Osteoarthritis is known as degenerative joint disease and is characterized by hypertrophy of bone and the formation of Osteophytes, also known as bone spurs.
Osteoarthritis, also known as osteoarthrosis or degenerative joint disease, is a disorder of the joints characterized by progressive degeneration of the articular cartilage or of the entire joint, including the ligaments, subchondral bone, synovium (joint lining), and articular cartilage (bone beneath the cartilage).
On the extremities of bones, smooth, hard knobs of additional bone called bone spurs (also known as osteophytes) grow. They frequently manifest themselves in the joints, which are where two bones meet.
Following a joint or tendon injury, bone spurs can also develop.
Your body attempts to repair broken bones by growing new bone where it is injured.
Hence, Osteoarthritis lead to the formation of Osteophytes, also known as bone spurs.
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PLEASE ANSWER QUICK
Which type of archaebacteria are found in the same environments as those of bacteria?
Group of answer choices
Methanogens
Nonextreme Archaebacteria
All of the choices
Extremophiles
The type of archaebacteria are found in the same environments as those of bacteria are methanogens (option A).
What is Archeaebacteria?Archaebacteria are a diverse group of bacteria that belongs to the domain Archaea. They are exemplified by their ability to survive in extremely harsh environments.
There are three major classes of Archaebacteria as follows:
methanogenshalophilesthermophilesMethanogens are any of various archaebacteria that is capable of methanogenesis, which is the production of methane anaerobically.
Halophiles and thermophiles are found typically in extreme environments of high salinity and high temperature respectively.
Therefore, the type of archaebacteria are found in the same environments as those of bacteria are methanogens.
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Substance A is transported from the plasma of the peritubular capillary into the fluid of the renal tubule. Substance A is said to be __________.
The transport of substance A from peritubular capillary into the fluid of renal tubule is Tubular secretion.
What is Tubular secretion?
Tubular secretion is the phenomenon of transfer of materials from peritubular capillaries to fluid of renal tubule. It is basically a process of toxins removal from blood capillaries and tissues and their active secretion into the nephrons. The nephrons are surrounded by peritubular capillaries and the exchange between nephron and blood occurs via peritubular capillaries. The tubular secretion is most active in proximal convoluted tubule (PCT). Tubular secretion is an important parameter for measuring kidney function and excretion process. It also maintains the blood pH.
Hence, the substance A that is transported from plasma of peritubular capillary into fluid of reanl tubule is said to be secreted.
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Use the meanings of the prefixes and suffixes in the table to form words that will match these definitions
Answer:
Zoology: The study of animals
-----> Zoo- = related to animals
-----> -ology = study of
Chlorophyll: a green pigment located in plant leaves necessary for photosynthesis
-----> chloro- = green
-----> -phyll = leaf
Microscope: an instrument used to view small objects
-----> micro- = small
-----> -scope = instrument for viewing
Multicellular: having many cells
-----> multi- = many
-----> -cellular = having to do with cells
Hydrolysis: when a chemical breaks when reacting with water
-----> hydro- = related to water
-----> -lysis = a releasing, loosening, or breaking
Osteopathy: a branch of medicine involving the treatment of diseases through manipulation of the bones, muscles, and/or joints
-----> osteo- = bone
-----> -pathy = suffering, disease
Photosynthesis: the process by which organisms use light to put together food made up of carbon dioxide and water
-----> photo- = light
-----> -synthesis = to put together
Excretion: the process of separating/expelling waste from the body
-----> ex- = out
-----> -cretion = the process of separating
Macrophyte: a plant large enough to be seen by the human eye
-----> macro- = large
-----> -phyte = plant
Biometer: an instrument used to measure evolved carbon dioxide in an effort to detect life
-----> bio- = life
-----> -meter = instrument used to measure
If you are conducting research to determine whether cats have better memories than do turtles, which of the following fields are you studying
If you are conducting research to determine whether cats have better memories than do turtles, which of the following fields are you studying Comparative Cognition.
What is Comparative Cognition?Comparative cognition is the area of study that focuses on comprehending the cognitive processes and capacities that are seen in non-human species. If you are conducting research to determine whether cats have better memories than do turtles, which of the following fields are you studying Comparative Cognition. Comparative cognition is the study of how cognition functions and develops across species. It is sometimes compared to or perceived as being more generic than comparative psychology. The "glass half-full/half-empty" metaphor is frequently used to represent how emotional states can alter cognitive processes, and cognitive bias testing examines this relationship. It has been shown across many species and circumstances that an animal's cognitive bias can be directly linked to welfare status, e.g., those with better welfare make more optimistic judgments. Classical or operant conditioning is employed to test reactions to ambiguous signals.
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Sterile gowns are considered sterile from shoulder to:
sterile gowns are considered sterile from shoulder to: waist
How much of the land in the Chesapeake Bay watershed is used for
agriculture?
Answer:
Across the Chesapeake Bay watershed, 23 percent of the land is used for agriculture and almost 12 percent has been developed. Most of the remaining land is forested.
Color (black/gray/red) is a ___________ characteristic
Their are three main characteristic is intensity, saturation, and hue .
Red color is motivated by power, black is achromatic color with hue like white gray and white.black is symbol of darkness. Brightly co-loured object is one that reflects and transmits a large portion of light falling on it.
The great amount of light is reflected on white screen while a black screen would not reflects any light. Co-lour also linked with various personality trait , motivation and productivity levels in life. It symbolize life and death , love and evil and happiness and anger.Red color makes you feel passionate and energized.
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Which of the following is true regarding water’s high specific heat capacity?
When we sweat, our bodies undergo evaporative cooling which makes the body heat up
Water can absorb and hold only a little amount of heat before it gets too hot
Small amounts of heat are absorbed by water molecules in order to break the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules
Water’s high specific heat capacity helps regulate the temperature of the Earth
Answer:
small amount of heat are absorbed by water molecules in order to break the hydrogen bonds between the water molecules
I WILL MARK YOU BRAINLIEST PLS PLS
Answer:
a) is the correct option
xplain how the chemical breakdown of glucose results in the production of a hydrogen ion concentration gradient across the mitochondrial membrane, as shown
A high-energy electron is transferred along an electron transport chain to the inner mitochondrial membrane. Hydrogen is pumped out of the matrix space by the energy released. Through ATP synthase, the gradient produced by this forces hydrogen back through the membrane. when participating in the crucial process of oxidative phosphorylation.
Only a tiny portion of the glucose's totally free energy is released when it is transformed into pyruvate by the glycolytic process.
The breakdown of glucose into pyruvate within a cell's cytoplasm is known as glycolysis. The final phase of cellular respiration, known as oxidative phosphorylation, generates ATP using an ATP synthase gradient and a hydrogen ion gradient. The majority of the ATP produced during cellular respiration is produced during this process. Pyruvate can diffuse into mitochondria under aerobic conditions, where it enters the citric acid cycle and has reducing equivalents in the forms of NADH and FADH2.
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A mature ovum produced from division of a primary oocyte has 18 chromosomes. How many chromatids were present in the primary oocyte during prophase I of meiosis
72 chromatids were present in the present in the primary oocyte during prophase 1 of meiosis.
The primary oocyte contains 72 chromatids during prophase 1 of meiosis as the mature ovum has 18 chromosomes.
The primary oocyte contains 72 chromatids , that means it contains 144 chromosomes. During the first meiotic division, it produces one secondary oocyte and one polar body.
The secondary oocyte has 72 chromatids, which again undergoes second meiotic division and produces mature ovum and second polar body . The mature ovum contains contains 36 chromatids which means it has 18 chromosomes.
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Using the organisms you identified in part B, create a food web for the ecosystem you chose. Use this sample food web for reference, although your food web will contain fewer organisms. Note that your food web does not have to include images, but you may include them if you choose. However, be sure to include arrows to indicate the direction of energy flow in your food web. Design your food web using any method listed below: Use drawing or flowchart-building tools in a word-processing program. Hand draw your food web, and then take a picture of it. Use a graphic-design program. Using the Insert Image button, insert an image of your food web in the answer space.
The trophic web is the interaction between different organisms in which there is energy transference. In the attached example, we consider plants, caw, rabbit, bird, eagle, mountainlion, and fungi.
Note: Since you did not detailed the organisms you identified in part B, I will define what a trophic web is, and propose an example for you to understand.
What is a trophic web?The trophic web is the interaction between different organisms involving transference of energy when some of them feed on the other ones.
The ones placed at lower levels pass energy to the ones at the higher levels.
Organisms at each level feed on the preceding one and become food for the next one.
• The first link corresponds to a producer organism -autotroph-.
• The following links are the consumers -heterotrophs-: herbivores and carnivores.
• The last links are the decomposers that degrade organic matter from dead organisms.
Because it is a web, all organisms are in equilibrium until a change occurs. When a sudden change affects any of the involved links, there can be a cascade effect on the web.
Any change in a link population size (increasing or decreasing) will affect the superior links and the immediately anterior link.
Example.
To make the trophic web, first, you need to define the position of each of the organisms on the web.
Producer → this is the autotroph organism that takes energy from the sun or any other inorganic source → An example of this is any plant.
Consumers → heterotroph
⇒ Herbivores → These are the animals that feed on any part of the plants → Let us say we have a caw, a rabbit, and a bird.
⇒ Carnivores → These are the animals that feed on herbivores → Let us say a mountain lion and an eagle.
Decomposer → detritivorous organisms that take energy from dead matter → Fungi
So, our organisms are
plants, caw, rabbit, bird, mountain lion, and eagleFungiPlants directly provide energy to the caw, the rabbit, and the bird.
Plant >> Caw, Rabbit, Bird
The eagle takes energy from the rabbit and the bird.Rabbit and Bird >> Eagle
The mountain lion takes energy from the caw, the rabbit, the bird, and the eagle.Caw, Rabbit, Bird, Eagle >> Mountain lion
Fungi takes energy from dead organic matterPlants, Caw, Rabbit, Bird, Eagle, Mountain lion >> Fungi
You will find an image in the attached files.
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The bone marrow begins producing cells in the _____________ month of fetal life.
The bone marrow begins producing cells in the fourth month of fetal life.
Hematopoiesis establishes in the marrow and grows there until, at term. This process starts in the late first trimester when the bones are large enough to contain marrow cavities. Hematopoiesis can move outside of the bone marrow to various organs under conditions of prenatal and neonatal stress.
Between the bone spicules are the hematopoietic components. Both sinusoids and a robust circulatory network are present in the marrow. Pluripotent stem cells are the progenitor cells that give rise to all hematopoietic components and lymphoid cells.
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The laetoli footprints provide valuable information about the ____ of early hominins.
Early hominins walked on two legs is the answer.
Laetoli's footprint provides a clear snapshot of early Hominini bipedalism with slightly but significantly different limb postures. These data support the hypothesis that significant evolutionary changes in Hominini bipedalism occurred 36 million years ago.
Laetoli is a prehistoric site in the Enduleni district of the Ngorongoro district in the Arusha region of Tanzania. The site dates from the Pliocene to the Pleistocene and is famous for its Hominini footprints preserved in volcanic ash. The location of Laetoli's footprints is 45 km south of the Olduvai Gorge.
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Which of the following statements is most accurate concerning horizontal gene transfer? A. is unlikely to have any significant effects on organisms B. would be a potent alternative to introducing new genes into species C. would not be acted upon by natural selection since it is not natural to the organism D. would not be passed on to offspring
Regarding horizontal gene transfer, would be a potent alternative for introducing new genes into species
B. would be a potent alternative for introducing new genes into speciesWhat is horizontal gene transfer?Horizontal gene transfer, or lateral gene transfer, is a process in which an organism transfers genetic material to another cell that is not its descendant.
With this information, we can conclude that Transmission is the transfer of an animated etiologic agent from a primary source of infection to a new host.
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Describe what happened to the concentration of ions in the urine when the pco2 was lowered. how well did the results compare with your prediction?
When lowering the PCO2 in this type of context, the results which were gotten was that the [H+] concentration in urine decreased, and the [HCO3-] concentration in urine increased.
What us Urine?This is referred to as a liquid waste and by product of metabolism in organisms and usually flows from the kidney to the ureter and stored in the bladder for its excretion. During excretion occurs, the urine moves to the urethra and is expelled out of the body.
PCO2 which is known as partial carbon dioxide is the measure of carbon dioxide within arterial or venous blood. it is known as an alkaline gas which means it must have a high [HCO3-] concentration in urine and a low [H+] concentration.
This is therefore the reason why increase in [HCO3-] concentration will occur with an increase in the carbon dioxide.
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____________________ syndrome occurs when the tendons of the wrist become inflamed and swollen.
The tendons in your wrist are impacted by the painful ailment known as De Quervain's tenosynovitis. It happens when the two tendons near the base of your thumb swell up. The sheaths (casings) that surround the tendons become inflamed as a result of the swelling. This causes pain and numbness by pressing on adjacent nerves.
The additional symptoms:
Swelling close to the thumb's base. The backs of your thumb and index finger are numb. A sensation of "catching" or "snapping" as you move your thumb. As the tendons move inside the bulging sheaths, there is a squeaking sound.To learn more about tendons click here
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In ____________ , a double-stranded RNA molecule separates into single strands. One of the strands prevents a complementary mRNA from being translated.
Microsatellite instability and mismatch repair protein expressions in lymphocyte-predominant breast cancer
A Final statement or concluding statement
Despite common clinical anticipation that many patients would respond to immune-checkpoint inhibitors, the frequency of microsatellite instability (MSI) is reportedly exceedingly low in breast cancer (ICI).
Given that some triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) responded well to ICI in a clinical trial and that a high density of tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) is frequently observed in other cancers with high levels of microsatellite instability (MSI-H), we hypothesized that some TNBC with a high density of TILs would be MSI-H.
TILs are abundant in medullary carcinoma of the breast (MedCa), an uncommon histological form. Given that MedCa in the colon is frequently MSI-H, we predicted that MedCa in breast cancer would also include MSI-H tumors.
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During the overhead squat assessment, which of the following muscles may likely be overactive (tight) if the arms fall forward? Latissimus dorsi Teres minor Erector spinae Subscapularis
During the overhead squat assessment, Latissimus dorsi Teres minor muscles may likely be overactive (tight) if the arms fall forward. Latissimus dorsi teres minor is the overactive muscle during the overhead squat assessment.
Over head squat is practicing mainly in sports for the alignment of total body structure with flexibility by controlling the neuromuscular.The arms falling in the upper extremity of the body where Latissimus dorsi teres minor muscle is present.Erector spinae subscapularis is present in lower extremity of the body such as LPHC (Lumbar, pelvis and diaphragm).Learn more about overhead squat on
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Which is the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands?
Fludrocortisone is a synthetic mineralocorticoid produced by the adrenal glands. Synthetic corticosteroids are exogenous analogues of naturally occurring glucocorticoids and mineral corticoids produced by the adrenal glands.
Corticosteroids are natural hormones made by the adrenal cortex which are important for maintaining good health. There are two types of corticosteroids, the glucocorticoids and the mineralocorticoids. The major corticosteroids are aldosterone and cortisol and they are secreted from the adrenal cortex .The major adrenal hormones are synthesized at different locations of adrenal cortex like glucocorticoids (particularly cortisol) is made in the zona fasciculata (ZF), androgens and estrogens in the zona reticularis (ZR), and aldosterone in the zona glomerulosa (ZG).
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The space in the chest between the lungs is called the?
Answer:
The mediastinum is the space of the chest and between the lungs
With regard to maintaining homeostasis, in a positive feedback situation the stimulus is:______.
With regard to maintaining homeostasis, in a positive feedback situation, the stimulus is reinforced.
If we study a system in homeostasis, the positive comments loop moves a system similarly away from the goal of equilibrium. It does this by means of amplifying the consequences of a product or event and occurs when something needs to take place quickly.
In positive comments mechanisms, the original stimulus is promoted in place of negated. positive feedback increases the deviation from a really perfect regular cost.
The system of exertions and childbirth is perhaps the most-noted instance of positive remarks. In childbirth, when the fetus's head presses up in opposition to the cervix, it stimulates nerves that inform the brain to stimulate the pituitary gland, which then produces oxytocin. Oxytocin reasons the uterus to agree.
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Find the element in the periodic table. Find out the period (rows) it is in, and draw that number of circles.
Answer:
Name of element: Oxygen (O)
Period (Row): 2
The number of the period (row) in which the element is in tells us how many energy levels (known as shells or circles) the element has.
Because Oxygen is in row 2 it tells us we need to draw 2 circles.
The group that the element is in also tells us the number of electrons present in the element's outer energy level (also known as an outer shell or outer circle).
Because Oxygen is in group 6 it must have six electrons on its outer energy level.
We know that the first energy level always has two electrons.
So we draw two energy levels. On the first energy level, we draw 2 dots or crosses (to represent the two electrons). On the second energy level, we draw 6 dots or crosses.
Hope this helped and if you require more assistance from me, please comment below! :)
In this answer (you did not specify which element to use so I've written down the steps if you want to choose another element) I've written Oxygen as an example.
Which events occur during the atrial contraction and ventricular filling phase of the cardiac cycle?
Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles during ventricular diastole, and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and the aorta during ventricular systole during the cardiac cycle .
The cardiac cycle is a sequence of electrical and mechanical events that take place when the heart is contracting and relaxing (diastole) (systole). Blood flows from the atria to the ventricles during ventricular diastole, and from the ventricles to the pulmonary artery and the aorta during ventricular systole.The atrial musculature begins to contract with atrial depolarization. The pressure inside the atrial chambers rises as the atria contract, pushing more blood across the open atrioventricular (AV) valves and causing a quick flow of blood into the ventricles.The atria relax (atrial diastole) and receive venous return from both the body and the lungs during ventricular contraction. The lower chambers then loosen up during ventricular diastole, enabling initial passive filling of of the thick-walled ventricles and emptying of the atria.learn more about cardiac cycle here: https://brainly.com/question/12537609
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A Review of Global Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis AND doi
The consequences of infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) on the economy call for more research into how Moraxella bovis colonizes and lives on the corneal surface.
What is the review of Global Prevalence and Economic Impacts of Infectious Bovine Keratoconjunctivitis and doi?M. bovis strains that are virulent generate hemolysin and have unique plasmid profiles from nonvirulent strains. IBK prevalence is impacted by interactions between the host, environment, vector, season, and concomitant infections.
The illness process could be accelerated or made worse by Mycoplasma sp. or the infectious bovine rhino tracheitis virus. IBK symptoms can range from a minor case of conjunctivitis to severe ulceration, corneal perforation, and blindness. Economical factors, planned animal usage, and administration practicality all influence how IBK is treated.
The goal of antibiotic therapy is to increase medication concentrations in tears to levels that are at or above the minimum inhibitory concentration for extended periods of time. IBK is currently a disease that cannot be prevented. Vector control must be rigorously implemented and affected animals must be removed from the herd. Identification and exclusion of carrier animals from the herd are required.
Due to pili antigen cross reactivity, fluctuating strains, and unmanaged environmental conditions, vaccination efforts have been unsuccessful. Recent studies have revealed that M. bovis may use siderophores and iron-repressible outer membrane proteins to exploit host iron sources for growth. Understanding the typical defense mechanisms of the bovine eye may help develop innovative methods for boosting the immune response against M. bovis.
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You have stumbled on a new species of fly (order Diptera), and being a geneticist, you have already deritifled a few genes and observed an unusual phenotypic inheritance pattern. You have noticed that some flies have wings pointing forward and other flies have wings pointing backward. Digging in a bit deeper, you discover that the gene wing direction will controls which direction the wings point, and that if you cross homozygous backward-wing mother (wdir wall with a homozygous forward-wing father (wdir wer), all of the offspring (wdir wdin) have backward wings. When you perform the reciprocal cross, a homozygous forward-wing mother (wdi wdld with a homozygous backward-wing father (wdir wald, you observe that all of the offspring (wair wdir) have forward-facing wings. How would you account for this bizarre genotype phenotype relationship? a. Wing direction exhibits codominance where both phenotypes are represented equally b. The wdr gene is pleiotropic and affects multiple characteristics of the offspring causing the strange genotype phenotype relationship c. Wing direction is affected by something in the environment and is therefore an epgenetic trail Only the matemal gene for wing direction is being expressed due to genomic imprinting that silences the paternal gene during gamete formation d. Wing direction is obeying Mendes tws of independent assortment and segregation, therefore there is a 50/50 chance that wings will taco forward or backward in each offspring
Genomic imprint is the inactivation or silencing of one allele while the other one is still expressed. Option D). Only the maternal gene for wing direction is being expressed due to genomic imprinting.
What is the genomic imprint?Genomic imprint or allele inactivation is the process through which one of the alleles of a gene (the one coming from the mother or the father) is suppressed, and only the other allele can be expressed.
This is not a mutation but a silencing effect due to other external factors. The unequal functional paternal and maternal genomes characterize the Genomic imprint pattern.
In the exposed example, Males' chromosomes are inactive or imprinted and have a different function from those females' chromosomes.
This is a common pattern in some mammals, insects, and angiosperms. The paternal allele can not be expressed, which causes an unequal contribution to the phenotype of the progeny.
Available data:
Diallelic Gene: Wdir ⇒ controls the direction of the wingwdir wdir ⇒ backwardwdir-wdir- ⇒ forwardwdir wdir- ⇒ backward or forward1st cross:
Parentals) wdir wdir female (backward) x wdir- wdir- male (forward)
F1) 100% wdir wdir- (backward)
2nd cross:
Parentals) wdir wdir male (backward) x wdir- wdir- female (forward)
F1) 100% wdir wdir- (forward)
In both cases, the offspring is heterozygous for the trait but expresses the female's phenotype.
Only the maternal gene for wing direction is being expressed due to genomic imprinting that silences the paternal gene during gamete formation. Option D) is correct.
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You have stumbled on a new species of fly (order Diptera), and being a geneticist, you have already deritifled a few genes and observed an unusual phenotypic inheritance pattern.
You have noticed that some flies have wings pointing forward and other flies have wings pointing backward. Digging in a bit deeper, you discover that the gene wing direction (Wdir) will controls which direction the wings point, and that
if you cross homozygous backward-wing mother (wdir wdir) with a homozygous forward-wing father (wdir- wdir-), all of the offspring (wdir wdir-) have backward wings. if you perform the reciprocal cross, a homozygous forward-wing mother (wdir- wdir-) with a homozygous backward-wing father (wdir wdir), you observe that all of the offspring (wdir wdir-) have forward-facing wings.How would you account for this bizarre genotype phenotype relationship?
Multiple Choice
a) Wing direction exhibits codominance where both phenotypes are represented equally
b) The wdir gene is pleiotropic and affects multiple characteristics of the offspring causing the strange genotype phenotype relationship
c) Wings direction is affected by something in the environment and is therefore an epgenetic trail
d) Only the maternal gene for wing direction is being expressed due to genomic imprinting that silences the paternal gene during gamete formation
e) Wing direction is obeying Mendes tws of independent assortment and segregation, therefore there is a 50/50 chance that wings will taco forward or backward in each offspring.
As the DNA is unwound to allow replication, torsion builds up which would prevent further movement of the replication fork. What general class of enzyme allows DNA to assume a more relaxed state
Topoisomerase enzyme allows DNA to assume a more relaxed state.
DNA topoisomerases (or topoisomerases) are enzymes that catalyze changes in the topological state of DNA, interconverting relaxed and supercoiled forms, linked (catenated) and unlinked species, and knotted and unknotted DNA. This enzyme prevents the DNA double helix in front of the replication fork from winding up too tightly as the DNA unwinds
DNA topoisomerases unravel the twists in DNA that occur as a result of DNA transcription and replication. DNA topoisomerases I and II present in cells cleaves the DNA backbone on one or two strands, and it releases the torsional stress and then displacement of the broken DNA backbone.
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In green vegetables, such as broccoli, the orange pigments of provitamin A carotenoids are masked by
In green vegetables, such as broccoli, the orange pigments of provitamin A carotenoids are masked by lycopene.
What is lycopene good for?
Strong antioxidant lycopene has a number of positive health effects, including as better heart health, reduced risk of certain cancers, and protection from the sun. Although it is available as a supplement, eating lycopene-rich foods like tomatoes and other red or pink fruits may be the best way to get the greatest benefit.What is the side effects of lycopene?
Low blood pressure, an increased risk of bleeding, and digestive problems are some possible negative effects . There have been cases of lycopenaemia, a condition when eating a lot of lycopene-rich foods causes the skin to turn orange .Which of the following is best for preserving the vitamin content of food?
Storing food in the pantry is the best way to preserve its vitamin content. Antioxidants are compounds that protect the body against damage from free radicals.Learn more about lycopene
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2. Which characteristic do most cartilaginous fish have?
1 ; swim bladder
2:spiracles
3:external fertilization
Answer:
Option 2: Spiracles.
Explanation:
Cartilaginous fish (also called Chrondricytes) have a skeleton of cartilage, instead of bone. There are two subclasses - Elasmobranchii and Holocephali. Sharks, rays, skates and sawfish are elasmobranchs while chimeras are holocephali.
Here’s a list of features of cartilaginous fish in comparison to bony fish:
1. Cartilage skeleton: unlike bony fish that have a skeleton made of bones (just like other terrestrial vertebrates), the skeleton of cartilaginous fish is made of cartilage.
2. Spiracles: this is a modified gill of sorts, it aids with respiration and is found slightly behind each eye. It leads directly to the mouth. Most cartilaginous fish possess this organ (exceptions are present, such as hammerhead sharks). Bony fish do not possess spiracles.
3. Ampullae of Lorenzini: absent in bony fish, these organs are electroreceptors that form a network of pores filled with a form of jelly that can transmit electrical signals. It allows the cartilaginous fish to sense electric fields in the water (such as the movements of a fish struggling), magnetic fields and temperature. Some bony fish such as sturgeon and lungfish may possess these organs, however research is still ongoing.
4. Claspers: male cartilaginous fish possess an organ known as claspers at their pelvic fin. This is used during reproduction to transfer the sperm into the female for fertilisation. As such, internal fertilisation occurs in cartilagonous fish. Bony fish do not possess this organ, and external fertilisation occurs.
There are many other characteristics that differentiate cartilaginous fish from bony fish. They're an extremely fascinating group of animals that unfortunately, is decreasing in numbers. Very little is known about many of these animals, so it is important that we do our best to conserve the sharks, rays, sawfish and chimeras before we lose them forever.