equalizing temperature changes in response to changes in external forces of the boundary conditions of climate. What is this about?.
Climate sensitivity is about equalizing temperature changes in response to changes in external forces of the boundary conditions of climate.
The increase in global temperature that results from doubling the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere above pre-industrial levels is commonly used to describe climate sensitivity. When doubling, carbon dioxide would be at about 520 parts per million (ppm), up from about 260 ppm before the industrial era. When compared to levels in the atmosphere prior to humanity beginning to burn copious amounts of fossil fuels in the 1800s, carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases are multiplied by two to define climate sensitivity.
Climate sensitivity can be assessed using observed ocean heat absorption, observed temperature rise, and modeled or real-world radiative forcing. To determine climate sensitivity, the data are connected using a straightforward energy balance model.
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which stage of urine production involves returning water, nutrients, and electrolytes to the blood stream?
Reabsorption is urine production that involves returning water, nutrients, and electrolytes to the bloodstream.
In the field of science, the process though which water, electrolytes, salts and nutrients are reabsorbed back into the plasma from the glomerulus is referred to as reabsorption.
The urine formed has essential electrolytes and nutrients that are required by the body of an individual. Hence, in the glomerular filtrate, these materials are reabsorbed back into the blood by the process of diffusion.
The urine left after reabsorption is sent to the bladder where it can be stored for some time before releasing it out of the body.
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The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is called.
Answer:
The diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane is called Osmosis.
The diagram shows a process that is occurring in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell.
What would MOST LIKELY happen if the process in the nucleus is interrupted?
a
DNA would not be able to be produced.
b
DNA would not be decoded into an RNA molecule.
c
Amino acids would bind together.
d
Protein synthesis would be increased.
Answer:
I believe B
Explanation:
in the nucleus is where transcription occurs aka DNA converted to RNA codons.
when an ion channel opens in a sarcolemma, ions flow across the membrane, altering the potential. these cells are said to be . the pump mechanism that maintains the resting membrane potential is an example of . a cell membrane is when there is a higher concentration of cations on one side and a higher concentration of on the other. the difference in charge created by the ecf ions and the icf ions is called the . membrane potential is measured in
Ions are compelled to migrate passively in one direction by the potential gradient of the membrane potential.
What is the mechanism of membrane potential?
Positive ions are drawn to the negative side of the membrane, while negative ions are drawn to the positive side, creating a potential gradient known as membrane potential that compels ions to passively migrate in one way.
When an ion channel opens in a sarcolemma, ions flow across the membrane, altering the potential. these cells are said to be Electrically excitablethe pump mechanism that maintains the resting membrane potential is an example of Active transportWhen there are more cations on one side of the cell membrane and more anions on the other, the membrane is polarized. Typically, the outside of a neuron has a higher concentration of cations than the inner does, and vice versa.The difference in charge created by the ECF ions and the ICF ions is called the membrane potentialmembrane potential is measured in microvolts.Hence, membrane potential is a voltage or electrical charge across the plasma membrane
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antibodies: question 8 options: require haptens to function make up part of the primary immune system are made from t cells are made from plasma cells none of the above
Happens are not necessary for antibodies to work. To work, it needs an antigen. They are created by T and B cells rather than T cells.
From where do happens originate?Urushiol, a reactive Quinone-type chemical, gets oxidised in the skin cells after being ingested from a poison ivy plant, where it subsequently interacts with skin proteins to form happen adducts.
Do happens cause T cells to respond?Low molecular weight substances that are unable to start an immune response on their own are referred to as happens. However, these tiny molecular weight substances can provide an antigenic determinant that can cause T-cell activation when they are covalently attached to circulating proteins.
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Select more than 1 answer
Plasma is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT
A. carries nutrients like glucose and oxygen
B. carries hormones
C. carries antibodies and antitoxins
D. allows the blood to flow because it is mostly water
E. allows the body to maintain body temperature
F. carries waste products like carbon dioxide
Answer:D (i think)
Explanation: its a trick question i think because the plasma does do all of these things but what allows the blood to flow is the heart valves. Plasma doesnt ensure blood flow, the valves do.
a triplet base sequence on the template strand of dna reads att. what will be the corresponding mrna codon, trna anticodon, and amino acid coded for by this dna?
where are t and b lymphocytes located in lymph nodes, and how is their anatomic separation maintained?
Lymphocytes are divided into two main types, namely B lymphocytes and T lymphocytes. B lymphocytes make antibodies, and T lymphocytes help kill tumor cells and help control the immune response.
Both originate from stem cells in the bone marrow and initially have a similar appearance.
LymphocytesLymphocytes are a type of immune cell made in the bone marrow and found in blood and lymph tissue. B cells are so named because they develop in the Bursa of Fabricus (in birds) or in the bone marrow (in humans). While T cells are so named because they develop in the thymus.
Some lymphocytes migrate to the thymus, where they mature into T cells and others remain in the bone marrow, where they eventually develop into B cells.
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uv light, like that given off in tanning beds and from welders, causes damage to dna. this is why activities like using tanning beds and welding without protective gear are known to cause aggressive forms of deadly skin cancer. what kind of repair mechanism does your body use to try and fix the errors imposed by activities like tanning and unprotected welding?
Indirect DNA damage is caused by UVA (and UVB) radiation when photons are absorbed by chromophores that are not DNA. As a result, reactive oxygen species are produced, including singlet oxygen and hydrogen peroxide, which damage DNA bases and result in mutations.
DNA damages caused by UV radiation fall into two categories: 6-4 photoproducts and cyclobutene pyrimidine dimers . Both of these lesions cause bends or kinks in the DNA's structure, which prevents transcription and replication.DNA is frequently damaged by UV-A radiation in an oxygen-dependent process called photosensitization. As a result, a free radical is created, which interacts with DNA bases and causes them to oxidize. When these oxidized bases couple incorrectly during replication, mutations occur.To know about UVA (and UVB) radiation
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Question 1 of 10
Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen can combine to form monomers called fatty
acids. Which type of macromolecule contains many fatty acids?
A. Lipid
B. Nucleic acid
C. Protein
D. Carbohydrate
SUBMIT
Answer:lipid
Explanation:
why are humans less genetically variable than other organisms despite the fact that we range all over the world?
The human species has experienced a quick increase in size which leads to less genetic variability in humans as compared to another organism.
Native populations' genetic variety declines when they migrate further away from Africa, and bottlenecks during migration, which are situations where population size is momentarily reduced, are assumed to be the cause of this.
Evolutionary geneticists have now demonstrated that during two severe bottlenecks that occurred between 60,000 and 50,000 years ago as modern humans left Africa, a significant portion of our ancestors' genetic variation was lost.
The presence of more than two homologous chromosomes, polyploidy, population migration, homologous recombination or crossing over during meiosis, and mutations are a few potential causes of genetic variability in the population.
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What technique was most helpful to watson and crick in developing their model for the structure of dna?.
X-Ray crystallography was the technique that helped Watson and crick in developing their model for the structure of DNA.
A crystal's crystalline structure causes a beam of incident X-rays to diffract into a variety of distinct directions, which is how X-ray crystallography, an experimental science, determines a crystal's atomic and molecular structure.
Famous researchers Watson and Crick made history by figuring out the structure of DNA. They discovered that DNA is composed of two strands wound around one another to form a double-helical structure using X-ray crystallography. It was developed by Rosalind Franklin using an approach called X-ray crystallography and showed the DNA molecule's helical structure. The genetic code for all living things is encoded in two chains of nucleotide pairs that make up DNA, as Watson and Crick discovered.
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