Among the different types of species interactions, we can mention amensalism, commensalism, parasitism, mutualism, competition, and predation.
What are the possible interactions among species?
All organisms in nature interact with other organisms in different ways.
AmensalismRefers to a biological relationship established between two organisms, in which one of them avoids the growth, development, or survival of the other one.
In this interaction, one of the organisms seems to be strongly affected by the other one. Meanwhile, the other organism does not seem to be affected at all.
CommensalismIn this case, the fitness of only one of the species seems to increase, while the other species is not affected at all, nor positively or negatively.
The unaffected species might provide food or refuge to the other species, which is beneficiated.
ParasitismIn this case, one of the species is beneficiated, while the other suffers a consequence, reducing its fitness.
These interactions are mainly about nutrition, although there might be other benefits too.
Some parasite species might coexist with their host, while some others might get them ill to the point of causing death.
MutualismThe interaction is favorable for both species.
Their fitness increases with these interactions, although they do not need this relationship to survive.
The degree of benefits might vary among species or might be equal.
CompetitionThis is an ecological and evolutive process very common in nature.
Competition might be intra- or interspecific. Competition between different species in a community or ecosystem might be due to the same resource use.
Resources are the same food, territory, shelter, etcetera. When a resource is useful for two or more species, and limited, they compete to gain it.
One of the species is more competitive, so it is favored over the other species.
PredationIt refers to the interaction in which one species attacks, kills, and feeds on other species.
This definition excludes the detritivorous organisms, because in these last cases the organic matter is already dead.
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What are viable explanations for the consistent observation of a few black mice on the island?
They undergone genetic mutation that influenced their fur color.
Mutations result either from accidents during the normal chemical transactions of DNA, often during replication, or from exposure to high-energy electromagnetic radiation (e.g., ultraviolet light or X-rays) or particle radiation or to highly reactive chemicals in the environment. Mutation can be of 4 types Germline mutations occur in gametes. Somatic mutations occur in other body cells. Chromosomal alterations are mutations that change chromosome structure. Point mutations change a single nucleotide. Frameshift mutations are additions or deletions of nucleotides that cause a shift in the reading frame. Factor that influenced mutation are the size of the gene, its base composition, its position in the genome, and whether or not it is being actively transcribed influence its mutation rate.
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please i need help right now!
For each molecule of glucose that is processed by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle, what is the total number of nadh fadh2 molecules produced?
12 is the total number of NADH FADH2 molecules that will be produced.
In each citric acid cycle, one molecule of FADH2 is formed during the conversion of succinic acid to fumaric.
The CAC is called a cycle because the starting molecule, oxaloacetate is regenerated at the end of the cycle.
It is also known as Krebs cycle. This is actually a part of a huge process called cellular respiration. The citric acid cycle captures the energy stored in the chemical bonds of acetyl CoA (processed glucose) in a step-by-step process, trapping it in the form of high-energy intermediate molecules.
NADH:- It is an energy shuttle that delivers high energy electrons to the electron transport chain where they eventually get to power the production of 2 to 3 ATP molecules.
FADH:- This is another energy shuttle that carries high energy electrons to the electron transport chain, where they will ultimately drive production of 1 to 2 ATP molecules.
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Floridation of drinking water helped to reduce water-borne infections like cholera and typhoid in the United States. True False
The given statement that Fluoridation of drinking water helped to reduce water-borne infections like cholera and typhoid in the United States holds true
What is Fluoridation of water?Fluoridation is the carefully regulated addition of fluoride to a public water supply with the sole purpose of lowering tooth decay. Fluoride is added to or naturally occurs in fluoridated water at a level that is beneficial for preventing cavities. Fluoridated water affects dental surfaces in two ways: in the mouth, it produces small amounts of fluoride in saliva, which slows down the demineralization of tooth enamel and speeds up its remineralization in the early stages of cavities. In the United States, adding a fluoride substance to drinking water typically costs $1.17 per person per year.
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It is common for a normal, healthy individual to carry potentially pathogenic organisms in their upper respiratory tract.
Yes. It is common for a normal, healthy individual to carry potentially pathogenic organisms in their upper respiratory tract.
The human upper respiratory tract serves as a reservoir for a diverse community of commensals and potential pathogens, such as Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis,etc. which can occasionally develop into pathogens and cause infectious diseases. Viruses are responsible for the majority of upper respiratory tract infections.
Nasal hairs are used to catch debris. Particles are propelled upward and out of the respiratory tract by cilia on the epithelium of the trachea and bronchi. The respiratory system has a feature that guards against infections.
Therefore, It is common for a normal, healthy individual to carry potentially pathogenic organisms in their upper respiratory tract.
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Because of its abundance in both arterial and venous systemic blood, ______ does not affect respiration until its blood levels get abnormally low.
Because of its abundance in both arterial and venous systemic blood, oxygen does not affect respiration until its blood levels get abnormally low.
What are hypoxia conditions?Hypoxia refers to the internal conditions where the number of oxygen molecules transported by the blood cell is abnormally low, which may trigger health problems.
Oxygen is a fundamental molecule obtained from gas exchange in the respiratory system which is required to carry out the metabolic process of cellular respiration in the cells.
In conclusion, because of its abundance in both arterial and venous systemic blood, oxygen does not affect respiration until its blood levels get abnormally low.
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Hunter syndrome is a rare genetic disorder in which large sugar molecules called glycosaminoglycans build up in body tissues. Hunter syndrome causes abnormalities in many organs, including the skeleton, heart, and respiratory system. In severe cases, this leads to death during the teenage years. Hunter syndrome is caused by a recessive gene on the X chromosome. If a woman who is normal (but had a father with the disease) marries a normal man, what are the chances of having a daughter affected by the disease
Answer:
Hunter syndrome is a very rare, inherited genetic disorder caused by a missing or malfunctioning enzyme. In Hunter syndrome, the body doesn't have enough of the enzyme iduronate 2-sulfatase.
Red-green colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait in humans. A colorblind woman and a man with normal vision have a son. What is the probability that the son is colorblind
There is a 50% probability that the son is red-green colorblind and 50% chance that the sons do not have the gene and will be healthy. There is a 50% chance that a son will inherit the gene and show the trait or disorder.
Red-green colorblindness is an X-linked recessive trait in humans and in this a person cannot distinguish between red and green color but their eye sight is normal. However, males are affected more than females, because the gene is present on the X chromosome. So there is a 50% chance that the son is colorblind. Males are affected more than females because the gene is located on the X chromosome.
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Your classmate has indicated that she wants to experiment with growing tomatoes hydroponically. She is planning to grow the plants in water. What could you suggest to increase her chances of success with the hydroponic method
The hydroponic method involves growing the tomatoes in a nutrient solution which contains all of the essential elements.
The practise of growing plants without the need for soil is known as hydroponics. Flowers, herbs, and vegetables grown hydroponically are planted in inert growing material and are then given nutrient-rich solutions, oxygen, and water throughout the growing process. The use of this technique results in accelerated growth increased yields, and improved quality. When a plant is growing in soil, the roots of the plant are always looking for the nutrients it needs to survive in order to provide for the plant's needs. If the root system of a plant is provided with direct access to water and nutrients, the plant does not need to expend any energy in order to maintain its own life. It is possible to focus the energy that the plant's roots would have spent obtaining food and water toward the growth of the plant instead. As a direct consequence of this, the development of new leaves and the blossoming of fruits and flowers are both stimulated.
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Label the parts of the stem using the arrows provided.
For each structure indicated in the diagram, identify its name and function in the stem
system.
Monocot primary stem is composed of several vascular boundaries immerse in the parenchymatous tissue. A: Epidermis. B: Fundamental tissue/Parenchimatous tissue. C: Phloem. D: Xylem.
What are the elements composing the monocot stem primary structure?
The primary structure of monocot stems has several vascular bundles distributed in the parenchyma tissue.
Parenchyma / Fundamenta tissue
This is the fundamental tissue. Since monocots have bundles dispersed everywhere, it is difficult to differentiate the medulla and the cortex.
The fundamental tissue is composed of several parenchymatous cells. that store food.
Epidermis
This is a single-celled layer of parenchymatous cells.
It protects the stem, and is closely associated with the cuticle.
Hypodermis
The hypodermis is located just below the epidermis. It is constituted of more than one parenchymatous cell layer.
It provides mechanical strength to the stem.
Vascular bundles
These are made of xylem and phloem cells. Their arrangement in bundles is always the same:
- Xylem faces the interior of the stem,
- Phloem is facing the exterior.
Vascular bundles are located everywhere in the stem
they are smaller and closer to each other in the outermost area. they are larger and more separated near the center of the stem
Phloem
Composed of sieve tubes and companion cells.
Its function is to transport photosynthetic products to different parts of the plant where they are being used or stored.
Xylem
Composed of metaxylem vessels and protoxylem vessels.
These vessels transport water and nutrients from the ground to the whole plant.
According to this information, the correct labels are,
A → Epidermis
B → Fundamental tissue. Parenchima tissue.
C → Phloem
D → Xylem
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Based on the narrow-sense heritability value of 0.4, do you think it would be worth doing this by artificial selection?
Heritablity value 0.4 is on average about 40% of the individual difference that we observe in , say shyness may in some way be attribute to genetic individual difference.
The value of hetitability always lies between 0 and F. Humans narrow sense of heritability is approximately 0.8. Heritability value measure the differences in people's genes account for differences in their trait. Traits can includes characteristics such as height, eye, color and intelligence as well as disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorder.
It is measure that important genetics is to a trait. High heritabilty is near to 1 that is indicate that genetics explain lot of variation in trait and low heritability near zero which indicates the most of the variation is not genetic.
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Does Pterocaulon Plystachyum affect cell division?
Answer:
polystachyum infusions produced the greatest inhibition of onion root-tip cell division and decreased mitotic index but there was no statistically significant intra or interpopulational variability for the P. polystachyum populations from different sites in regard to their cytotoxic effects.
How does a dog fulfill the three points of the cell theory?
Answer:?By stinking up the house
Explanation:Sorry im silly
Which of the following is a form of conditioning?
Answer choices:
A frequent heroin user experiences euphoria upon injecting any liquid
A faint buzzing becomes more annoying and apparent as it continues
Becoming less scared of bees after a colony builds a hive on your house
The unpleasantness of smelling durian fruit for the first time
Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face is a form of conditioning.
ConditioningAccording to the "learning" or conditioning theory of behavioral psychology, a person or an animal's response to an object or event can be changed. Operant Conditioning, which Skinner developed from the most well-known variation of this, is a result of the Classical Conditioning method. The experiments of Ivan Pavlov, who decided to study conditioning after learning that his canine subjects began to salivate not only when meat powder was presented to them, but more importantly, when the person who was feeding them came into proximity with them, provided evidence for this mode of learning. The dogs unintentionally learned through classical conditioning to link the person giving them food with the meal itself and responded similarly to the feeders as a result.
Which of the following is a form of conditioning?
Answer choices:
A frequent heroin user experiences euphoria upon injecting any liquid
A faint buzzing becomes more annoying and apparent as it continues
Becoming less scared of bees after a colony builds a hive on your house
The unpleasantness of smelling durian fruit for the first time
Learning to duck after you get slapped in the face
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PLEASE ANSWER QUICK
Beneficial uses of bacteria include all of the following except:
Group of answer choices
helping to clean up environmental disasters, such as oil and chemical spills
producing chemicals
producing food
causing disease
Answer:
the answer is:causing disease
which of these should be reportable reasons to protect public health? a) Skin cancer b) Heart disease c) HIV d) Diabetes
Answer: c (HIV)
Explanation: Skin cancer, heart disease, and diabetes cannot be passed down unless it's hereditary though HIV being a sexually transmitted disease should be reported for that reason.
Explain how the larger growth of algae adversely affect the life of aquatic animals.
Answer:
Harmful algal blooms sometimes create toxins that are detrimental to fish and other animals. After being consumed by small fish and shellfish, these toxins move up the food chain and can impact larger animals like sea lions, turtles, dolphins, birds and manatees.
Explanation:
Stubble bristles (Sb) is dominant to wildtype bristles (Sb ) in Drosophila melanogaster. In a population where there are 137 flies with wildtype bristles and 836 flies with stubble bristles, what are the allele frequencies for the Sb and Sb alleles (assuming the population is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium)
Generation after generation, populations in H-W equilibrium have the same allelic and genotypic frequencies.
f(Sb) = p = 0.626. f(Sb+) = q = 0.374. F(SbSb+) = 2pq = 0.468
What is Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium?According to the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium theory, assuming a diallelic gene.
The dominant allele p(X) has a frequency of p.
The recessive allele p(x) has a frequency of q.
After one generation, the genotypic frequencies are
p² (Homozygous dominant genotypic frequency),
2pq (Heterozygous genotypic frequency),
q² (Homozygous recessive genotypic frequency).
In a population that is in H-W equilibrium, genotypic and allelic frequencies don't change over generations.
The allelic frequencies added together equal 1.
p + q = 1.
The sum of genotypic frequencies equals 1
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
In the exposed:
Sb is dominant
Sb+ is recessive ⇒ wild type
Population size ⇒ 137 + 836 = 973
wildtype bristles ⇒ 137 ⇒ Sb + Sb+
stubble bristles ⇒ 836 ⇒ SbSb and SbSb+
Phenotypic frequency:
F(wildtype) = q² = 137/973 = 0.14
F(stubble) = p² + 2pq = 836/973 = 0.86
To determine the genotypic and allelic frequencies, we will now use the frequency of the recessive trait.
F(Sb+Sb+) = q² = 137/973 = 0.14 ⇒ Recessive Genotypic frequency
f(Sb+) = q = √0.14 = 0.374 ⇒ Recessive Allelic frequency
We will now utilize q (recessive allelic frequency) to determine the dominant genotypic frequency and the dominant allelic frequency since this population is in H-W equilibrium. We will solve the following equation to achieve this.
p + q = 1
p + 0.374 = 1
p = 1 - 0.374
p = 0.626 ⇒ Dominant Allelic frequency
F( SbSb) = p² = 0.626² = 0.392 ⇒ Dominant Genotypic frequency
The heterozygous frequency will be the last thing we learn. There are 2 possibilities, The dominant genotypic frequency is subtracted from the dominant phenotypic frequency.
F(SbSb + SbSb+) - F(SbSb) = 0.86 - 0.392 = 0.468
p² + 2pq + q² = 1
0.392 + 2pq + 0.14 = 1
2pq = 1 - 0.392 - 0.14
2pq = 0.468
Answers:
- f(Sb) = p = 0.626 ⇒ Dominant Allelic frequency
- f(Sb+) = q = 0.374 ⇒ Recessive Allelic frequency
- F(SbSb+) = 2pq = 0.468 ⇒ Heterozygous frequency
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Glycogen in the________________is broken down and released when blood glucose is low.
Answer:
a
Explanation:
Among organisms exhibiting protostome development, which morphological trait shows the most variation?
The morphological trait that shows the most variation among organisms exhibiting protostome development is the type of body cavity.
What are protostomes?Protostomes are animals having bilateral symmetry in which the mouth is developed before the anus.
The organisms (protostomes) represent the main classification feature of animals according to the type of embryo development.
The genetic analysis of molecular sequences has shown that protostomes emerged first in the evolution in the animal kingdom.
Protostomes include diverse groups of animals such as annelids, nematodes, arthropods, mollusks, flatworms, etc.
In conclusion, the morphological trait that shows the most variation among protostomes is the type of body cavity.
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Leukocytes at the infected site are a symptom of:________
a. gardnerella vaginosis.
b. genital herpes.
c. candidiasis.
d. trichomoniasis.
e. lymphogranuloma venereum.
According to the research, the correct option is d. Leukocytes at the infected site are a symptom of trichomoniasis.
What is trichomoniasis?It is a sexually transmitted infection (STI) that can affect the urogenital tract in both men and women whose disease-causing agent is a parasite called Trichomonas vaginalis.
People with this non-fatal chronic type infection present a high value of leukocytes in the laboratory analysis since these indicate the establishment of the pathological process in the body and tend to increase to fight the infection.
Therefore, we can conclude that According to the research, the correct option is d. Leukocytes at the infected site are a symptom of trichomoniasis.
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Mitosis is a type of cell division. Organize the images below to show the steps of mitosis.
The image in the correct order in which mitosis will occur will be 3, 4, 2, and 1.
What is mitosis?It is the division of vegetative cells that results in the formation of 2 daughter cells.
There are 4 stages of mitosis - prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase. Thereafter, the cytoplasm divides in a process known as cytokinesis.
At prophase, the nuclear membrane dissolves and the chromatin material condenses.
At metaphase, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell while the spindle fiber engages each of them from the opposite ends of the cell.
At anaphase, chromosomes are pulled apart and sister chromatids of the same chromosome begin migrating towards opposite ends of the cell.
At telophase, migration of chomatids complete.
Thereafter, the nuclear membrane reappears around each chromosome, the chromosomes decondense, and the cytoplasm divides to give two independent cells.
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You are examining a gene that normally has the sequence ACGATTTGGCGCBut in the mutant fruit fly you have produced, you see the sequence ATGATTTGGTGTWhat likely caused this mutation?a. Mutations induced by UV.b. Spontaneous mutations within the cell.c. Mutations induced by benzopyrene.d. It is impossible to predict what caused this type of mutation.e. Mutations induced by HNO2.
Mutations induced by UV.
The answer is option A.
They have a defect of their "curly gene," that's on the second chromosome. Having curled wings is a dominant mutation, this means that only one copy of the gene must be altered to supply the disorder. In reality, if both copies are mutated, the flies do not continue to exist.
Geneticists have lengthily counseled that mutations in insect pigment genes reason for modifications in the fly's brain because these pigments are crafted from dopamine, a chemical messenger that acts in the brain.
Thru those early experiments, he located that every one of the white-eyed flies being produced was a man, there were no white-eyed women in any respect. Inheritance of the white-eye trait might have a basis within the chromosomes, greater, in particular, the sex chromosomes.
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A cellular component of the innate defenses includes ________. b cells t cells natural killer cells plasma cells
A cellular component of the innate defenses includes natural killer cells
What is cell?A cell is the simplest, basic and functional units of all living organisms.
There are two types of living organisms based on the numbers of cells they have. These are:
Unicellular organismsMulticellular organismsUnicellular organisms are those organisms consisting of just one cell. That is, they are single-celled organisms. An example is bacteria
Multicellular organisms are organisms made up of two or more cells. Examples include lizard, roundworms, crabs, man.
So therefore, a cellular component of the innate defenses includes natural killer cells
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What is the role of TNF family members in the development of peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs.
TNF paly an very important role in the growth of the primary and the secondary lymphoid organs.
What is the role of TNF family members in the development of peripheral or secondary lymphoid organs?The growth of lymphoid tissue in the gut is fueled by TNFa. Because TNF/Rorc(gt)/ mice, who express higher amounts of TNF but lack RORgt+ LTi cells, also generate lymphoid tissue in sites of inflammation, the development of this ectopic lymphoid tissue was not contingent on the presence of conventional RORgt+ LTi cells. Surprisingly, these animals produced a number of lymph nodes that resembled those of wild type animals in both structure and function. When stromal cells were activated during the late stages of embryogenesis and when an organ genic pathway that permitted the formation of lymph nodes was activated, TNF generation by F4/80+ myeloid cells located inside the anlagen was crucial.
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Histamine increases blood flow and vascular permeability. This would account for all of the following changes that occur during inflammation except Group of answer choices redness of the inflamed tissue. chemotaxis of phagocytes. heat of the inflamed tissue. movement of defense proteins and cells into the interstitial space.
Histamine inhibits the chemotaxis which is the movement of cells along the gradient.
Histamine:
It is a neurotransmitter that is released by the mast cells in response to an allergen that causes an allergic reaction. It is responsible for redness of the inflamed area, heating, movement of leukocytes, and defense proteins to the site of injury. Histamine is responsible for vasodilation and increased permeability. The immune cells move to the site of injury and cause the flow of blood to the injured site. It plays an important role in allergic and hypersensitivity reactions. Histamine is also responsible for gastric secretion, smooth muscle contraction, and itching.
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which type of galaxy is shaped almost like a sphere
A. an irregular galaxy
B. no galaxy are shaped almost like a sphere
C. a spiral galaxy
D. an elliptical galaxy
Answer:
an Elliptical galaxies
What are sizes of the fragments from an enzyme digestions (endonuclease) of the Lambda Phage plasmid DNA using Eco RI and Pst I? Make sure to have an uncut and double-cut reaction. Explain the mechanism of action of each enzyme and then list the fragment all sizes and draw the results.
Digestion of lambda DNA with Eco RI generated 6 fragments. The Pst I restriction enzyme produces 29 lambda DNA fragments.
What are restriction enzymes?Restriction enzymes are DNA-cutting enzymes found in bacteria. These are site-specific endonucleases also known as molecular scissors.These recognize and cut DNA only at a particular sequence of nucleotides.DNA from the bacteriophage Lambda (48,502 base pairs in length) is cut with a variety of restriction enzymes and the resulting fragments are separated using gel electrophoresis. Size of fragment of uncut lambda DNA is 48502 b.p.Eco RI recognizes G AATTC
CTTAA G
Lambda phage has 5 recogition sites for Eco RI. It cleaves the DNA at ‘G’ of the above sequence.Relative sites of cleavage in base pairs are 21226, 26104, 31747, 39168, 44972.Sizes of fragments produced when the lambda DNA cut with Eco RI 21226, 7421, 5804, 5643, 4878, 3530.Digestion of lambda DNA with EcoRI generated 6 fragments but 2 of them are so close in size that they are difficult to separate.Pst I recognizes CTGCA G
G ACGTC
The Pst I restriction enzyme produces 29 fragments of lambda DNA. It cleaves the DNA at ‘G’ of the above sequence.The Pst I digest of λ DNA yields the following discrete fragments (in base pairs): 11497, 5077, 4749, 4507, 2838, 2556, 2459, 2443, 2140, 1986, 1700, 1159 1093, 805, 514, 468, 448, 339, 264, 247, 216, 211, 200, 164, 150, 94, 87, 72 and 15.The cohesive ends (12b cos site of bacteriophage) of fragments 11501 bp and 2556 bp may anneal and form an additional band.Learn more about restriction enzymes here:
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3. Explain how mitosis results in genetically identical cells, using the terms chromosome, chromatid, and chromatin
What is the relationship between chromatin and chromosomes during mitosis?
Chromatin condensation causes the development of metaphase chromosomes, which are made up of two identical sister chromatids, as the cell enters mitosis. The centromere, which is a congested chromosomal area, is what holds these sister chromatids together.How do chromosomes duplicate during mitosis?
During telophase, the newly separated chromosomes reach the mitotic spindle and a nuclear membrane forms around each set of chromosomes, thus creating two separate nuclei inside the same cell.
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"Since [the Silverleaf is] the closest relative of the [standard] sunflower, it should be perhaps reasonably straightforward to move some of the traits," said Loren Rieseberg.
Which is the closest synonym for the word straightforward?
A Uncomplicated
B Economical
C Chronological
D Problematic
Answer:
D problematic is this que of answer