If RNA polymerase can transcribe the dystrophin gene at an average rate of 43 nucleotides a second, the time taken to transcribe the entire gene will be 32.29 hours approximately.
In the question, it is given that the dystrophin gene is of the size 2.5 mega-base.
Now, 1 mega-base = 10⁶ base pairs.
Also, 1 base-pair = 2 nucleotides.
Therefore, the total nucleotides in the dystrophin gene will be
= 2.5 × 10⁶ × 2
= 5 × 10⁶ nucleotides.
Since 43 nucleotides take 1 second to be transcribed.
1 nucleotide will take 1/43 seconds.
Hence, 5 × 10⁶ nucleotides will take = (5 × 10⁶) / 43 seconds.
Converting, it into hours = (5 × 10⁶) / (43 × 3600) hours.
Thus, the total time taken is 32.29 hours.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
The size of dystrophin gene is 2.5 mega-bases. If RNA polymerase can transcribe the dystrophin gene at an average rate of 43 nucleotides a second, how long does it take to transcribe the entire gene? Use two decimal places for the answer.
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The _________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
Answer:
The answer is pancreas.
The _pancreas________ is a mixed gland with endocrine and exocrine functions that produces the majority of the digestive enzymes.
Explanation:
Have a nice day^^
which of the following statements is false? group of answer choices for genes very close together, the recombination frequency is very low. genes on different chromosomes independently assort. in a given occurrence of meiosis, a single crossover can lead to 4 recombinant gametes. recombination can enhance fitness by combining beneficial alleles. syntenic genes can be unlinked (independently assort) if they are far apart on the chromosome.
In the given occurrence of meiosis, a single crossover can lead to 4 recombinant gametes is false.
Following genes on same chromosomes might result in two kinds of gametes. If there is no crossing over, the results are paternal gametes. When genes cross across, the result is recombinant gametes. Parental chromosomes are chromosomes that are identical to their parents.
Recombinant chromosomes are chromosomes that are unique from their parents. The children have no genetic variation. When meiosis causes recombination, the results collected are said to contain a recombinant genome.
If no collaboration system during meiosis, the products retain their original combinations and are referred to as having a non-recombinant, or parental genotypes. Recombination occurs at meiosis, when mother and the father genomes recombine to generate gametes.
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in the poorest countries like ethiopia and bangladesh, biomass represents blank percent of their energy consumption.
In the poorest countries like Ethiopia and Bangladesh, biomass represents 90% of their energy consumption.
Why is biomass a good source of energy?Form of renewable energy produced when we burn biomass fuel is called biomass. Biomass fuels is derived from organic material such as harvest residues, purpose-grown crops and organic waste from homes, businesses and farms.
Biomass provides a clean and renewable energy source that can improve our environment , economy and energy security. Biomass energy generates less air emissions as compared to fossil fuels, reduces amount of waste that is sent to landfills and decreases our dependence on foreign oil.
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each round of pcr doubles the number of dna molecules present in the reaction. how many molecules can be generated from two of your dna template molecules after 4 cycles?
When using the PCR method, a single DNA molecule can be amplified up to 2n times, where n is the number of cycles. As a result, a given DNA template can be amplified to 16 duplicate strands using PCR for 4 cycles.
How many DNA copies are created from the original DNA after four cycles?Each cycle results in the doubling of the number of double-stranded DNA fragments, resulting in 2n (2 to the n:th power) copies of DNA after n cycles. As an illustration, after four cycles, you have 16 copies, after twenty cycles, you have roughly one million copies, etc.
At the conclusion of cycle 4, how many fragments are there?Keep an eye on what transpires following cycle four. Currently, we have two duplicates of the original, six fragments of unknown length, and eight of the target pieces! Despite not being visible until the third cycle, the target is growing more quickly than the other two.
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One challenge for organisms that live in this ecosystem?
Answer:
Habitat Loss.
Explanation:
More challenges include but are not limited to, climate change including sea level rise, and levee stability.
at about day 26, what will the chorionic villi do after sprouting from the blastocyst's outer membrane?
At about day 26, the blastocyst will form chorionic villi, which sprout from the blastocyst's outer membrane and make contact with the maternal blood supply.
The tiny, finger-like chorionic villi are extensions of the placenta with the same genetic makeup as the growing fetus. Testing for further genetic abnormalities and illnesses may be possible, depending on the family history and the availability of lab tests at the time of the surgery.
The placenta contains chorionic villi, which significantly increase the surface area via which the fetus can access the maternal blood supply.
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the process of obtaining energy from food and storing it in cells is an example of catabolism true or false
Answer: True!
Explanation:
During the catabolism energy is released from the bonds of the large molecules being broken down. Typically, that energy is then stored in the bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP). The catabolism increases the concentration of ATP in the cell as it breaks down nutrients and food.
proofreading removes approximately 99% of mismatches before dna replication moves on. how many mutations would you expect to see in the human genome if mismatches can be repaired by proofreading?
6,000. The majority of the replicative polymerases' proofreading activity is in charge of removing incorrectly incorporated nucleotides from the primer terminus prior to further primer extension.
What about DNA?The molecule found inside cells that carries the genetic material necessary for an organism to develop and perform .This data can be passed from one generation to the next thanks to DNA molecules.Humans and nearly all other species carry their genetic information in DNA, also referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid.The DNA of a privateer can be found in almost all of their cells.Nucleotides are chemical building units that structure DNA.A phosphate group, a sugar group, and one among four different nitrogen bases make up these building components.Nucleotides are joined together into chains, with the phosphate and sugar groups switching places, to make strands of DNA.It contains information needed to make proteins, which are other big molecules.These instructions are dispersed throughout 46 lengthy structures called chromosomes that are found inside each of your cells.Numerous smaller pieces of DNA, referred to as genes, structure these chromosomes.Today, DNA has three separate purposes: genetic, immunological, and structural, all of which differ greatly from each other and depend in different ways on the bases and the sugar phosphate backbone.DNA encodes the knowledge required to produce proteins, which is the main connection between DNA and proteins.DNA, however, isn't a protein.Long strands of nucleotides structure DNA.Learn more about DNA here:
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As frog embryo develops in its egg, its cells divide.
Which term best describes the structure that is replicated during this cell division?
Select the correct answer from each drop-down menu.
Compared to its surroundings, the concentration of solutes is low inside a cell. So, the cell is in a
v solution. A particular solute in
this cell uses energy for ts transport from the cell to its surroundings. This type of transport is called
As compared to its surroundings, the concentration of solutes is low inside a cell. So, the cell is in hypertonic solution. A particular solute in this cell uses energy for its transport from the cell to its surroundings. This type of transport is known as Active transport.
A hypertonic solution is the one where the concentration of solutes is more than the intracellular solute concentration. Therefore, the movement of water from inside of the cell to the outside. This causes the shrinkage of cell.
Active transport uses some form of energy to transport the molecules against their concentration gradient. This energy can be direct from ATP, called primary active transport. Or due to the coupled downhill transport of some other molecule, called secondary active transport.
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Help me with this I keep getting it wrong apparently
Answer: Hello!
Explanation: The reason photosynthesis is beneficial towards people is because the process produces oxygen to breath. Hence A is correct.
Finn, tenth grade straight A student.
Have a great day!
Answer:
i think its Provide oxygen to breathe and provides carbon dioxide to do respiration with and im not sure if its either provides energy for food or provides ATP energy for our cells
Explanation:
sorry if i got this wrong
xamination of the photoreceptor rhodpsin gene family provides evidence for gene evolution by group of answer choices duplication and divergence. accumulation of random mutations. convergent evolution. spontaneous generation.
Examination of the photoreceptor rhodopsin gene family provides evidence for gene evolution by: duplication and divergence.
Rhodopsin is a protein which belongs to the GPCR family of receptors. It is the most abundant type of protein found in the rod cells. It is the receptor for vision in dim light. It is a light-sensitive protein. Rhodopsin is also called visual purple.
Divergence is the phenomenon where two organisms having the same ancestry become distant and different due to the course of evolution. They are homologous to each other as they may have similar anatomy but due to evolution, they perform different functions.
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endoscopy equipment becomes highly contaminated with human tissues and fluids, and should be sterilized in a low-temperature cabinet using which sterilants?
Hydrogen peroxide and Peracetic alcohol.
Sterilized in a low-temperature cabinet using which sterilants.
An endoscopy process includes inserting a thin, bendy tube referred to as an endoscope down your throat and into your esophagus. A tiny digital camera on the give up of the endoscope we could your provider examine your esophagus, belly and the beginning of your small gut, also known as the duodenum.
An endoscopy is used to diagnose situations that affect the digestive machine. Endoscopy can assist perceive ulcers, bleeding, celiac ailment, blockages, infection, and tumors. It can help locate the cause of unexplained symptoms, including heartburn, abdonimal pain, bleeding, nausea, vomiting, and pain.
After you have an endoscopy, you will live on the health center or sanatorium for 1 to two hours.
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The sulcus that separates the atria from the ventricles is the ____________ sulcus.
The sulcus that separates the atria from the ventricles is the coronary sulcus.
ExplanationThe Heart
The heart is a vital organ that plays an important role in our body. The function of the heart is to receive and pump blood throughout the body. There are large blood vessels in the heart called coronary arteries. Coronary arteries are responsible for delivering fresh oxygenated blood from the heart to the heart muscles.
Coronary Arteries
Coronary arteries are the main blood vessels in the heart and are one of the three main blood vessels that surround the heart. These arteries form the right and left coronary arteries, each of which forms a branch. The left coronary artery originates from the aorta above the left aortic valve and bleeds the left side of the heart. The right coronary artery originates from the right side above the aortic valve. The arteries travel down the coronary sulcus located between the atria and ventricles.
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3. If the vinegar solution was a nutrient and the cubes were unicellular organisms,
which cube would be more able to "feed" its volume?
The cube smallest would be more able to "feed" its volume.
What exactly is a unicellular organism?Multicellular creatures utilize a variety of cells to carry out their many duties, in contrast to unicellular organisms, which are composed of just one cell.
A single cell is referred to be a unicellular organism if it is capable of carrying out all the fundamental tasks required for existence. Amoeba, Paramecium, and other species with only one cell are a few examples.
In unicellular organisms, all essential bodily processes, such as metabolism, excretion, and reproduction, are carried out by a single cell. Eukaryotes or prokaryotes are both classifications for unicellular creatures. Archaea, bacteria, single-celled fungus, and single-celled protists are a few examples of unicellular creatures.
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what is the definition of a recessive allele? multiple choice an allele that is expressed when environmental conditions dictate that it must be an allele that is expressed only when it is needed an allele whose phenotypic effect is expressed when present in one or two copies an allele whose phenotypic effect is only expressed when present in two copies
The definition of a recessive allele is Option D. whose phenotypic effect is only expressed when present in two copies.
The best description of a recessive allele is that it does now not decide the phenotype while a dominant allele for the identical trait is a gift. A type of allele that when gifted on its personal will not have an effect on the man or woman. copies of the allele want to be a gift for the phenotype to be expressed.
People inherit variations of each gene, referred to as alleles, from each parent. In the case of a recessive trait, the alleles of the trait-causing gene are the same, and both (recessive) alleles ought to be gifted to express the trait. A recessive allele does now not produce a trait at all when the handiest copy is present.
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the layer of soil bound by the mucigel and root hairs and containing microorganisms and sloughed off cells of the root cap is called the
Rhizosphere refers to the layer of soil that is bound by root hairs and mucigel, and which also contains microorganisms and cells that have shed off the root cap.
What purposes do microbes serve?Applications. Microorganisms are useful in the production of food, the treatment of waste water, the production of biofuels, and the synthesis of numerous compounds and enzymes. As model organisms, they are extremely useful in study. They have been turned into weapons and sporadic bioterrorism
Which microbe holds the most significance?Most Significant Microbe You've Never Seen Of A microbe called Prochlorococcus is responsible for producing one of every six breaths you take. The most numerous organism on Earth is a small bacterium, though.
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which of the following provides support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis? multiple choice mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes. double membranes are around mitochondria and chloroplasts. mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genes that are strikingly similar to bacterial genes. mitochondria and chloroplasts can synthesize proteins. all of the above statements provide support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis.
Statements that provide support for the endosymbiotic hypothesis are mitochondria and chloroplasts have their own genomes, double membranes are around mitochondria and chloroplasts, mitochondria and chloroplasts contain genes that are strikingly similar to bacterial genes and mitochondria and chloroplasts can synthesize proteins.
The Endosymbiotic Theory states that the mitochondria and chloroplast in eukaryotic cells have been as soon as cardio bacteria (prokaryote) that have been ingested via way of means of a huge anaerobic bacteria (prokaryote). This principle explains the beginning of eukaryotic cells.
The endosymbiotic speculation for the beginning of mitochondria (and chloroplasts) indicates that mitochondria are descended from specialised bacteria (possibly crimson nonsulfur bacteria) that one way or the other survived endocytosis via way of means of every other species of prokaryote or a few different cell type, and have become included into the cytoplasm.
Correct option is 5) All of the above.
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the protein sample is mixed with a matrix prior to analysis. what is the function of a matrix in maldi-tof ms analysis?
In MALDI technology, the matrix does have a special impact on the analysis of the sample: it dilutes the sample to separate the clustered macromolecule.
During protein digestion, peptides could be examined using MALDI-TOF MS for further levels usually confirmed using peptide mass fingerprinting. Simple operation, good mass precision, high resolution, and otherwise sensitivity are all features of MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry.
it protects the sample by absorbing laser energy and transferring it to the sample instead of directly exposing it to the laser.
In the clinical microbiology laboratory, matrix-assisted laser classes in social and emotional of flight (MALDI-TOF) spectrometry (MS) has gained popularity as a method for the quick and precise determination of bacteria, mycobacteria, and some fungal infections.
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What is the % of water inside the cell?
Answer: 70%
Explanation:
Which term matches this definition?
particles with a neutral (no) charge located in the
nucleus of the atom
A. Proton
B. Ion
C. Electron
D. Neutron
Particles with a neutral (no) charge located in the nucleus of the atom are called as Neutrons.
What are the components of atom?
Fundamental building block is an atom. It is the smallest fraction of matter into which electrically charged particles cannot be released. It is also the smallest piece of substance with chemical element-like characteristics. Regardless of whether they have 3 or 90 electrons, all atoms are about the same size.
The atom is made up of a small nucleus and orbiting electrons. Protons are found in the nucleus and have a positive charge that is equivalent to the electron's negative charge. Neutrons, which have essentially the same mass but no charge, may also be present in the nucleus.
Protons, neutrons, and electrons make up an atom.
The nucleus contains protons, neutrons, and electrons that orbit it.
The charges of the protons are positive, the electrons are negative, and the neutrons are neutral.
Hence, neutrons are the particles with neutral or no charge.
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contraction of which muscle normally accounts for around 75% of the air movement in normal quiet breathing?
The contraction of diaphragm normally account for around 75% of the air movement in normal quiet breathing.
This outward push is increased by the inspiratory muscles (mainly the diaphragm and external intercostals) during inspiration. This causes the lung tissue to expand and air to enter the alveoli at a rate regulated by airway resistance.
The so-called "silent" expiration is caused by the elastic recoil of the lung parenchyma, which causes these inspiratory muscles to relax and the lung to regain its equilibrium volume.
However, in forced expiration, the abdominal and internal intercostal muscles are employed to exert more force against the lungs, causing them to expel air more quickly and allowing expiration down to the residual volume (RV).
Lung function testing is performed to quantify these changes. In lung disease, these forces are altered.
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Mitosis is a type of cell division that occurs I. to make more cells so organisms can grow. II. so organisms can replace old or damaged cells. III. when organisms make sex cells for reproduction. IV. only during fetal stages of development.
Answer: I and II
Explanation:
Trust me
What are some of earths water resources
Answer:
basically the atmosphere
all the ice caps
rivers seas oceans reservoirs
The nerve fibers of which cranial nerve pass through the foramina of the cribriform plate?.
Nerve fibers of the olfactory nerve pass through the foramina of the cribriform plate. Thus the correct answer is the olfactory nerve.
The shortest nerve in the human head is the olfactory nerve. It begins in the mucous membrane that lines the roof of your nasal cavity, the olfactory mucosa (nostril). This nerve is composed of several tiny nerve fibers known as fascicles that are connected by connective tissue strips.
The bundle exits your nose through the ethmoid bone and travels behind your nose. The fascicles then move inside the olfactory bulb, a structure. Each nostril has a bulb, and those bulbs transmit information to the brain through the olfactory tract.
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One function of the carbohydrate macromolecule is to store energy. Which other macromolecule also stores energy
Answer:
Lipids
Explanation:
They are stored as an energy reserve. In addition, they provide insulation and make up cell membranes.
They are made up of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
what maintains the driving pressure on blood while the heart is not contracting (ventricular diastole)
The driving pressure on blood while the heart is not contracting is the Recoil of the elastic arteries.
The lowest arterial pressure during this resting phase of the left ventricle is called diastolic pressure. Arterial pressure drop rate is primarily controlled by terminal resistance arterioles located at arterial-capillary junctions. Hemodynamics ultimately begins in the heart. The heart provides the driving force for all blood flow in the body.
Cardiac output drives blood through arteries and veins as a function of ventricular contraction. Ventricular motion results from the concentric shortening of the cardiomyocytes. Each time your heart beats, it creates pressure in your arteries. Pressure is greatest when blood is pumped from the heart into the arteries. As the heart relaxes between beats, the pressure within the arteries decreases.
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Conider an organim that ha two pair of homologou chromoome in each of it diploid (2n) omatic cell. How many chromoome would the organim' cell have during each of the following tage?
Humans have diploid (2n), which means that the majority of their chromosomal come in matching recreate as homologous chromosomes.
What in biology is homologous?Having the same standard position and structure. When referring to two anatomical features or behavioral qualities in distinct animals that descended from a component or trait in their shared ancestral creature, biologists use the term homologous.
What does homologous mean?These forelimbs are descended from the same ancestor tetrapod structure as the wings of birds and bats and the arms of great apes, the front flippers of whales, and also the forelegs of membered vertebrate animals like dogs and crocodiles.
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which of the following is an enzyme which results in staphylococcus aureus being more invasive than staphylococcus epidermidis?
The enzyme which results in Staphylococcus aureus being more invasive than Staphylococcus epidermidis is Hyaluronidase.
Hyaluronidase is an enzyme that breaks down primarily hyaluronic acid and it splits it into polysaccharides and is used in medicine in conjunction with other drugs to speed their dispersion and delivery.
Staphylococcus aureus encodes for a secreted hyaluronidase, hysA. Hyaluronidases are bacterial enzymes that cleave hyaluronic acid (HA) yielding unsaturated disaccharides. Initially, little was known about the regulation of this enzyme as well as its roles in Staphylococcus aureus physiology and pathogenesis.
Hyaluronidase is produced by S. Aureus as a mechanism to penetrate the connective tissue barrier and thereby establishing infections.
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Complete question:-
Which of the following is an enzyme which results in Staphylococcus aureus being more invasive than Staphylococcus epidermis?
A) lipase
B) M protein
C) hyaluronidase
D) pyrogens
E) neuraminidase
which process or feature would most be responsible for the greatest incremental growth in a water droplet?
The process or feature that is responsible for the greatest incremental growth in a water droplet is collision coalescence.
What is Collision coalescence?
Collision coalescence is a natural phenomenon that take place in clouds in upper atmospheric regions.
In general, the atmospheric area having temperature above freezing point lead to the formation of collision coalescence process.
In such region, a sufficient incremental growth in water droplets takes place. These droplets then collide with each other and form precipitates which become heavier enough and then fall on earth in the form of rain.
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