How was the Raj transformed from the jewel in Britain's imperial crown to the independent nations of India and Pakistan?

Answers

Answer 1
Reasons for independence:

The British Raj unravelled quickly in the 1940s, perhaps surprising after the empire in the east had so recently survived its greatest challenge in the shape of Japanese expansionism.

The reasons for independence were multifaceted and the result of both long and short term factors.

The pressure from the rising tide of nationalism made running the empire politically and economically very challenging and increasingly not cost effective. This pressure was embodied as much in the activities of large pan-national organisations like the Congress as in pressure from below - from the 'subalterns' through the acts of peasant and tribal resistance and revolt, trade union strikes and individual acts of subversion and violence.

With US foreign policy pressurising the end of western imperialism, it seemed only a matter of time before India gained its freedom.

There were further symptoms of the disengagement from empire. European capital investment declined in the inter-war years and India went from a debtor country in World War One to a creditor in World War Two. Applications to the Indian Civil Service (ICS) declined dramatically from the end of the Great War.

Britain's strategy of a gradual devolution of power, its representation to Indians through successive constitutional acts and a deliberate 'Indianisation' of the administration, gathered a momentum of its own. As a result, India moved inexorably towards self-government.

The actual timing of independence owed a great deal to World War Two and the demands it put on the British government and people.

The Labour party had a tradition of supporting Indian claims for self-rule, and was elected to power in 1945 after a debilitating war which had reduced Britain to her knees.

Furthermore, with US foreign policy pressurising the end of western subjugation and imperialism, it seemed only a matter of time before India gained its freedom.


Partition and religion:

The growth of Muslim separatism from the late 19th century and the rise of communal violence from the 1920s to the virulent outbreaks of 1946-1947, were major contributory factors in the timing and shape of independence.

However, it was only from the late 1930s that it became inevitable that independence could only be achieved if accompanied by a partition. This partition would take place along the subcontinent's north-western and north-eastern boundaries, creating two sovereign nations of India and Pakistan.

The Muslim League failed to achieve the confidence of the majority of Muslims in the elections of 1937.

Muslims, as a religious community, comprised only 20% of the population and represented great diversity in economic, social and political terms.

From the late 19th century, some of its political elites in northern India felt increasingly threatened by British devolution of power, which by the logic of numbers would mean the dominance of the majority Hindu community.

Seeking power and a political voice in the imperial structure, they organised themselves into a party to represent their interests, founding the Muslim League in 1906.

They achieved something of a coup by persuading the British that they needed to safeguard the interests of the minorities, a demand that fed into British strategies of divide and rule. The inclusion of separate electorates along communal lines in the 1909 Act, subsequently enlarged in every successive constitutional act, enshrined a form of constitutional separatism.

While there is no denying that Islam and Hinduism were and are very different faiths, Muslims and Hindus continued to co-exist peaceably. There were, however, occasional violent outbursts which were driven more often than not by economic inequities.

Even politically, the Congress and the League cooperated successfully during the Khilafat and Non Cooperation movements in 1920-1922. And Muhammad Ali Jinnah (the eventual father of the Pakistani nation) was a Congress member till 1920.

Although Congress strove to stress its secular credentials with prominent Muslim members - for example, Maulana Azad served as its president through World War Two - it is criticised for failing to sufficiently recognise the importance of a conciliatory position towards the League in the inter-war years, and for its triumphant response to Congress's 1937 election victory.

The Muslim League advocated the idea of Pakistan in its annual session in 1930, yet the idea did not achieve any political reality at the time. Furthermore, the League failed to achieve the confidence of the majority of the Muslim population in the elections of 1937.

Related Questions

Using Article 26 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, summarize then analyze the article in light of what you know of the education in other countries that do not uphold this right. Include the different sections and discuss the effects on a country if every country involved implemented this right.

NEED ASAP!!

Article 26 below

(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.
(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace. (3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

Answers

The correct answer to this open question is the following.

We can help you with the following comments so you can elaborate on your own ideas.

(1) Everyone has the right to education. Education shall be free, at least in the elementary and fundamental stages. Elementary education shall be compulsory. Technical and professional education shall be made generally available and higher education shall be equally accessible to all on the basis of merit.

This is a privilege in democratic governments such as the US, Canada, or México. In this las country, this right goes beyond what you have in the United States.

In México, there is a public education system that is free for Mexicans! Yes, including the college level. Public institutions such as the National University(UNAM) or the National Polytech Institute(IPN), offer graduate programs for minimum costs at the beginning of each semester. The amounts for inscription and semester vary from $30 to USD 100!!!!

And it is quality education granted by the Mexican Constitution because each of the 32 states in Mexico has at least one state university that offers the same free education service.

(2) Education shall be directed to the full development of the human personality and to the strengthening of respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms. It shall promote understanding, tolerance, and friendship among all nations, racial or religious groups, and shall further the activities of the United Nations for the maintenance of peace.

On the other hand, there are countries in places such as North Korea, where education is dictated by the state, and students only earn the subjects that are approved by the state. As North Korea is a dictatorship, the educational system does not allow people to have contact with other forms of thinking.

These kinds of countries, instead of teaching people to think on their own, they tried to indoctrinate people to only follow the principles that control them.

(3) Parents have a prior right to choose the kind of education that shall be given to their children.

And this is correct in free and democratic countries, although it is not the case in other such as the above-mentioned case of North Korea. Other good examples are Cuba and Venezuela, where education can be good (indeed, it is said that Cuba has good colleges) however, the education system belongs to the state, serve the interest of the state, and limit diversity and critical thinking of its students.

Why did the United States introduce the Marshall Plan in the post-war era?
to stabilize Europe and support democratic governments
to encourage Europe to share its post-war prosperity with the United States
to help the USSR in forming a democratic government
to boost economic recovery in the United States following World War II

Answers

Answer:

The objectives of the United States were to rebuild those areas destroyed by the war, eliminate barriers to trade, modernize European industry and make the continent prosperous again; all these objectives were intended to prevent the spread of communism, which had a large and growing influence in post-war Europe

Answer: to stabilize Europe and support democratic governments

Explanation:

The second world war destabilized Europe and led to widespread devastation that all but ruined the economies of most European countries.

The United States feared that this would allow Communism to take root in these states as a result of the suffering and so they introduced the Marshall Plan which provided aid to European countries so as to stabilize them and prevent the Communists from taking over.

The plan worked very well and led to Western Europe prospering for decades until they could stand on their own.

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After the Civil War ended, Yankees and carpetbaggers from the North wasted no time in exploiting the weakened South. What was once a proud society that stood up for traditional values and Christian ethics had been tainted by the influx of amoral entrepreneurs and Republican opportunists that had little business setting foot anywhere south of the Mason-Dixon line. -Sam Goethals, Ph.D. (1996)

What aspect of the source above most clearly compromises its credibility?

A. Its author lacks qualifications on the subject matter.
B. It is a secondary, rather than primary, source. C. It is biased in favor of a southern point of view.
D. It focuses on a topic that is not historical​

Answers

Answer:

I would say B because the civil war was in the 1860s and this was writtin in 1996

Explanation:

It could be C due to the derogitory terms used for people from the north, but Im still going to say B

Its not A because he has a PHD and Its not D because the civil war obviously happened

The aspect of the source above most clearly compromises its credibility was it is biased in favor of a southern point of view. The correct option is (C).

What do you mean by the Civil War?

War between established parties within the same state is known as an intrastate conflict or civil war (or country).

One side's objective may be to seize power in the nation or a specific area, secure regional independence, or alter governmental practises.

A civil war is a protracted, well-organized, and large-scale conflict of high intensity that frequently involves regular military forces. Civil wars could result in numerous fatalities and the use of a lot of resources.

Therefore, the aspect of the source above most clearly compromises its credibility was it is biased in favor of a southern point of view.

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how many years are between 100 CE AND 300 CE

Answers

Answer:

200 years

Explanation:

300-100=200

What was the nature of the debate over the acquisition of the Philippines?

Answers

Answer:

I was confused by chosing between two first options but then I've realized which should be the right one. The only one option that suits to be the major cause of the post-war recession in the United States is the third: 3. transition from wartime production to peacetime production

Explanation:

Why was the tariff of 1828 so unpopular in the South?

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Answer:

The 1828 tariff created a further problem for the South, as it reduced business with England. And that, in turn, made it more difficult for the English to afford cotton grown in the American South.

Explanation:

Answer:

It affected farmers and most people in the south are farmer

Explanation:

Which two items common in Europe did the conquistadores introduce to the people of Mesoamerica and South America?

Answers

Horses and Guns--the two items common in Europe were introduced by Conquistadors (soldiers and explorers of Portuguese and Spanish Empire) to the people of Mesoamerica and South America. Hope this helps :))

Answer:

horse and guns

Explanation:

the two items common in europe was introduced by conquistadors to yhe people of Mesoamerica and south America

A person who supports aliases-faire economics believes in

Answers

Answer:

little government interference in the economy

Explanation:

laissez faire is free market capitalism. people who support this would prefer little government interference in the economy.

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Using Article 26 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, summarize then analyze the article in light of what you
know of the education in other countries that do not uphold this right. Include the different sections and discuss the
effects on a country if every country involved implemented this right.

Answers

Answer:

According to Article 26 from the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Education should be free and for all in the elementary level, and accessible based on merit in the technical and superior level. Finally, the article says that parents should have the right to choose what kind of education their children receive.

Explanation:

There are many countries where these conditions are not met. To start, there are some countries where not even elementary school is accessible to all children, and as a result, some children end up working or wandering the streets. This is common in very poor countries like those of Subsaharan Africa.

Secondly, higher and technical education is far from being accessible to all based on merit, even in some developed countries. The reason is that this type of education is often expensive, and many capable students from a poor background end up lacking the financial means necessary to engage in this type of schooling.

Finally, in most countries, parents have a limited choice of school for their children, specially those who are economically poorer. It is frequent that many public school available to low-income children are of low quality, and parents often have no other choice.

How did the early explorers change the world and make it into the world we live in today?

Answers

Answer:

it allowed more people to see and study various areas around the world, which increased geographic study

what is an enzyme??????

Answers

a substance produced by a living organism which acts as a catalyst to bring about a specific biochemical reaction.

What did the Pacific Railway Act, Homestead Act, Morrill Land Grant College Act, and National Banking Act all have in common?

Answers

Answer: They reflected the belief of Republicans that an activist federal government could promote economic development.

Explanation:

The Acts described show the Republican's idea of a federal government in charge of promoting economic development.

The 1862 Pacific Railway Act encouraged the construction of a transcontinental railroad with help from the Federal Government.

The Homestead Acts provided ownership of government land known as a "homestead.”

The Land-Grant College Act of 1862, also known as the Morrill Act, granted land to the states to finance colleges specialized in agriculture.

The National Bank Act of 1863 created the national banking system to solve the financial crisis that emerged during the Civil War (1861–1865).

Why were some achievements of progressive reformers short-lived?

Most people did not support the new laws.

The Supreme Court struck down many new laws.

State and federal legislatures would only pass new laws.

Answers

Answer:

Explanation:

The Supreme Court struck down many new laws.

Answer:

(B) the supreme court struck down on many new laws

Explanation: Edg 2021

In which part of Africa were most of France's possessions in 1914.

Answers

Answer:West africa. Also parts of Northern Africa. Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, Senegal, Nigeria, Congo, Gabon , Chad, etc...... Think west coast of Africa by the equator.

Explanation:

Distinguish the key claim Gandhi uses to build his argument for why he should be imprisoned under the current law. Click here to read the excerpt of Gandhi’s speech from 1922. If the judge believes in the system, then he must punish a citizen who violates the system. Gandhi advocates for nonviolence as the only way to solve conflict. If the system of nonviolence requires non-co-operation, then Gandhi is without apology. Gandhi believes in the right to speak one’s mind.

Answers

Answer:

If the judge believes in the system, then he must punish a citizen who violates the system.

Explanation:

The key claim that Mahatma Gandhi used to build his argument that he should be imprisoned under the current law is that If the judge believes in the system, then he must punish a citizen who violates the system.

Gandhi made this clear when he was on trial in 1922 in India in front of Judge Broomfield as he was clearly guilty as charged and even asked for the harshest sentence possible.

6.- Es toda regla de conducta impuesta por el Estado como obligatoria.
a) - Norma.
D) - Regla.
b).- Ley natural
c).- Norma Juridica​

Answers

Answer:

eu acho que e a)

Explanation:porque as leis naturais nao tem nada haver com a conduta mas sim com teorias criadas por cientistas

was the sit-in movement similar to protests in recent times? please guys help me out!

Answers

Answer:

yes because the sit-in is a type of seated position demonstration it also consists in occupying a space on the public highway, in a public building or a private establishment and in staying there for a determined time or as long as possible until forced evacuation

Explanation:

Answer:

1960 this is ur answer

Explanation:

hi...

¿Qué relación existe entre los Estados teocráticos y las primeras civilizaciones?

Answers

La mayoría de las primeras civilizaciones eran sistemas teocráticos que eran gobernados basados en los mandatos de un divinidades.

Un estado teocrático es un sistema de gobierno en el que el gobernador gobierna basado en los mandamientos de Dios. Generalmente se asocia este sistema de gobierno con las primeras civilizaciones humanas debido a que en ellas el gobierno se fundamentaba mucho en los mandatos del Dios o dioses.

Por ejemplo, en la Antigua Grecia y Roma se le atribuían asuntos de la vida diaria a cada uno de los dioses y los gobernantes gobernaban basados en esto. Igualmente, en civilizaciones como Egipto, los dioses "determinaban" las decisiones de los gobernantes por medio de fenómenos climáticos u otros.

De acuerdo a lo anterior, la relación que existe entre los Estados teocráticos y las primeras civilizaciones, es que la mayoría de las primeras civilizaciones eran sistemas teocráticos que eran gobernados basados en los mandatos de un Dios o varios dioses.

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There is no democracy and human rights in America。

Answers

Answer:

there is democracy and human rights

The dog was chasing the cat. (PASSIVE OR ACTIVE)​

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Answer:

Active :The dog chased the cat.

Passive:The cat was chased by the dog.

Use the drop-down menus to complete each sentence. Land, labor, and capital also are known as factors of. Economies must answer the three economic questions because resources are. If an economy does not answer the three economic questions, resources may. consequences can result when an economy does not answer the three economic questions.

Answers

Answer:

Land, labor, and capital also are known as factors of Production.

Factors of production help in the production of goods and services to convert raw materials into finished goods. There are 4 of them including land, labor, capital, and entrepreneurship.

Economies must answer the three economic questions because resources are Limited.

There are 3 fundamental economic questions that should be answered before goods and services are produced so that the economy in question can be able to prioritize. These questions are; What to Produce, How, and for Whom?

If an economy does not answer the three economic questions, resources may Run Out.

As the economy has scarce resources, the aforementioned questions should be used to prioritize ventures in such a way that the resources that are available are channelled towards the most efficient of those ventures otherwise the resources might run out.

Negative Consequences can result when an economy does not answer the three economic questions .

If the economy fails to answer the questions, there will be negative consequences as resources will become scarce and the economy will suffer because production will reduce and the people in the economy become worse off as a result.

Answer:

Land, labor, and capital also are known as factors of production.

Economies must answer the three economic questions because resources are Limited.

If an economy does not answer the three economic questions, resources may Run Out.

Negative Consequences can result when an economy does not answer the three economic questions.

what happened during the running battle

Answers

Answer:

Battle of Marathon, (September 490 bce), in the Greco-Persian Wars, decisive battle fought on the Marathon plain of northeastern Attica in which the Athenians, in a single afternoon, repulsed the first Persian invasion of Greece.

Explanation:

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what is one major role of political parties in u.s. politics?

A. )preventing voters from learning about candidates' policy preferences
B.)pushing voters to select candidates based on merit rather than personality
C.)breaking down partisan distinctions between citizens during campaigns
D.)making it easier for voters to identify candidates who share their values

Answers

Answer : making it easier for voters to identify candidates who share their values

D should be the answer

Explanation:

How did the grandfather Claude prevent blacks from voting?

Answers

Until the Supreme Court struck it down in 1915, many states used the "grandfather clause " to keep descendents of slaves out of elections. The clause said you could not vote unless your grandfather had voted -- an impossibility for most people whose ancestors were slaves.

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What kind of incentives are most likely to motivate you? Collective or individual? Monetary or nonmonetary?
Why

Answers

Answer:

You can probably think of many different situations where your ... Good grades are a type of incentive that can motivate you to study hard ...

pa follow

11. Which of the following is not a power of the United States Congress?
A Levring and collecting taxes

Answers

Enforcing immigration laws

In a(n) __________, the subject comes before the verb.(1 point) 1 singular noun 2 standard sentence 3 inverted sentence 4 prepositional phrase

Answers

Answer:

2. Standard sentence

Explanation:

A standard sentence comprised of the subject, verb and object . The standard sentence however must have the Subject coming before the verb.

An inverted sentence has the same features but different arrangements. In this type the verb usually comes before the subject in the sentence.

Answer:

2 standard  stencence

Explanation:

There have been over 100 launches to the space station. Which 2 countries do you think have sent the most vehicles? Why?

Answers

Answer:

I think that the United States and Russia probably sent the most vehicles.

Explanation:

The United States sent the first man to the moon and the Soviet Union was the first country to go to space, the two countries are the most experienced when it comes to space travel.

BRAINLIST RIGHT ANSWER

People who try to cover the cloven hoof of empire with the
petticoats of "Expansion" are as careless of the dictionary
as of the constitution. The Philippines do not mean
expansion. It does not expand the fire of freedom to pour
water on it. ... Expansion is enlargement in kind. If the ex-
Spanish colonies applied for admission to this republic and
we accepted them, that would be expansion.
-Charles F. Lummis, editorial in the Land of Sunshine
What does the opinion in this excerpt represent?
O A. Concern regarding an entanglement in foreign affairs during the
Cuban Revolution
B. Debate regarding U.S. aims and territorial gains in the Spanish-
American War
C. Contention regarding the abandonment of neutrality during World
War
O D. Fear regarding the spread of Socialism as a result of the Russian

Answers

Answer:

Hey There!! The correct answer is B: Debate regarding U.S aims and territorial gains in the Spanish war. Because The Spanish-American War had its origins in the rebellion against Spanish rule that began in Cuba in 1895. The repressive measures that Spain took to suppress the guerrilla war, such as herding Cuba’s rural population into disease-ridden garrison towns, were graphically portrayed in U.S. newspapers and enflamed public opinion. In January 1898, violence in Havana led U.S. authorities to order the battleship USS Maine to the city’s port to protect American citizens. On February 15, a massive explosion of unknown origin sank the Maine in Havana harbor, killing 260 of the 400 American crewmembers aboard. An official U.S. Naval Court of Inquiry ruled in March, without much evidence, that the ship was blown up by a mine, but it did not directly place the blame on Spain. Much of Congress and a majority of the American public expressed little doubt that Spain was responsible, however, and called for a declaration of war. Thus, for answer B:

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What was the goal of the Crusades?
O A. To regain the glory of Rome
O B. To push the Moors out of Spain
O C. To eliminate the Jews from Jerusalem
w
O D. To push the Muslims out of Holy Lands

Answers

Answer:

A. to regain the glory of Rome

Answer:

D. To push the Muslims out of the Holy Lands.

Explanation:

The Crusades were a group of attempted takeovers against the Muslims, led by the Catholic Church, to take back the Holy Lands for their own purposes and worships. Although all of them failed, some worse than others; the Europeans who participated gained great knowledge of the world around them.

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