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Mutations must occur in cells that produce the next generation and affect the hereditary material in order to affect an organism's descendants.

Mutations can have an effect on an organism by altering its physical characteristics (or phenotype) or by altering the way DNA codes genetic information (genotype). When mutations occur, they can either terminate (kill) an organism or be partially lethal. Mutations can occur as a result of errors in DNA replication during cell division, mutagen exposure, or viral infection. Germline mutation(those that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed down to offspring, whereas somatic mutations (those that occur in body cells) cannot.

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Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that poriferans diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals.

It is very likely that the Porifera, the most ancient animal group, originated in the Precambrian because they have an early branch on the animal phylogenetic tree. The common word for poriferans is sponge. Sponge evolution diverged from the development of other metazoans during an early branching event. This might be one of the causes for their lack of a distinct and intricate organ system.

Poriferans don't have mouths, instead they drink water through tiny pores in their outer walls. Spicules, the animals' tough support structure, were previously one of the main ways to identify sponges.

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Wind dispersal is the process through which winds act as dispersal agents, transporting seeds far from the parental plants.  In the exposed example, eolic dispersion is used by this plant species to transport seeds.

Wind dispersal refers to the transport of seeds from the parental plant to other places far away from it by the action of winds.

Winds distribute seeds in different directions and varying distances from the parental plant, which makes them good species dispersal agents.

Some plant species adapted to this agent and developed seed structures that make them more suitable for being transported further and better by winds.

Some adaptations are, for instance,

When we look at the image, we can see bunches of seeds attached to the top of tall sticks.

Plants develop these long sticks to expose seeds to the wind. The longer the stick is, the more exposed sees are.

We can also see that seeds have hair-like structures, which facilitate their release and transport whenever winds blow.

The form of dispersal this plant species uses is wind dispersal. We can tell this because of the long sticks to which seeds are attached and seeds with hair-like structures.

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Metamorphosis is the change from one body form to another within a species, such as the change from a water tadpole to a land frog.

Metamorphosis is a process of growth and development of an animal that affects body shape and physical appearance. Metamorphosis is divided into two types:

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1. An electron carrier transports electrons and their energy to another molecule.

2. The equation of photosynthesis is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

3. In the stroma NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.

4. In the thylakoid membrane, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.

5. Chloroplasts are not found in heterotrophic cells.

6. Autotrophs need light to carry out photosynthesis.

Why are the answers correct?

An electron carrier is an important molecule involved in cellular respiration as it transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.

Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and organisms such as algae use energy from the sun to convert water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugar.

The stroma uses ATP and NADPH in the next stage of photosynthesis to produce three-carbon sugars.

The thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyll and is located in the stroma where the light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.

In summary, chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of autotrophs and not heterotrophs.

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Answer:

Primary energy consists of unconverted or original fuels. Secondary energy includes resources that have been converted or stored. For example, primary energy sources include petroleum, natural gas, coal, biomass, flowing water, wind, and solar radiation.

Explanation:

With regard to linked genes on the same chromosome, the following statements is false a.) crossing over is needed to produce the nonrecombinant offspring.

When genes are present on different chromosomes or far apart on the same chromosome, they assort independently and can be said to be unlinked.

Genes are said to be linked when they are closely together on the same chromosome. Sex-linked genes are located on sex chromosome and X-linked genes are located on X chromosome. The crossing over frequency  between genes can be used to construct linkage maps that show the locations of genes on chromosomes.

Genetic linkage analysis helps in determining whether the disease phenotype is caused by mutation in a single gene.

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Answer: Energy can be passed up to the rest of the pyramid from plants. Producers are living things that are able to make their own food. Most of them use the sun's light to make their food.

Explanation:

Now if you are all the way at the top, what's at the bottom of this pyramid?  In order for it to stand, it has to have a strong base.  So at the very bottom, we have the living things that can hold themselves up on their own with nothing beneath them.  These are plants that are able to make their own energy from sun, gas, and water.  They do not need much help from other living things.  Energy can be passed up to the rest of the pyramid from plants.

Producers are living things that are able to make their own food.  Most of them use the sun's light to make their food.  They use most of the food they make to grow and stay alive, then store the rest in their bodies.  Have you ever pulled a carrot up out of the ground?  The orange part is the plant's stored energy.  This is a great way to grow and still keep some energy for later.  That is, of course, until a hungry rabbit hops along.

Answer: D.

Explanation: hope this helps!

The term "phenotype" describes a person's observable characteristics, such as height, eye colour, and blood type. Both a person's genomic make-up (genotype) and environmental circumstances affect their phenotype.

Each gene in a diploid organism carries two alleles, one from each parent. The phenotype of an organism is determined by interactions between alleles. An organism is homozygous for a characteristic if it inherits two copies of the same allele for that trait. One phenotype for a particular characteristic is expressed in homozygous individuals.

The genotype is an organism's genetic make-up, whereas the phenotype is its outward appearance.

Gene alleles are referred to as one's genotype, and the trait that is manifested as a result of those alleles is referred to as the phenotype.

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When many species reproduced at various periods, there is a condition known as temporal isolation. Three different orchid species, for instance, coexist in the very same rain forest. For seeds to be produced, each species has blooms that only last a single day and should be pollinated on the day that.

In biology, temporal isolation would be a form of reproduction isolation strategy that prevents members of similar species from mating and creating hybrid offspring. This mechanism is caused by variations in the timing of crucial reproductive events.

A reproductive barrier restricts cross-pollination between two populations, which eventually results in speciation. The populations of cicadas are a good illustration of temporal separation so because two species don't really interbreed since they would not mature at the same time.

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Carbohydrates are excellent source for quick energy because they are easily broken down by the process of hydrolysis. This happens because carbohydrates are easily soluble in water due to the various polar OH groups attached to its carbons.

Carbohydrates are one of the most essential food component required in diet. There are three types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Chemically, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy ketones or aldehydes.

Hydrolysis is the reaction where the water molecules break the bonds of the substance subjected to hydrolysis. The water itself also gets decomposed in the process.

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Answer: 24%

Explanation:

In double stranded DNA Thymine binds to Adenine. The number of Thymine and adenine should be equal .

The lipid molecule shown in the image is a satured lipid.

Saturated fatty acids are long carboxylic chains without double bonds in their structure jointly linked to a glycerol molecule. Saturated fatty acids are usually found in lipids and are solid at room temperature. Saturated fatty acids will contain many hydrogen atoms attached to their chain.

Its structure is linear and straight since it does not have double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, like unsaturated fatty acids, so they can stay close to each other. For this reason its solid composition.

Therefore, we can confirm that the lipid molecule shown in the image is a satured lipid.

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Answer:

Oxygen is important in the oxidation of glucose because it is highly electronegative.

Explanation:

By preventing direct competition, niche partitioning allows species to coexist.

Numerous ecological characteristics and functions, including food webs and nutrient cycles, are based on interactions between species. Depending on the evolutionary context and environmental circumstances in which they take place, the nature of these interactions can change.

As a result, a competitive interaction is one in which the presence of another species negatively affects the populations of both species. This typically happens because both species depend on the same resources. By preventing direct competition, niche partitioning allows species to coexist.

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Based on the radius of the adipocyte and cardiomyocyte as well as the ratio of the surface area of an adipocyte and cardiomyocyte, the surface area of an adipocyte compared to the surface area of a cardiomyocyte is 11 times larger.

The formula to calculate the surface area of a sphere is given below as follows;

Where;

From the data provided:

The radius of adipocyte = 50 μm

The radius of cardiomyocyte = 15 μm

Surface area of adipocyte = 4 * 22/7 * (50)²

Surface area of adipocyte = 31416  μm²

Surface area of cardiomyocyte = 4 * 22/7 * (15)²

Surface area of adipocyte = 2827.4  μm²

The ratio of the surface area of adipocyte and cardiomyocyte = 31416/2827.4

The ratio of the surface area of adipocyte and cardiomyocyte = 11

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The physical explanation for the very slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a biological membrane to the other is the polar head must cross the hydrophobic area of the phospholipid membrane in order to go from one side to the other.

It takes a lot of energy to complete this process, which makes it go slowly. Last but not least, phospholipids have the ability to "flip-flop" between the two leaflets of the bilayer in a transverse motion. The phospholipids in the lipid bilayer can move either radially, laterally, or transversely between the bilayers. The monolayer (also known as a leaflet) on one side of a synthetic bilayer extremely seldom migrates to the other. Less frequently than once per month, each molecule experiences this "flip-flop" process.

Temperature and Cholesterol level are those factors that influence the rate of the slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a membrane to the other.

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A person must be homozygous for the trait if they have two recessive alleles for it.

One of two or more genes that may alternate at a specific location (locus) on the chromosome is known as an allele, also known as an allele. The phenotype of a particular trait may be influenced by a single allele, multiple alleles, or pairs of alleles.

The mix of alleles that an organism possesses creates its genotype. The genotype of the organism is referred to as homozygous for that trait if the paired alleles are the same. The organism's genotype is heterozygous if they are different.

In heterozygous matings, dominant alleles abolish the features of recessive alleles. Alleles, however, can co-dominate for some features. H. Neither recessive nor dominant. For instance, in the human ABO blood group system, recessive traits result in homozygosity for the gene. Because there is no dominant gene to cover up the recessive allele, it is expressed.

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The one difference between eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells is that only eukaryotic cells have specialized organelles enclosed in membranes.

The single membrane layer surrounds the prokaryotic cells but there are two surrounding membranes in the case of eukaryotic cells which are the plasma membrane and the nuclear membrane. The cell wall in the plasma membrane is made up of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and certain amino acids, whereas chitin and cellulose combine together to make up the cell wall of eukaryotic cells. The cell membrane of the prokaryotic cells contains the Respiratory enzyme while the cell membrane of the eukaryotic doesn't contain this enzyme. In prokaryotic cells, endocytosis and exocytosis do not occur and it takes place in many protists and also in animals.

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Lymphocytes , in general: A) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. Hence option A) is the correct answer.

Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the immune system of vertebrates. Lymphocytes have natural killer cells, T cells and B cells. They are found in lymph, which prompted the name lymphocyte.

Lymphocytes make up up to 18% to 42% of circulating white blood cells.

If you have low numbers of lymphocytes , there is a higher risk of infection. Lymphopenia symptoms ranges from mild to serious and are correlated to the severity of the lymphopenia  but some people show no symptoms.

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Answer:

c) Evolved first

Explanation:

The characteristic of prokaryotic cells is that they evolved first. Eukaryotic cells started to form after the evolution of prokaryotes. Hence, the option (c) is correct.

The benefits of osmosis to living cells is that it provides turgidity to cell tissues and the way in which cells maintain their water balance.

Osmosis can simply be defined as the process which involves the movement of water molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.

That being said, one great benefit about this movement is that it gives turgidity to tissues within the cells.

In conclusion, we can now confirm that osmosis helps movement of substances in and out of the cell.

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Dimensions of the new shape x the scaling coefficient factor the original shape's dimensions. Ontogenetic allometry is the measurement of an organism's surface area (y) as a function of its mass (x).

A cell's surface area grows in proportion to its radius square, but its volume grows in proportion to its radius cube as the radius of the cell increases (much more rapidly). Consequently, a cell's surface area to volume ratio declines as it grows larger.

The growth rates of certain body sections vary from those of the entire body during allometric growth. Body parts develop at the same rate as the rest of the body in isometric growth, in contrast. In summary, whereas the growth rate is identical for isometric growth, it is not for allometric growth.

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sometimes tectonic plates shift past each other in divergent directions at their boundary

A tectonic plate or lithospheric plate is a massive, irregularly shaped  solid rock composed of both continental and oceanic lithosphere.

The Plate size can vary greatly that is from a few hundred to thousands of kilometers across the Pacific and Antarctic Plates and the Plate thickness also varies greatly.

Continental crust is made up of granitic rocks which contain relatively lightweight minerals such as quartz and feldspar where as  oceanic crust is made up of basaltic rocks, which are much denser and heavier.

Most of the boundaries between the plates is not seen, because they are hidden beneath the oceans and oceanic plate boundaries can be mapped accurately.

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These organisms belong to the Phylum Euglenzoa.

A sizable subclass of flagellate Discoba is called Euglenozoa. As well as several popular free-living organisms, they also contain a few significant parasites, some of which can infect people.

Three primary clades—Kinetoplastea, Diplonema, and Symbiontida—represent the euglenozoa.

The phylum Euglenozoa divides into three distinct lineages with various life strategies: euglenids, kinetoplastids, and diplonemids.

While certain euglenoid genera include chloroplasts and are thus classified as algae, the bulk of Euglenozoa's genera are colorless and devoid of chloroplasts, which do not comply to normal algal traits. This has caused controversy regarding the taxonomy of Euglenozoa for a long time.

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Answer:

Plants absorb energy from sunlight, take in carbon dioxide from the air through their leaves, take up water through their roots, and produce glucose and oxygen.

Explanation: