Lymphocytes , in general: A) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. Hence option A) is the correct answer.
What are lymphocytes?Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the immune system of vertebrates. Lymphocytes have natural killer cells, T cells and B cells. They are found in lymph, which prompted the name lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes make up up to 18% to 42% of circulating white blood cells.
If you have low numbers of lymphocytes , there is a higher risk of infection. Lymphopenia symptoms ranges from mild to serious and are correlated to the severity of the lymphopenia but some people show no symptoms.
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describe the role that intercostal muscles plays in gas exchange in the lungs
Answer:
Intercostal Muscles Overview
In humans, the muscles are solely for the purpose of expanding and contracting the rib cage. Other animals may have slightly different uses for the intercostal muscles, as discussed in the examples below. While the muscles serve generally the same purpose, they have been adapted in various ways in different organisms. These muscles are considered skeletal muscles.
There are 3 types of intercostal muscle. The innermost intercostal lies inside the ribs. The internal intercostal muscle sits between two ribs. The external intercostal muscles sit on the outside of the ribs. Between each of the 12 ribs, each of these three intercostal muscles is present. The first and last ribs only have intercostal muscles on one side.
The intercostal muscles relax while the lungs are expanding, allowing them to fill up with air. When an organism breathes out, the intercostal muscles contract to put pressure on the lungs and help drive the air out. This cycle continues constantly as an organism breathes.
The innermost intercostal muscles relax, while the external intercostal muscles contract, causing the chest cavity to expand. This expansion allows the lungs to fill with air, due to the negative pressure created by the extra space. Air fills the lungs, gases are exchanged, and it is time to exhale.
Explanation:
Chest Cavity Contraction
To force the air out, the chest cavity must become smaller, to put pressure on the air. To do this, the opposite process of inhalation happens. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract, applying force to the bottom and sides of the lungs. The innermost intercostal muscles now contract, while the external intercostal muscles relax. This causes the chest cavity to contract as a whole, forcing the air out of your lungs. The internal intercostal muscles, or middle layer of muscle, helps keep the ribs from separating and holds the shape of the chest cavity.
Examples of Intercostal Muscles
Intercostal Muscles in Snakes
In different animals, intercostal muscles can perform different tasks. Snakes use their intercostal muscles in a different way than humans, based on their anatomy. Snakes typically only have one functioning lung, which fills along part of their body. Essentially, a snake has reduced its functional skeleton to a spine and rib cage. As in humans, the intercostal muscles in a snake play a role in bringing air into the lungs. By a similar process, the innermost and external intercostal muscles alternate their contracting and relaxing to expand and contract the lung.
Snakes, having no limbs, must also use their intercostal muscles when making a variety of other movements. While they have layers of muscles on top of their ribs that control their motion, the intercostal muscles have a much larger role to play in maintaining the shape and size of the body cavity.
For instance, when a constricting a prey item, a large snake creates an enormous amount of pressure with their muscles. This pressure is exerted not only on the prey item but also on the snake’s own body. To keep itself from damaging its internal organs, the snake must contract its intercostal muscles and create a strong cage around its lung, heart, and other sensitive organs.
Which of the following can be classified as a producer?
A. Bear
B. corn
C. deer
D. snake
Answer:
B. Corn
Explanation:
Corn is considered a producer because corn meets the two primary characteristics of a producer. To start, producers make their own food so they can live. Corn is a plant that uses photosynthesis to take energy from the sun and make usable glucose for energy. Second, producers serve as a food source for consumers. All other answer choices are consumers.
Answer:
B. corn
Explanation:
A producer is an organism that makes its own food. In other words, it's an organism that can perform photosynthesis (plants). Since "corn" is the only organism that can perform photosynthesis, it is a producer.
killed vaccines work by stimulating phagocytic activity. cytotoxic t cells. lymphocyte proliferation. an antibody response. the cell-mediated immune response.
Killed vaccines work by stimulating an antibody response. An antibody response is the culmination of a series of interactions between macrophages, T lymphocytes, and B lymphocytes
Inactivated vaccines, commonly referred to as killed vaccines, include virus particles, bacteria, or other pathogens whose genetic material has been damaged by heat, chemicals, or radiation so they cannot multiply in cells but can still elicit an immune response.
Although their genetic material has been destroyed, inactivated viruses typically still include a large number of proteins that the immune system may recognize and respond to. However, because inactivated vaccines can't infect cells, they can only induce antibody-mediated reactions, which may be weaker and shorter-lived. Inactivated vaccinations are frequently administered with adjuvants (agents that stimulate the immune system) and booster doses could be necessary to address this issue.
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in an alpha helix,a.side chain residues point up and down the axis of the helix.b.the oxygen of the carbonyl carbon in a peptide bond points out toward the exterior of the helix.c.there are five residues per helical turn.d.there are usually many proline residues present.e.the helix is right-hande
In an alpha helix, the helix is right handed.
What is an alpha helix?
It is a rod like structure, where the inner section is a tightly coiled chain. The side chains extend in an outward direction in a helical array. In order to stabilize, the alpha helix takes advantage of the hydrogen bonding between the groups CO and NH of the main chain.
The alpha helix is most frequently used for interactions between DNA-protein interfaces that are sequence specific.
The alpha helix’s size is the same as the width of the major groove of DNA, which makes sure they fit tight together. At the same time, the side chains on the helix, which are protein, probe available base pairs.
Hence, the helix is right handed in an alpha helix.
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A student records the amount of time it takes mice to run
through a maze.
Which two terms describe this type of data?
A. Continuous
B. Quantitative
C. Qualitative
D. Discrete
Quantitative and Discrete are the two terms that describe this type of data.
Data are a group of discrete values that describe an amount, quality, fact, statistics, or other fundamental units of meaning, or they can simply be a series of symbols that can be further understood. A datum is a specific value contained in a group of data.
Quantitative data is information that is numerical, whereas qualitative data is information that is descriptive (it describes something) (numbers).
Discrete or continuous quantitative data are both possible. While continuous data can take any value, discrete data can only take specific values (such as whole integers) (within a range).
Text, observations, numbers, graphs, figures, pictures, and symbols are all examples of data. Data may consist of specific costs, weights, addresses, names, ages, temperatures, dates, or distances, for instance.
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Eggs mature in the________
of the
female reproductive system. What
one word completes the sentence?
Enter your answer
Eggs mature in the ovaries of the female reproductive system.
Eggs in female refers to the female germ cells also called the ovum. It is a haploid structure that gets fertilized by a male germ cell in order to give rise to offspring. Egg is said to the largest single cell in the female body. It has no flagella and hence cannot move.
Ovaries are the gland or the reproductive organs that are involved in the production of female germ cell called the egg. In human females, there exists a pair of ovaries that consists of thousand of ova stored in it. Apart from ovum, these ovaries also synthesize some hormones.
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What are some things you do to help you learn and remember new words and what they mean?
"Distributed practice" involves expanding out our studying over days and weeks. Working briefly on each class daily is most effective.
What is the best way to remember new words?1. Read.
Reading books and periodicals like newspapers and magazines will help you learn more words.
2. Always have a dictionary on you.
You can use versions on paper, in software, or on the internet. Electronic dictionaries are far more efficient .
3. Establish a dictionary for use.
It is important to record any new vocabulary. The act of writing them down will make it easier for you to recognize them when you are reading.
4. Acquire one new word each day.
use either a calendar, a website, or your own personal list. This assists a great number of people in learning new terms. You are not required to pick up a new concept every day.
5. Games.
Your vocabulary can be improved by playing word games that are difficult for you to master and that also introduce you to new words.
6. Talk.
Learning new words through conversation can be quite beneficial.
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which type of nissl stain requires a fluorescent microscope (a light microscope is not sufficient to reveal results)
Neurotrace a type of NISSL stain requires a fluorescent microscope as a light microscope is not sufficient to reveal results.
A common histology technique for identifying neurons in the brain and spinal cord is Nissl staining. The Nissl substance, a marker for the physiological status of the neuron, redistributes inside the cell body in injured or regenerating neurons. It is made up of ribosomal RNA coupled with the rough endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal perikarya and dendrites. NeuroTrace 640/660 deep-red fluorescent Nissl stain is more sensitive than conventional histology dyes like toluidine blue or cresyl violet and is selective for the Nissl material that is distinctive of neurons.
A popular technique for examining the anatomy and pathophysiology of neural tissue is Nissl staining. The characteristic staining of the neuronal perikarya is either absent or has a very weak signal after standard immunocytochemistry, leaving only the nucleus of the neurons to be labeled.
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This picture shows the flow of oxygen-poor blood into the right atrium then right ventricle and to the lungs. Which vessels are used to carry blood to the lungs?
A. pulmonary capillaries
B. cardiac veins
C. pulmonary arteries
Answer:
C. Pulmonary Arteries
Explanation:
The pulmonary artery is responsible for transporting oxygen-poor blood from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it is converted into oxygen and returned to the circulation.
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you are a leading paleomicrobiology exploring western australia. you come across a sample that might resemble a fossil stromatolite and take it back to your lab to identify its origin. what data would assist in confirming the sample is indeed a fossil stromatolite formed by cyanobacteria? multiple answers could be correct.
Stromatolites, the most prevalent type of microbialites, are important fossils for comprehending the beginning and evolution of life and are prevalent in rocks older than 500 million years, which account for roughly two-thirds of the State.
What is Paleomicrobiology ?The methodologies and key discoveries in this new area of study, which straddles anthropology, history, and microbiology, are presented in "Paleomicrobiology - Past Human Infections."
Numerous unrelated health issues were present in his body, according to a paleomicrobiological examination of microbial ancient DNA (aDNA). In addition to having gallstones and hardening arteries, Tzi had parasitic whipworm eggs in his intestines (Trichuris trichiura).The Iceman is the oldest known human to have been infected by the bacterium that causes Lyme disease; Helicobacter pylori aDNA and the genetic signature of Borrelia burgdorferi were detected in his DNA. As a result, one of the coldest cases in human history was thoroughly investigated thanks in large part to the science of paleomicrobiology.What is Fossil stromatolite & Cyanobacteria ?Stromatolites are strange fossils whose biological origins weren't fully understood until a recent period of time. Stromatolites are layered colonial formations that are mostly generated by cyanobacteria, according to the majority of scientists today.The Stromatolites' surface layer is where the bacteria are active, and the underlying build-up is a lithified residue of previous microbial surface communities that might be considered a trace fossil. A single 1m building may be 2,000–3,000 years old because of how slowly these deposits accumulated.The phylum of gram-negative bacteria known as cyanobacteria, commonly referred to as cyanophyta, produces energy through photosynthesis. Although they are typically not formally categorized as algae, the word "cyanobacteria" relates to their hue, which also serves as the basis for the colloquial moniker "blue-green algae."To know more about Paleomicrobiology please click here :
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you decide to introduce a species of lizard to an island where they were not previously found. you decide to introduce 50 individuals. what effect would mutations definitely have on the lizard population? select only one answer choice. group of answer choices mutations will likely introduce new alleles to the population. mutations will likely increase average fitness in the population. mutations will likely decrease average fitness in the population. mutations will cause dramatic changes in allele frequencies.
Mutations will cause dramatic changes in allele frequencies, this effect will be definitely visible.
Mutations are the changes in DNA sequence that occur during transmission of genetic material during reproduction. These changes are responsible for diversity in genetic sequence and hence formation of new alleles.
The effect of these alleles can be visible as phenotypes or difference in protein structures which may result in abnormality. Genetic drift is the change in frequency of allele randomly, due to mutation. It occurs through generations and is a mechanism of evolution. The phenomenon is common in small population and hence there will be dramatic change in allele frequencies.
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scientists and their contributions to the models of atom
The primary researchers and intellectuals engaged in inventing the atomic model we know today include Democritus, John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, and Ernest Rutherford. There were many scientists whose discoveries contributed to the atomic model. The nuclear model of Rutherford. With his famous gold-foil experiment, which showed that the atom contains a tiny, heavy nucleus, Rutherford overturned Thomson's hypothesis in 1911.
JJ Thomson's original investigation into cathode rays, which led to the discovery of the electron, was the most brilliant accomplishment of his life. It was revealed during his evening talk to the Royal Institution. The electrons orbit the atom's nucleus in specified, legal routes, according to the Bohr model, also referred to as a planetary model. When the electron is in one of these orbits, its energy is constant.
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which choice among a-e below is false? a. transferrins: an iron-binding protein in your body b. fever: increases t cell activity and lowers iron availability c. amps: peptides of the innate immune system that possess antimicrobial activity d. interferon: acts on increfhypothalamus to elevate body temperature set point causing fever e. alternative complement pathway: complement activated by binding to pathogen surface glycolipids f. none are false; a - e are all true
The false statement in the given question is: (d) interferon: acts on increfhypothalamus to elevate body temperature set point causing fever.
Fever is the state of elevated temperature of the body. The normal body temperature is 98.6° F (37° C). Any increase above this temperature is febrile. Molecules called pyrogens released from the body of pathogens trigger the hypothalamus to elevate the body temperatures.
Interferon is the immune protein released from the cells that get infected by the virus. The function of the interferon is to inhibit the viral replication inside the body so as to prevent the spread of infection inside the body.
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Genes are segments of DNA on a chromosome that control what?
Answer:
Your genes contain instructions that tell your cells to make molecules called proteins. Proteins perform various functions in your body to keep you healthy. Each gene carries instructions that determine your features.
Answer:
Genes are the segments of DNA that provide the codes to construct a protein.
Explanation:
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which is closest to the definition of primary production? select one: a. the net sinking rate of carbon from the surface oceans to the deep b. the production by primary producers in the deep parts of the ocean c. the rate of fixation of carbon per unit area per unit time d. the part of production that is primary and not secondary or tertiary
Closest to the definition of primary production is the production by primary producers in the deep parts of the ocean. So the correct option is b.
Primary production in ecology is the synthesis of organic molecules from aqueous or atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Primary production refers to the process by which autotrophs assimilate and fix inorganic carbon and other inorganic nutrients into organic matter. The chemical energy source is typically ignored when estimating an ecosystem's primary production.
There are two forms of primary production: gross primary production, which measures the total amount of organic material generated by all producers in an ecosystem. The pace at which energy is fixed by autotrophs in excess of respiration is known as net primary production. Gross primary output minus respiration equals net primary production.
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rates of evolutionary change measured overshort time intervals are often very high. however, rates of evolutionary change measured over long time intervals are generally much lower. for example, see the discussion of body mass in mammals. should we expect this pattern to hold true for most characters? does this pattern imply that the evolution of major new characters, such as the wings of bats, should occur very rapidly?
Evolutionary histories are rife having alternate, stasis, and reversals.
The sample described is usually visible invarious organisms and could apply to many organismal capabilities. Comparisons of two points of a lineage may additionally show a exchange, but in between there will without a doubt additionally be intervals of stasis. The evolution of novel characteristics might arise unexpectedly. a new trait that provides a advantage.
Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the beauty Mammalia, characterised through way of the presence of mammary glands which in girls produce milk for feeding their more youthful, a neocortex, fur or hair, and 3 center ear bones.
Mammals actually play an vital function in ecosystems through supplying crucial services consisting of seed dispersal, pollination and regulating insect populations, and reducing sickness transmission and there's a few evidence that some corporations act as signs of sizable environment health.
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Which of the following is a product of respiration resulting from the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds?
a glucose
b. oxygen
c. carbon dioxide
d. all of the above
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration from the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds.
Explanation:
Cellular respiration takes glucose and water and turns them into carbon dioxide and water in the formula:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
When the carbon bonds are broke, carbon dioxide is produced.
The carbon cycle is one type of biogeochemical cycle that is necessary for the movement of matter.
What would happen if plants were removed from the environment?
If plants were removed from the carbon cycle, carbon will accumulate in the air as carbon dioxide and animals will not be able to obtain carbon.
What is the carbon cycle?The carbon cycle is a cycle that describes how carbon is recycled between the living and the non-living component of the environment.
Carbon is an essential element both for the living and the non-living components of the environment.
In living organisms, carbon is known as the element of life. This is because all living organisms require carbon for their existence. Carbon forms the backbone of all organic molecules.
Thus, in the carbon cycle, carbon is cycled between plants and animals, the atmosphere as well as in ocean water. Plants remove carbon from the atmosphere during photosynthesis. Animals release carbon during respiration.
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describe two early hypotheses that dr. gillespie proposed to explain the morph ratio in the happy-face spider.
The first hypothesis is “why did each island have a 2:1 ratio of yellow to other morphs.” The second hypothesis is “why did the spiders come onto the islands in corresending order from 1 to 42”.
The current theory put forth by Gillespie and colleagues claims that predators looking for happy-face spiders keep the islands' 2:1 ratio constant. Predators on each island are either ineffectively looking for many morphs or effectively looking for the most prevalent morph, the yellow morph. Non-yellow morphs benefit from this since they are able to avoid predators more frequently. However, as other morphs become quite prevalent, predators begin to seek them out, which drives their frequencies back down. This method might shed light on why different morphs have evolved on different islands and why yellow and other spiders are regularly found in a 2:1 ratio.
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the effect on ocean acidification on marine life such as such as phytoplankton algae, invertebrates, and vertebrates -
The overall effect of ocean acidification on marine life is habitats are in danger of extinction. Due to increase CO2 concentration and decrease O2 in ocean water.
The general rise in Earth's temperature, especially as a result of global warming and other factors, is what causes the oceans' temperature to rise.
The solubility of oxygen decreases as water temperature, in this example ocean temperature, rises. This is due to the higher kinetic energy of oxygen molecules, which allows them to move out of the solution or body of water. In general, this implies that the diversity of marine life would decrease as the oxygen level would decrease and carbon dioxide levels increased. Due to ore CO2 dissolving in water, it makes the water acidic.
Acidification has the following consequences on the marine environment:
1. Species' shells and skeletons are dissolving as the acidity of the environment rises.
2. The increased acid content in the ocean reduces the organisms' capacity to calcify.
3. Not able to stay healthy in acidic water.
4. For some fish species are not able to find food.
Therefore, the increase in acidity will result in dangers and the extinction of species.
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why do other species have such different ranges of sensitivity for both visual and auditory stimuli compared to humans?
In order to best fit their specific environmental niches, other species have evolved. Due to the fact that only noises within this frequency range can cause the cochlea in humans to be stimulated, humans have a limited range of auditory sensitivity. Because the cochlea's hair cells have varied lengths, they can pick up different sound frequencies.
The pressure fluctuations caused by vibrating molecules are known as sound waves. The three psychological aspects of sound—loudness, pitch, and timbre—are influenced by the physical properties of sound waves. The amplitude, or height, of sound waves determines how loud something is. The perceived sound volume increases with increasing amplitude.
Although different frequencies of sounds (tones) have the same sound pressure levels, the human ear does not respond to them all equally. The subjective or individual magnitude of a sound is referred to as its loudness. A sound's loudness is not inversely proportional to its sound pressure level and varies depending on the frequency.
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Marine Science Explain the difference between a wave’s period and frequency.
The difference between a wave’s period and frequency is determined by the fact that the wave frequency is inversely proportional to the wave period.
What do you mean by Wave frequency?Wave frequency may be defined as the number of peaks formed by a wave in one second. When you increase the energy of a wave, the frequency increases, but the wavelength decreases.
According to the context of this question, frequency is something that demonstrates how often something happens While period indicates the time at which is taken by that action to have happened.
Therefore, the difference between a wave period and a wave frequency is well described above.
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During DNA replication prior to meiosis, a frameshift mutation occurs. Will this mutation be inherited?
a
Yes, because meiosis makes exact cellular copies.
b
Yes, because frameshift mutations are always passed on to offspring.
c
Yes, because the error happened in a gamete.
d
Yes, because the error happened in a somatic cell.
Yes, a frameshift mutation that occurs during DNA replication prior to meiosis will be inherited because the error happened in a gamete; option C.
What is a mutation?A mutation is a change that occurs in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
Mutations that are inheritable are those mutations that affect the gametes.
Gametes refer to the haploid cells that are produced during the process of meiosis. Gametes produce egg cells and sperm cells.
Therefore, a mutation that occurs prior to meiosis could be inherited because it will be present in the gametes.
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Connect explain the relationship between the carbon in a molecule of glucose and the cellulose found in a plant cell wall
Answer:
The cell walls of plants are mostly filled with cellulose, which provides support to the cell. Wood and paper are the most cellulosic in nature. Cellulose is made up of glucose monomers that are linked by "bridges" between particular carbon atoms in the glucose molecule.
Plants' cell walls, which provide the cell its structural support, are mostly formed of cellulose. Glucose monomers that are connected by bonds between certain carbon atoms in the glucose molecule make up cellulose.
What is plant cell wall made up of?Cellulose is the primary component of plant cell walls, and it is responsible for providing the cell with the necessary structural support. The majority of wood and paper are cellulosic in their natural state. Cellulose is made up of glucose monomers that are joined together by bonds between certain carbon atoms in the glucose molecule. These bonds are what give glucose its structure.
A network of cellulose microfibrils and cross-linking glycans are embedded in a highly cross-linked matrix of pectin polysaccharides to form the cell wall. The cell wall is formed of this network. Lignin may be deposited in the secondary cell walls of the plant.
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Beginning with Earth, make a claim about the structure of the universe.
Summarize evidence to support your claim, and explain your reasoning
It now seems that the cosmos came into being at a moment in time around 14 billion years ago. The cosmic microwave background, universal expansion, and the abundance of light elements are the three sources of evidence supporting the genesis of this event.
Which facts back up the universe's expansion?The universe's limited age was first seen and supported by Edwin Hubble in 1929. He found that the further a galaxy is from us, the quicker it appears to be fading into space using the greatest telescope available at the time. By extension, this proves that the cosmos is expanding consistently in all directions.
The Big Bang, a space-exploding event, is how our universe got its start. Space expanded, the cosmos cooled, and the most basic elements emerged from a state of very high density and warmth. To create the earliest stars and galaxies, gravity progressively pulled stuff together.
For a long time, gas was the only material used. Mostly hydrogen and helium, this gas expanded and cooled.
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a group of organisms with the potential to interbreed and produce viable fertile offsprings is called ?
Group of organisms with the potential to interbreed and produce viable fertile offspring is known as species.
What do you understand by species?A biological species is a group of organisms that reproduce with one another in nature and produce fertile offspring.
In biology, classification comprising of related organisms that share common characteristics and are capable of interbreeding is termed as species.
The number of different species present in an ecosystem and abundance of each of those species is called species diversity. Biodiversity is very essential for the processes that support life on Earth. Without wide range of animals, plants and microorganisms, we cannot have a healthy ecosystems.
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What is another name for the “sentences” that DNA encodes?
What type of relationship do the spider
and the fern have?
Answer:
Commensal relationship
Explanation:
Spiders build their webs on trees. The spider gets to live in the tree, but the tree is unaffected.
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how were terrestrial environments occupied by vascular plants and animals, including tetrapods during middle paleozoic
Terrestrial animals' adaptations include body weight, protection, and humidity. Vascular plants thrive because they can transfer water, nutrients, and seeds more effectively.
The Age of Fishes corresponds to the middle Paleozoic.
True roots consisting of vascular tissues have emerged in vascular plants. Rhizoids can absorb less water and minerals from the soil than roots can. All terrestrial plants share four main adaptations: a sporangium where spores are made, a gametangium where haploid cells are produced, and apical meristem tissue in roots and shoots.
Tetrapod species developed seven or more vertebrae, which increased neck movement, as they continued to evolve on land. Early tetrapods' shoulders and pelvis grew and developed, enabling them to carry loads on land. Different skeleton and muscle adaptations that allow for proper support and movement on land.
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The spinal column is sometimes referred to as the backbone
True Or False
The statement the spinal column is sometimes referred to as the backbone is TRUE because it provides structural support to the body.
What is the spinal column in the human body?The spinal column is a series of vertebrae which include cervical spine vertebrae, thoracic spine vertebrae, lumbar spine vertebrae and sacral spine vertebrae. These bones are able to support the weight of the body.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the spinal column in our body provides a structure that supports the human body.
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