Epigenetics is the study of how things other than DNA have affected how often certain traits occur.
The terms "genetics" and "epigenetics" mean?The study of heredity and the diversity in inherited traits is known as genetics. Epigenetics: Epigenetics is the study of inheritable alterations in organisms brought on by altered gene expression.
What exactly does the term "epigenetics" mean?The study of epigenetics focuses on how DNA-unchanged cells regulate gene activity. The word "epigenetic" refers to factors other than the genetic code. In Greek, "epi-" means on or above. Gene activation is regulated by changes to DNA's epigenetic state, which can occur during development.
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a vector a. allows cells to take up foreign dna. b. encodes herbicide resistance. c. carries cloned dna, allowing it to replicate in cells. d. destroys cells that do not contain cloned dna.
In molecular biology, a vector is a DNA molecule that is used as a vehicle to transfer foreign genetic material into another cell.
The four major types of vectors are plasmids, viral vectors, cosmids, and artificial chromosomes.A vector is a living organism that spreads infectious agents from infected animal to infected animal. Arthropod vectors include mosquitoes, ticks, flies, fleas, and lice. The haematophagous arthropod definition, which defines vectors solely as blood-feeding arthropods such as mosquitoes, ticks, sandflies, tsetse flies, and biting midges, is similar. Vector quantities include displacement, acceleration, force, momentum, weight, the speed of light, a gravitational field, current, and so on.
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. from the examination of the structures of lactose and starch, which saccharide(s) would be produced from the hydrolysis of each?
From the examination of the structures of lactose and starch, Glucose and galactose saccharide(s) would be produced from the hydrolysis of each.
Lactose is a milk disaccharide. It is hydrolyzable to produce one unit of glucose and one unit of galactose. Lactose is the enzyme responsible for catalyzing this hydrolysis. Lactose malabsorption causes digestive symptoms in lactose intolerance. Lactose malabsorption occurs when your small intestine is unable to digest or break down all of the lactose you consume. Lactose is composed of two carbohydrates: -D galactose and -D glucose.. As a result, when hydrolyzed, it yields -D galactose and -D glucose.
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true or false: in multicellular organisms, genes are regulated in the same way to ensure that gene expression levels are constant regardless of cell type or developmental stage.
False, in multicellular organisms, genes are not regulated in the same way to ensure that gene expression levels are constant regardless of cell type or developmental stage.
Gene regulation is the method of controlling which genes in a cells DNA are expressed (used to make a purposeful product which include a protein).
Different cells in a multicellular organism may also explicit very specific units of genes, despite the fact that they include the identical DNA.
The set of genes expressed in a cell determines the set of proteins and purposeful RNAs it contains, giving it its specific properties.
In eukaryotes like humans, gene expression entails many steps, and gene law can arise at any of those steps. However, many genes are regulated commonly at the extent of transcription.
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Which of these
BEST describes why
DNA never leaves
the nucleus?
A. DNA is a very large molecule plus it is a really
important molecule for life that needs
protection.
B. Most DNA serves absolutely no purpose so it
should always stay at home in the nucleus.
C. DNA just cannot compete with other
molecules such as RNA.
Answer:
A. DNA is a very large molecule plus it is a reallyimportant molecule for life that needsprotection.
Explanation:
DNA cannot leave the nucleus because that would risk it getting damaged. DNA carries the genetic code and all of the information needed for cells and organisms to function properly. If it were damaged or mutated, that would be disastrous for the organism, and could cause serious illnesses or even death.
DNA is a very large molecule plus it is a really important molecule for life that needs protection. Thus, option A is correct.
Why DNA cannot leave the nucleus?DNA will not leave the nucleus as it is because that would risk it as getting it damaged. DNA has carries the genetic code and all of the information needed for the cells and the organisms to function properly. If it has been damaged or mutated, that would bethe disastrous for the organism, and could cause the serious illnesses or even death.
mRNA could leave the nucleus, but the DNA cannot leave the nucleus because RNA has been considered as the single-stranded, and DNA has been double-stranded, so RNA has been smaller than the DNA.
DNA would be not a single-stranded structure. While RNA has been present in the single stranded form in the cell. Due to this, the double-stranded structure of the DNA seems longer than that of RNA to cross the nuclear membrane in the cell. As a result of this, RNA can easily leave the nucleus but DNA couldn't.
Therefore, DNA is a very large molecule plus it is a really important molecule for life that needs protection. Thus, option A is correct.
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when an rh-negative mother gives birth to an rh-positive infant, the mother usually produces antibodies that will attack any subsequent pregnancies in which the fetus is rh positive. when subsequent babies are rh positive, erythroblastosis fetalis occurs. what is another name for erythroblastosis fetalis?
Alloimmune HDFN (Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn) is another name for erythroblastosis fetalis.
What is erythroblastosis fetalis?
Hemolytic anaemia in the fetus known as erythroblastosis fetalis is brought on by the transplacental transfer of maternal antibodies to fetal red blood cells.
This condition is typically brought on by mismatch between the maternal and fetal blood groups, frequently Rho (D) antigens.
Immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies from the mother damage neonatal red blood cells, which is the source of the condition. Isoimmunization refers to the production of maternal antibodies in response to a fetal antigens.
Therefore, Alloimmune HDFN (Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn) is another name for erythroblastosis fetalis.
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Select more than 1 answer
Plasma is responsible for all of the following EXCEPT
A. carries nutrients like glucose and oxygen
B. carries hormones
C. carries antibodies and antitoxins
D. allows the blood to flow because it is mostly water
E. allows the body to maintain body temperature
F. carries waste products like carbon dioxide
you are leading a team of researchers at a pharmaceutical company. your goal is to design drugs that help fight cancer. specifically, you want to focus on drugs that bind to and inactivate certain proteins, thereby halting cell cycle progression. one of your team members suggests targeting the retinoblastoma (rb) protein and inhibiting this protein. will this approach be successful? why or why not?
To design drugs that help fight cancer, targeting the retinoblastoma (rb) protein and inhibiting this protein will not be successful.
What will happen when you target the retinoblastoma (rb) protein ?Targeting the retinoblastoma (rb) protein and inhibiting this protein during the research for designing drugs for cancer will not be a successful approach.
Rb is a tumor-suppressor protein and it functions to inhibit the action of a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins. A drug designed to inactivate the Rb protein would create the same situation as in a cell that lacks both copies of the Rb gene.
Lack of Rb activity releases the inhibition of cell cycle regulatory proteins and thereby promoting cell cycle progression rather than halting it.
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what are environmental resistance and carrying capacity? how do biotic potential and environmental resistance interact to determine carrying capacity?
Environmental Resistance: Each and Every environmental constraint that restricts the population's ability to grow.
Carrying capacity: The largest number of people who could comfortably rely on their available resources without depleting them to the point where future generations wouldn't have enough to survive.
They both have a say in population size because when a population grows above its biotic capacity, resource depletion threatens the survival of subsequent generations, which in turn endangers the population or species. Because of all the environmental constraints in their area of residence, environmental resistance essentially defines the biotic potential of a population.
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nicotine acts in the brain by 1. enhancing gaba's inhibitory effects. 2. increasing serotonin reuptake. 3. first stimulating and then blocking cholinergic receptors. 4. reducing blood flow to the cerebral cortex.
Nicotine mainly shows its action through specific nicotinic acetylcholine receptors located in the brain. It stimulates presynaptic acetylcholine receptors thereby enhancing Ach release and metabolism.
The dopaminergic system is also stimulated by it and thus increasing the concentration of dopamine in nuclear accumbens. Nicotine induces GABA release by binding to excitatory nACh receptors located on presynaptic GABA neurons.
The serotonergic system may be involved in smoking behaviour because nicotine increases the brain's serotonin secretion, nicotine withdrawal decreases serotonin levels and a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor antagonises the response to nicotine.
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3.How are organisms grouped into producers, consumers, and decomposers?
Where do you fall
Answer:
Food webs are models to show how organisms are related in an ecosystem based on how they get their energy. The main roles are producers, consumers, and decomposers?
Explanation:
Producers
Producers make their own energy through photosynthesis. All most all plants, But not all, are Producers.
Consumers can be divided into
Primary > Primary consumers get energy by eating producers. They are usually small animals, insects and herbivores.Secondary > Secondary consumers get energy eating primary consumers. Secondary consumers are usually predators.Tertiary > Tertiary consumers get energy by eating secondary consumers. Owls and birds of prey, bears and large predator's, and carnivores are usually tertiary consumers. Humans are also among the tertiary consumers.And lastly Decomposers
Decomposers get by breaking down dead organisms and returning nutrients to the soil. Decomposers are usually fungi-like-mushrooms and bacteria
connect the optimal ph of each enzyme to their location in the body. Does each optimal ph make sense for those locations? Why or why not?
Each enzyme has an ideal pH, but it also has a range of different ph within which it can continue to function. The lipase will determine this. The stomach's acidity causes the pepsin enzyme to break down proteins.
What is enzyme made of?Proteins called enzymes were made up of amino acids connected by one or more peptide chains. The fundamental structure of a polypeptide refers to this arrangement of amino acids. This in turn determines the enzyme's three-dimensional structure, including the active site's shape.
What is the function of enzyme?Enzymes, which are proteins, help speed up the metabolism of our bodies' chemical reactions. While certain chemicals are generated, others are decomposed. Everything that is alive contains enzymes. Naturally, enzymes are produced by our bodies.
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Which of these is produced during photosynthesis?
A. chemical energy
B. water
C. carbon dioxide
Answer:
it's A
Explanation:
the chemical energy is in the glucose it produces along with the oxygen.
a pure white chicken and a pure black chicken are crossed. the f1 progeny all are checkered. this is an example of:
The f1 progeny all are checkered It is an example of codominance.
In genetics, codominance refers to a kind of inheritance inside which two variants (alleles) with same gene are activated separately to produce distinct features in a person. Codominance may be seen in spotted cows and plants with petals of two distinct hues.
Codominance can also be seen in less obvious features such as type of blood. Both the A and B blood type alleles can be produced simultaneously at the same time, producing in type AB blood. Codominance, as distinguished to partial domination, occurs when both parents' traits are manifested in the same child organism.
Codominance is a widespread phenomena that is likely to be a major driver of community composition, ecosystem function, and both community and ecosystem stability. While researching polygenetic features and their inheritance, Gregor Mendel identified the phenomena of codominance.
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which description correctly identifies a nucleotide?a nucleotide consists of a five carbon sugar bonded to a phosphate.a nucleotide has three main parts: a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.nucleotides are formed by a dehydration reaction between two or more nucleic acids.a nucleotide consists of billions of dna monomers that are condensed using histone proteins.
The correct description of a nucleotide is: a nucleotide has three main parts: a phosphate, a sugar, and a nitrogenous base.
Sugar in a nucleotide is comprised of 5 carbons. It can be of two types depending on the type of nucleotide it will be present in. These are: ribose sugar and deoxyribose sugar. Ribose sugar is present in RNA and deoxyribose sugar is present in DNA.
Nitrogenous base is the nitrogen containing compound that forms an essential part of he nucleic acids. There are total 5 nitrogenous bases: Adenine, Guanine, Cytosine, Thymine and Uracil. Out of these adenine and guanine are purines while Cytosine, Uracil and Thymine are pyrimidines.
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What is determined by genes that direct the amount of eumelanin or pheomelanin produced by
melanocytes associated with hair follicles?
The type and amount of melanin produced by melanocytes is determined by genes. Eumelanin is a dark brown to black pigment that is responsible for brown and black hair colors. Pheomelanin is a reddish-brown pigment that is responsible for red and blonde hair colors.
What are eumelanin and pheomelanin?
A dark pigment called eumelanin is the main component of black and brunette hair. The pigment eumelanin comes in two varieties (brown eumelanin and black eumelanin). Blond hair is reportedly caused by a minor amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments. The redder parts of the skin, such as the lips, are concentrated with pheomelanin, a lighter pigment that is present in red hair. People with red hair typically have fairly pale skin that burns rapidly when exposed to the sun because they are less able to produce the dark eumelanin pigment.
The amount of a pigment called melanin in hair determines hair color. People with black or brown hair have high levels of eumelanin, one kind of melanin. Red hair is caused by an excess of pheomelanin, another pigment.
Hence, eumelanin and pheomelanin are responsible for hair color.
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Q1 ) Briefly explain how exchange of gases take place in humans.
Q2) Using a venn diagram, compare and contrast between Aerobic Respiration and Anaerobic Respiration
Q3) Paheli participated in a 400m race competition held at her school and won the race. When she came home she had mixed feelings of joy and pain as she had cramps in her leg muscles. After a massage, She was relieved of the pain. Answer the following questions related to the situation.
a) What can be the possible reason for the pain in her legs?
b) Why did she feel comfortable after a massage
Q4) Why does an athelete breathe faster and deeper than usual after finishing the race?
3. (a) The buildup of lactic acid in her muscles may be the source of the pain in her legs.
(b) The massage relieved her because it increases blood circulation, which increases oxygen supply to the muscle cells and aids in the complete breakdown of lactic acid into CO and water.
4. The athlete's body requires extra oxygen as he runs in the race. So that the body may receive more oxygen, its breathing rate quickens.
What is breathing?
The act of breathing, also known as ventilation, involves moving air into and out of the lungs in order to facilitate gas exchange with the body's internal environment, primarily to expel carbon dioxide and draw in oxygen. These gases are moved to and from the cells by the circulatory system of the body, where "cellular respiration" occurs. Lactic acid is produced when muscle cells respire anaerobically during strenuous exercise, jogging, etc.
Hence, the buildup of lactic acid in her muscles may be the source of the pain in her legs, massage relieved her because it increases blood circulation, and an athlete's body requires extra oxygen as he runs in the race so he's breathing faster.
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During which stage of mitotic division do chromosomes align at the equator of the cell?.
Chromosomes align in the cell equator occurs at the metaphase stage.
Mitosis is the process of cell division into two daughter cells with identical DNA base pairs. Mitosis takes place in four stages namely prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase.
In the second stage of mitosis, namely the metaphase stage when the nuclear membrane is gone, so the chromosomes come out of the nucleus and are aligned in the the equator cell. Chromosomes are in the densest state so that they are shorter and thicker and the chromatids repel each other, each attached to the opposite end of the fiber.
.
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plants pollinated by the hummingbird do not receive pollen from plants pollinated by the bumble bee. this is an example of:
Plants pollinated by the hummingbird do not receive pollen from plants pollinated by the bumble bee is an example of mechanical isolation.
Physical incompatibility between the reproductive systems of two species is referred to as mechanical isolation. Prezygotic barriers like mechanical isolation prevent fertilization, which prevents reproduction. Any physical barrier that precludes mating is considered mechanical isolation.
The separation between white sage and black sage is among the most known instances of mechanical isolation in plants. The two sage species can't interbreed because they depend on distinct pollinators, although having a similar geographic area.
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Claims. Evidence Reasoning How
is the structure of a unicellular organism
different than the structure of a
multicellular organism? How does this affect
function? Summarize evidence to support
your claim and explain your reasoning.
A multicellular organism is made up of numerous cells that cooperate, whereas a unicellular organism only contains one cell. Each function must be managed by a single cell, whereas in multicellular organisms.
What is in a unicellular organism?Any living creature only with one cell, which performs all crucial body functions like metabolism, waste, and fertilization, is referred to as a "unicellular organism." Unicellular organisms can either be prokaryotes or eukaryotes. Unicellular organisms include bacteria, archaea, unicellular fungi, and unicellular protists.
How is it important to unicellular organisms?Cell division in unicellular organisms is crucial only for reproduction. They divide their cells through a process called mitosis to create their daughter cells. Cell division is crucial for the development of new cells and reproduction in multicellular animals.
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How do increased levels of estrogen and progesterone affect the levels of FSH in the blood?
Increased levels of estrogen and progesterone affect the levels of FSH in the blood is FSH allow smaller follicle to die off
Estrogen also stimulates the endometrium to thicken and the increase in the estrogen and progesterone level causes milk duct in the breast to widen and as result the breast may swell and become tender and progesterone is also responsible for stimulating the midcycle rise in FSH and elevated FSH level at this time are thought to free the oocytes from follicular attachments and as follicle grows blood level of estrogen rise significantly by cycle day seven this increase in estrogen begins to inhibit the secretion of FSH and the fall in FSH allows smaller follicles to die off
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Human blood types are determined by genes that follow the codominance pattern of inheritance. there are two dominant alleles (a and b) and one recessive allele (o). if a man that has the blood type aa mates with a woman that has the blood type bo. what are the chances of them having a baby that has "a" blood type?
Answer:
50%
Explanation:
Blood type a and b are codominant, so lets express as 'A and B'
Blood type o is recessive, so is expressed as little 'o'
A man has blood type aa which needs to be written as dominant (in caps) = AA
A woman has blood type bo. The b needs to be dominant and the o stays as little 'o' = Bo
As you can see in the punnet square I have drawn the alleles of the man (AA) at the top and the alleles of the woman (Bo) on the left side to find the alleles of the offspring.
We have the alleles:
AB, AB, Ao, Ao
AB = blood type AB because A and B are codominant which are expressed equally
Ao = blood type A as only A is dominant here which takes express over the recessive 'o'
We have 2 'Ao' out of 4
2/4 = 0.5
0.5 × 100 = 50%
What is the spinal cord structure that consists of nerves that leave the conus medullaris and lumbar enlargement and pass downward through the vertebral canal, resembling a horse tail?.
Spinal Cord is long, tube-band of tissue which is connect brain to our lower back. Spinal Cord is is a cylindrical structure which is carries nerve signal from our brain to our body and vice versa.
People mostly misunderstand Spinal Cord as Spine, but Spinal Cord is structured by band of tissues, nerves and cells.
Spinal Cord Functions are:
Control body movement, such as heartbeatNotify sense to our brain, such as when we hurtControl body reflex, such as moving your neck when someone touch it.Explanation:
Cauda Equina Syndrome also known as Cauda Equina is structure of Spinal cord which ends at the upper part of the lumbar (lower back) spine or at the first level or second level of lumbar, this condition which are like horse tail or called as Cauda Equina which means horse tail in Latin.
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the neurotransmitters norepinephrine and epinephrine function as hormones, and are secreted by which structure?
Your adrenal gland, which is also reached by the neurotransmitter noradrenaline, releases the chemicals noradrenaline and adrenaline (epinephrine) (norepinephrine). Your blood carries these hormones to every region of your body. They once again enter your eyes, heart, airways, skin's blood vessels, and adrenal gland.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are secreted by chromaffin cells, which are adrenal medulla cells.
Two neurotransmitters known as epinephrine and norepinephrine, which are called hormones, are members of the catecholamine chemical class. They act as hormones, affecting various physiological systems and energizing the central nervous system. Nerve cells in the brainstem region and a region close to the spinal cord produce norepinephrine. The sympathetic nervous system, which is a component of your body's immediate "fight-or-flight" response to danger, produces norepinephrine.
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What is a similarity between genes and chromosomes?
Responses
both come in pairs
both are fragments of genetic information
both contain information needed to synthesize proteins,
both are tightly wound up into condensed structures
Answer:
both come in pairs
Explanation:
because of meiosis both start off in pairs but later chromosomes separate into two unidentical daughter cells during anaphase and genes seperate to haploid cells
the process by which a nerve cell recaptures some of the neurotransmitters it has released is known as .
Important aspect of business is the process by which some small molecule transmitters are retrieved by the presynaptic terminal.
What are neurotransmitters and what do they do?Your body can't function without chemical messengers called neurotransmitters. These are charged with transmitting chemical "messages" through one neurons (nerve cell) to a succeeding target tissue. The following cell line may be a glandular, muscle, or another nerve cell.
What is controlled by neurotransmitters?Neurotransmitters, which are produced by nerve cells, also known as neurons, are crucial components of this system. Impulses are fired by nerve cells. By releasing neurotransmitters, also referred to as the body's chemical messengers, they achieve this. These substances send messages to other cells.
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errors during what phases of meiosis are responsible for the production of aneuploids? select all that apply.
The solution is highlighted on the image. Please check all that apply. Anaphase II, metaphase II, and prophase I.
Why do you use the term "aneuploids"?Aneuploidy is a genetic condition in which there are fewer than 46 chromosomes. You will have 47 chromosomes if there is a trisomy. You will have 45 chromosomes if you are monosomically mutated. The result of a pregnancy could change if the amount of chromosome changes.
What contributes to aneuploidy?Aneuploidy, a condition where the amount of chromosomes in a cell a organism deviates beyond multiples of the haploid genome, is caused by errors in chromosome segregation. Chromosome mis-segregation during meiosis, which results in aneuploidy, is a key contributor to infertility and inherited birth abnormalities.
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abdominal pain is best described as visceral pain that: a. travels from a specific organ to the spinal cord. b. is in concert with the peristalsis of the gastrointestinal tract. c. is diffused, vague, poorly localized, and dull. d. lateralizes from only one side of the nervous system.
Abdominal pain is best described as visceral pain that was diffused, vague, poorly localized as well as dull.
So, the correct option is C.
Epigastrium (upper mid abdomen), or lower abdominal pain is typically felt close to the midline. Having poor localization, being dull rather than sharp, and being challenging to describe the pain The other choices all fall short of really capturing this kind of sorrow. When the pelvis, abdomen, chest, or intestines' pain receptors are activated, visceral pain results. When the tissues and organs inside of us are hurt or damaged, we feel it.
Indefinite, non-localized, poorly understood, and poorly defined visceral pain is also difficult to pinpoint. A deep squeeze, pressure, or aching sensation are frequent sensation. abdomen, chest, intestines, or pelvis may experience nebulous visceral pain. Uncertainty surrounds this condition, which is brought on by harm to internal organs and tissues.
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which one of the following is most associated with an air-pollution disaster like the one in 1948 in donora, pennsylvania? a. high winds b. temperature inversion c. increased industrial production d. shutdown of a power plant
Temperature inversion causes air pollution disasters like the one that occurred in Donora, Pennsylvania, in 1948. (option b).
Is it comfortable or frigid at 60 degrees?Is 60 degrees warm or chilly, you might be wondering. 60 degrees is typically considered to be mid-temperature. 60 degrees is roughly in the midpoint of the US's temperature range, which extends from below negative to over one hundred.
Is 65 degrees too chilly for a home?Your apartment or home might not be warm enough just to keep you safe even if you keep it between 60°F and 65°F. If you live alone, this is a particular issue because no one else will feel how cold the house is or detect if you are showing signs of hypothermia.
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A boy and a dad get into a car accident. The dad did not make it, but the boy did. The boy went to the hospital, and the doctor said I couldn't. He is my son. Who is the doctor?
Answer:
the doctor is the mother of the boy
Which of the following is a possible outcome of a disruption to an ecosystem?
O All of the above
O Population size increases
O population size decreases.
O A species may leave or enter and ecosystem.
O A species become extinct