Hodgkin's lymphoma is a type of cancer that affects the lymphatic system and causes malignant tumors of lymph nodes (lymphoma).
What is Hodgkin's lymphoma?
It is a localized or disseminated malignant proliferation of cells of the lymphoreticular system, primarily involving lymph node tissue, spleen, liver, and bone marrow. In this disease white blood cells called lymphocytes grow out of control, causing swollen lymph nodes and growths throughout the body.
Hodgkin lymphoma most commonly affects lymph nodes in the neck or in the area between the lungs and behind the breastbone.
Let us discuss other options:
Sarcoidosis is characterized by the growth of tiny collections of inflammatory cells in any part of the body most commonly in the lungs and lymph nodes.Lymphedema is the swelling of the lymph nodes due to blockage in the lymphatic system.Lymphocytopenia is the increase in the count of white blood cells that occurs when the lymphocyte count is lower than usual.Hypersplenism is an overreactive spleen that removes the blood cells too early and too quickly.Hence Hodgkin's disease causes the malignant tumor of lymph nodes.
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a group of cells is assayed for dna content immediately following mitosis and is found to have an average of 10 picograms of dna per nucleus. approximately how many picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis?
20 picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis
What is cell cycle?
It refers to series of events that take place in a cell, resulting in the duplication of DNA and division of cytoplasm and organelles to produce two daughter cells.”
Phases of cell cycle
Interphase and M phaseInterphase has G1 phase, S phase and G2 phaseInterphase:
Also known as resting phase of the cell cycle; interphase is the time during which the cell prepares for division by undergoing both cell growth and DNA replication. It is divided into three phases:-
G1 phase: It is the phase of the cell between mitosis and initiation of replication of the genetic material of the cell. During this phase, cell is metabolically active and continues to grow without replicating its DNA.S phase (Synthesis) – The DNA replication takes place during this phase. If the initial quantity of DNA in the cell is denoted as 2N, then after the replication it becomes 4N. However the number of chromosomes does not vary, i.e. if the number of chromosomes during G1 phase was 2n, it will remain 2n at the end of S phase. G2 phase (Gap 2) –During this phase, the RNA, proteins, other macromolecules required for multiplication of cell organelles, spindle formation, and cell growth are produced as cell prepares to go into the mitotic phase.M phase:
This is mitotic phase or the phase of the equational division as the cell undergoes a complete reorganization to give birth to a progeny that has the same number of chromosomes as the parent cellMitotic phase is divided into four overlapping stages:-Prophase,
Metaphase,
Anaphase, and
Telophase
According to given data, 10 picograms of dna per nucleus was found in the cells following mitosis. DNA replication takes place in the S phase, thus doubling the dna per nucleus to 20 picograms.
S phase is followed by G2 phase, and then prophase (of M phase) during which there is no change in the DNA content of the cell.
Thus 20 picograms of dna would be found in a nucleus at prophase of mitosis.
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HELP. QUESTION: Do we learn from our mistakes using pesticides that contained DDT was very effective in controlling insect pests on many crops. It was subsequently banned because of this harmful side effect
A. Soft egg shells
B. Bioaccumulation
C. Birth defects in baby chicks
D. Death of small mammals
DDT was subsequently banned despite being very effective when used as pesticides because of its harmful side effect of: (B) bioaccumulation.
DDT has the full form Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. It was a very commonly used pesticide or insecticide. It is a crystalline chemical compound. Apart from bioaccumulation, DDT was also responsible for the decrease in the reproductive rate of birds due to thinning of eggshells.
Bioaccumulation is the phenomenon where the intake of a chemical compound in an organism is more than its excretion or breakdown. In this phenomenon, the chemical agent quantity keeps building up gradually with time in an individual. Pesticide and pollution are the two most common reasons for bioaccumulation.
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Double-glazing all the windows in a house will cost £4000. It will mean a yearly saving of £200 on
energy bills. What is the payback time in years?
According to the given statement 20 is the payback time in years.
What is energy in Example?Energy can take on a variety of shapes. Examples of these include: electrical energy, energy, energy source, nuclear or atom energy, light energy, heat energy, mechanical power, gravity force, and so on. Each form has the ability to shift or transform into others.
Why is energy so important?Since it is a basic human requirement, energy plays a significant role in our daily lives. Our human-made structures are not only warmed by energy, but also cooled by it. To lift your thumb, get out of bed, or even walk down the street, you need energy.
Briefing:Based on the given conditions, formulate: 4000÷200
Cross out the common factor:20
Get the result:20
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which pair is mismatched? a.opsonization: can involve the adaptive immune system b.interferon type 1: can make a cell resistant to viral infection c.macrophage: immune system cells that carry out phagocytosis d.fever: induced by the presence of pyrogens e.alternative complement pathway: complement activated by antibodies
The adaptive immune system may be involved in osonization.
Option A is accurate.
What are the adaptive immune response's four defining traits?Antigenic specificity, variety, immunologic memory, and the capacity to distinguish between the self and the non-self are the four features of adaptive immunity. Lymphocytes (B-cells and T-cells) and antigen-presenting cells participate in an immune response (macrophages, B-cells, and dendritic cells).
Interferons play a role in the adaptive system, right?IFNs are a class of pleiotropic cytokines that were first identified for their capacity to prevent virus replication. But it is now known that these cytokines are crucial in controlling both innate and adaptive immunity.
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a horticulturalist wants to produce geraniums with specific characteristics. she knows that the trait of red flowers is governed by the allele r(rr and rr) and the trait of white flowers is governed by the allele r(rr). the horticulturalist plans to cross a geranium that is true-breeding for red flowers with a geranium that is true-breeding for white flowers. which punnett square best describes this cross?
The one that best describes the Punnett square of this cross is:
R R
r Rr Rr
r Rr Rr
Geraniums that breed for red flowers mean that the allele trait is Homozygous dominant which is denoted by the letter RR. And geraniums that reproduce for white flowers mean that the allele is homozygous recessive, denoted by the letter rr.
Homozygous dominant genes are a combination of two dominant genes from male sex cells and female sex cells. Homozygous dominant genes are symbolized by two capital letters, such as AA and RR.
A recessive homozygous gene is the result of the combination of two recessive genes from two sex cells. The homozygous recessive gene symbol is two lowercase letters, for example, aa and rr.
Heterozygous genes are genes that have different pairs of alleles so that one is dominant and the other is recessive, so it is written with a combination of uppercase and lowercase letters, such as Rr.
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Which blood vessels are responsible for bringing deoxygenated blood to the heart?.
Pulmonary Artery is responsible for bringing deoxygenated blood to the heart.
Pulmonary Artery Characteristics
- One of the 3 main blood vessels of the body.
- Out of the right ventricle into the 2 bronchi.
- In the form of a tube sleeve that resembles the letter "T".
- The veins are 1.2 inches wide and 2 inches long.
- Has a valve in the right ventricle of the heart.
- Thick-walled, elastic, and muscular.
- Carries carbon dioxide-rich blood (de-oxygenated blood) from the heart to the lungs.
Pulmonary Artery Function
The pulmonary artery is the only artery in the body that carries de-oxygenated blood. The other arteries carry oxygen-rich blood.
The valves in the ventricles act as one-way doors, through which blood can leave the heart but cannot return to the heart.
The right and left pulmonary arteries are responsible for carrying carbon dioxide-rich blood to the two lung bronchi. In the lungs, gas exchange will occur.
Carbon dioxide gas that is no longer needed in the blood will be replaced with oxygen gas that the body needs.
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a trna molecule with anticodon cag carries the amino acid phenylalanine. which codon of mrna will the trna join?
Using theories of codon, we got UUU,UUC a trna molecule with anticodn cag which carries the amino acid phenylalanine and is a codon of mrna which join the trna.
A codon is a DNA or RNA sequence of the three nucleotides (a trinucleotide) that forms a unit of the genetic information encoding a particular amino acid. An anticodon is the trinucleotide sequence located at one end of a transfer RNA (tRNA) molecule, which is actually complementary to a corresponding codon in the messenger RNA (mRNA) sequence. Each time an amino acid is actually added to a growing polypeptide during the protein synthesis, a tRNA anticodon pairs with its complementary codon on mRNA molecule, ensuring that the appropriate amino acid is inserted into polypeptide.
Hence, a trna molecule with anticodon cag carries the amino acid phenylalanine. UUU,UUC codon of mrna will the trna join.
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which stage of atherosclerosis is smooth muscle cell progression and proliferation involved in
In the early as well as late stages of atherosclerosis is smooth muscle cell progression and proliferation involved.
In both the early and late stages of atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a significant role. The extracellular matrix-rich fibrous cap that VSMCs generate to protect the early atherosclerotic lesion's "necrotic" core covers the lesion when they invade it from the media. One significant step in the development of vascular lesions is smooth muscle cell proliferation (SMC).
Up until now, there hasn't been any concrete proof that mitogens play a part in the formation of arterial lesions, despite the widespread idea that growth factors play a role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In reaction to vascular damage, during atherogenesis, and during smooth muscle cell migration. It has been discovered that migration activates a large number of proximal signals and signal transduction pathways.
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in the gapc gene (a.k.a. gapc), how many exons are not amplified by the primers used in the first round of pcr?
A minimum of two exons aren't amplified in the initial PcR cycle.
During an important procedure known as glycol illnesses, G A p C G is heated. I feel. The capitalization of black analysis and camps was appropriate. The damaging relationships between G A P C, daily hide, and cholesterol. Represents Venice Cyril D hiding the phosphate and Venice g ease hydrogen. Additionally, this gene is psychosomatic.
What about exons?The regions of a gene called exons code for proteins.Amino acids are coded for in exons, which are found in mRNA.Distinct protein domains are encoded by different exons.The domains might be encoded by a single exon or by splicing together many exons.A gene's introns and exons are nucleotide sequences.As RNA matures, introns are cut out via RNA splicing, which suggests that they're not expressed in the resulting messenger RNA (mRNA) product.In contrast, exons still are chemically sure to one another to produce mature mRNA.Exons are protein-coding regions of an RNA transcript or the DNA that encodes it that are translated.Introns are intervening segments of DNA that do not code for proteins and can be used to divide exons.The key thing to remain in mind is that codons are characteristics of RNA, whereas exons and introns are characteristics of DNA.Otherwise, there is a risk that the functions of DNA and RNA in the Central Dogma ("DNA creates RNA makes Protein") may be misunderstood.Homologous sequences within the opposite type of nucleic need to be referred to by a different name.Learn more about exons here:
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The female reproductive part of an angiosperm is the ____ and the male reproductive part is the _____
A.anther, stamen
B.pistil, stigma
C.stamen, pistil
D.pistil, stamen
a gene that controls seed coat color in peas also determines the susceptibility of these peas to a particular disease. this situation is referred to as
The sensitivity of peas to a specific disease is also determined by a specific gene that regulates the colour of the seed coat. Pleiotropy is the term used to describe this circumstance.
Pleiotropy is the term used to describe this scenario, which has been found in a variety of species, including humans.
When an organism is heterozygous, it has two distinct alleles of the same gene. For instance, pea plants can have either homozygous dominant (red-red) or heterozygous red blooms (red-white). They are homozygous recessive if they have white blooms (white-white).
The phenotype of an organism is its outward appearance (FEE ,TIEP). Purple or white flowers would be possible phenotypes for the pea plant's feature of flower colour. Yellow and green seeds, in terms of seed colour,
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the contents of this organ are so acidic that vomit (which starts in this organ) can burn a hole in a carpet. why doesn't this organ digest itself? the lining of mucus protects it.
The lining of mucus protects the organ.
Mucus is a highly hydrated gel that consists of 95% water, 5% mucin glycoprotein, and minor components such as electrolytes.
Mucus lining are present in inner lines of stomach , organ cavity , nose ears lungs and they works in providing a slippery layer . Mucous membranes are epithelial membranes that consist of epithelial tissue that is attached to an underlying loose connective tissue. Mouth, tongue, esophagus, stomach, and intestines are also lined with mucous membranes. These membranes are termed as the oral mucosa, esophageal mucosa, gastric mucosa, and intestinal mucosa respectively.
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy remains in the population because the allele is , and carrier mothers pass it to carrier daughters.
Answer: X-linked Recessive
Explanation:
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease caused by a genetic mutation of the X-chromosome and is recessive.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease caused by a genetic mutation of the X-chromosome and is recessive.
What are the séx-linked genes?These are genes that can be found only in the X-chromosome. The inheritance pattern expressed by these genes varies from the one expressed by genes located in autosomal chromosomes.
In the exposed example,
- muscular dystrophy are X-linked recessive disorders
- woman ⇒ carrier for muscular dystrophy ⇒ heter0zyg0us ⇒ XDXd
- man ⇒ doesn’t have muscular dystrophy ⇒ X-chromosome with the dominant allele ⇒ XDY
- XD ⇒ chromosome rarrying the dominant allele
- Xd ⇒ chromosomes carrying the recessive allele
Cross: Man x Woman
Parentals) XDY x XDXd
Gametes) XD Y XD Xd
Punnett square) XD Xd
XD XDXd XDXd
Y XdY XdY
F1) 1/2 = 50% of the progeny will express the normal phenotype, XD-
1/2 = 50% of the progeny will have muscular dystrophy, Xd-
100% of the girls will be normal and carriers, XDXd
100% of the boys have muscular dystrophy, XdY
Considering only boys,
100% of them will have the disease, XdY
0% will be carriers.
Considering only girls,
0% of them will have the disease,
100% will be carriers, XDXd
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cells in the adrenal gland produce the hormone epinephrine and store it in vesicles. to release epinephrine these vesicles are carried to the plasma membrane and fuse with it. what process is occurring?
Exocytosis is the process by which cells transport components into the extracellular fluid from within the cell.
What is the endocytosis procedure?A broad term for the process by which cells take in outside material by enveloping it with their membrane is endocytosis. Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are typically used as subcategories of endocytosis.
What makes endocytosis and exocytosis different from one another?Endocytosis is the process by which a material or particle from the outside of the cell is taken in by the cell membrane and brought inside. Vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the exterior of the cell is referred to as exocytosis.
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if a somatic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase, how many picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase ii of meiosis? (enter the number only, not the units)
Using the theories of cells, we got that 20 picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase of meiosis if a somantic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase is used.
The cell is actually the basic structural and functional unit of life forms. Every cell consists of the cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, and contains many biomolecules such as the proteins, DNA and RNA, as well as many small molecules of nutrients and the metabolites.[1]
Cells can easily acquire specified function and carry out various tasks within the cell such as replication, DNA repair, the protein synthesis, and motility. Cells are capable of specialization and the mobility within the cell. Most cells are measured in micrometers due to the small size.
Hence, if a somatic cell from a cat contains 40 picograms of dna during g2 of interphase, 20 picograms of dna would be present in each cell during metaphase ii of meiosis.
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atp synthases are found in the prokaryotic plasma membrane and in mitochondria and chloroplasts. what does this suggest about the evolutionary relationship of these eukaryotic organelles to prokaryotes? how might the amino acid sequences of the atp synthases from the different sources support or refute your hypothesis?
a) ATP synthase is a molecular machine. This enzyme (protein) is in fee of making ATP and is utilized by prokaryotes and eukaryotes. The truth that the equal enzyme seems in each organizations creates a dating due to the fact the perfect manner this will show up is via way of means of eukaryotes obtaining this mechanisms from prokaryotes. It is assumed that during truth this befell thru a manner referred to as endosymbiosis, wherein prokaryotic cells engulf different cells setting up a symbiotic dating. After hundreds of thousands of years it in the end have become 1 organism.
b) Since ATP synthase is a kind of protein one may want to assume that the amino acid series that creates this enzyme ought to be comparable among prokaryotes and eukaryotes and helping the concept that eukaryotes advanced from prokaryotes.
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which process would be included in an accurate diagram of the rock cycle? i
Answer:
Sedimentary and metamorphic rock melt and become magma.
Explanation:
the erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the (fill in the blank) .
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because , At high altitudes, both the total atmospheric pressure and the partial pressure of oxygen are low.
The cells that carry hemoglobin, an oxygen-transporting protein that gives blood its red hue, are known as erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs). Over 99% of the blood's biological composition consists of red blood cells. About five million RBCs may be found in one microliter of blood.
Because there is less O2 available to be loaded, high-altitude situations invariably result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels.
High elevations result in an increase in blood hemoglobin levels. This is one of the most well-known effects of high altitude acclimatization. Oxygen may be transported more easily when there is more hemoglobin in the blood.
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What helps to transport materials across the membrane, can open and close, or even change shape?.
Please help me please.
I have a F
Answer: The last one "Cells copy once and divide twice making two cells."
Explanation:
Answer: A process where a cell divides into two identical daughter cells. Cells copy one and divide one making 2 cells
Explanation:
The division of a cell occurs once in mitosis but twice in meiosis.
normally, proteins of large molecular size are not present in urine. increased amounts of proteins may appear as a result of kidney diseases in which the glomeruli are damaged or as a result of .
Because of high blood pressure or from injury to the glomeruli.
Why do proteins typically not appear in urine samples?There is protein in the blood, but healthy kidneys should only remove very little amounts (traces) of it through the filters into the urine (glomeruli). Protein loss in the urine is not typical.
What are the proteins found in typical urine?You typically have a very small amount of protein in your urine. If your urine contains a lot of protein (proteinuria), your kidneys may be the source of the issue. Your kidneys are a set of organs that purify surplus water and waste from your blood to create urine.
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evolutionary roots of aerobic respiration: each of you will describe your process across evolution. a.)first appearance on earth. a.what are it inputs and where do they come from? b.what are its outputs and where do they go? c.what is its most important output? b.)describe each and every subsequent different function of your process across evolutionary time since its inception up to its role in aerobic metabolism. as in part (a), you will need to specify inputs and where from, outputs and where they go, and the most important output. bring notes to the group meeting about how your process is connected to the electron transport chain in modern aerobic metabolism. what materials does your process receive and send to the electron transport chain, and what does this exchange accomplish?
When oxygen first appeared on Earth 2.3 billion years ago as a result of oxygenic photosynthesis in cyanobacteria, it fundamentally changed the trajectory of evolution by enabling the emergence of aerobic respiration and complex multicellular life.
The energy that was stored in carbohydrates and lipids during photosynthesis is released during the process of aerobic respiration and made available to living things. Glycolysis, the link reaction, the Krebs cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation are the four phases.
The development and diversification of the first animals depended heavily on the biological toolkits for aerobic respiration. Isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH), an enzyme, controls the Krebs' Cycle, a process by which organic molecules are oxidized to produce ATP in aerobic life forms.
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The flower is the blank organ
responsible for making blank.
Its strong odor attracts black
that help transport the black
from the stamen to the blank
The major floral components are the male stamen and the female pistil. The flower is an empty organ from the stamen to the blank. Anthers and filaments make up the stamen's two components.
What gender does the stamen have?The top-most anther and the stalk and filament that supports it are together referred to as the stamens, which are the male components of the flower. The pistil is the name for all of the feminine components. Stigma is the name for the sticky, pollen-receptive portion of the pistil that sits on top.
What role does a stamen play in the body?Flowering plants have stamens as their male reproductive organs. They are made up of an anther, which is where pollen develops, and, in the majority of species, a stalk-like filament that supplies the anther with nutrients and water while positioning it to facilitate pollen dissemination.
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Where in the cell cycle do you think the mutation occurred? Please explain your
reasoning.
Answer:
Metaphase.
Explanation:
Chromosomal mutation are either having an extra or missing piece, or having an extra or missing chromosome. An extra or missing piece happens during crossing over where the exchanged parts both go to one side, so one side has an extra chromosome piece and the other has a missing one. This happens in metaphase.
in your experiment did blood glucose increase at any time interval for the group that drank sugar-free drinks?
Aspartame is a sugar substitute that is used in many foods and beverages to give consumers a reduced, low, or no-calorie option. We use aspartame in several of our goods because we are aware that many consumers desire delicious beverages with lower sugar and calorie content.
What is Sugar-free drink ?Diet sodas and sugar-free flavored sparkling water are examples of sugar-free carbonated beverages that may raise your chance of developing diabetes and give you headaches. These sugar-sweetened beverages have fewer calories than conventional drinks with sugar added, but drinking them can result in weight gain.
What Blood glucose ?The primary sugar in your blood is called blood sugar, or glucose. Your body uses it as its primary source of energy, and it originates from the food you eat. All of the cells in your body receive glucose from your blood to be used as fuel. Diabetes is a condition in which you have too high blood sugar levels.
The term "glycaemia," also referred to as "blood sugar level," "blood sugar concentration," or "blood glucose level," refers to the concentration of glucose in the blood of people or other animals. A 70 kg person's blood contains 4 grams or less of the simple sugar glucose at all times.
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Which organ is primarily responsible
for eliminating food wastes?
Answer:
Large Intestine
Explanation:
The large intestine is primarily responsible for eliminating food wastes that remain after digestion. This organs collects waste from around the body as well.
Answer:
Liver
Explanation:
It has many associated organs like the salivary glands and liver which expels the waste into the digestive tract. Besides the undigested and unwanted matter in the food is also removed. The liver is a crucial excretory organ of the digestive system.
when platelets adhere to the vessel wall, they release growth factors that cause smooth muscle to grow. what medical diagnoses are associated factors that influence platelets to adhere to the vessel wall? select all that apply.
Hemodynamic stress, high cholesterol, diabetes, and smoking are associated factors that influence platelets to adhere to the vessel wall.
The release of growth factors by platelets that stick to the vessel wall promotes the growth of smooth muscle, which in turn aids in the development of atherosclerosis. Smoking, high blood lipid and cholesterol levels, hemodynamic stress, diabetes mellitus, and immune systems all have the potential to damage blood vessels, promote platelet adhesion, and ultimately result in thrombosis.
When your blood arteries are damaged, the platelets communicate with one other. The platelets instantly form a plug (clot) to repair damage when it occurs. Adhesion is the process of moving over the surface of a broken blood vessel to halt bleeding.
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in a certain fish, fin rays (supporting structures for the fins) can be either bony or soft in adult fish. linkage in a fish is similar to that in humans. what evidence would most strongly support the idea that the ray locus is on the x chromosome?
Mating of soft ray males and bony ray females give different results from the mating of bony ray males and soft ray females.
What are fin rays?
Each of the long, narrow bony protuberances that most bony fishes use to support their fins.
What is linkage?
Sex-linked traits or qualities are those that are impacted by genes found on the sex chromosomes, as related to genetics. Because the X chromosome has many more genes than the smaller Y chromosome, the word is frequently used to describe features or illnesses that are caused by genes on the X chromosome in humans.
Therefore, from the above explanation suggests that ray locus is on the X chromosomes.
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which of the following statements is correct? multiple choice mitosis involves one division and produces two non identical gametes. meiosis involves two divisions and produces four non identical gametes. meiosis involves one division and produces two nonidentical gametes. meiosis involves two divisions and produces four identical gametes. mitosis involves two divisions and produces four identical gametes.
Meiosis involves two divisions and produces four non identical gametes.
What is meiosis or mitosis?
Meiosis is the sort of cell department that creates egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is a essential system for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, consisting of its chromosomes, and splits to shape equal daughter cells.
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Alexis is trying to determine a victim's time of death. What is the LEAST effective method she can use for determining their time of death?
O A
О в.
O C.
OD.
rigor mortis
livor mortis
algor mortis
indicative acts
Time of death is determined by the rigor mortis method, which is the most effective forensic method hence option a is correct.
What is an effective method to determine the time of death?
This stiffening process, known as Rigor Mortis, has a generally known recurrence period and may thus be used to determine the time of death.
In general, if the corpse is warm and there is no rigidity, death happened within the last 3 hours. The death happened 3-8 hours earlier if the corpse is warm and rigid.
If the body is discovered before the body temperature has reached equilibrium with the ambient temperature, forensic experts can determine the time of death by measuring the body's core temperature.
Therefore rigor mortis is the best effective method to determine the time of death, hence option a is correct.
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