There are different types of interactions among species, like 1) coevolution and 2) parasitism.
What are coevolution and parasitism?
Coevolution → relationship between two species that interact and adapt to each other. Occurs a reciprocal genetic change due to selective pressures that each species imposes on the other.
Parasitism → interaction between species in which one of them is beneficiated, while the other suffers a consequence, reducing its fitness. These interactions are mainly about nutrition.
1) hummingbirds-flowers: Coevolution
2) cuckoos-other birds: Parasitism
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There are an estimated 12,600 spiders in a region of 525 square meters. how many spiders are there per square meter?
There are 24 spiders per square meter.
The largest population that an ecosystem is able to support indefinitely with the resources that it possesses is referred to as the "maximum load" by population biologists. This number is referred to as the carrying capacity of the ecosystem. The carrying capacity of an ecosystem is determined by a wide variety of biotic and abiotic factors.
The population density is calculated by the formulae :
Population density = Number of people / Total area occupied
Given in the question,
Number of people = 12,600
Total area = 525 sq. meter
Therefore, population density = 12600/525
= 24
Therefore, the number of spiders found per square meter is 24.
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The advantage to the cell of the gradual oxidation of glucose during cellular respiration compared with its combustion to co2 and h2o in a single step is that?
Advantage of Gradual glucose oxidation releases ATP, the energy currency of the cell systems. Cells are capable of storing small amount of ATP and therefore, gradual oxidation provides with energy supply for a comparably longer duration releasing only small amount of ATP at a time. That gets utilized for cellular activities and gradual glucose oxidation releases more ATP to restore them.
The process of oxidizing glucose includes formation of Catabolic pathway during which a 6 carbon glucose molecule is split into two 3 carbon sugars which are then oxidized and rearranged by a step-wise metabolic process that produces two molecules of pyruvic acid.
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HELP ASAPPPP!!!! PLEASEEEE
While sitting on a picnic blanket at the park, Sami didn't notice ants swarming around her feet and repeatedly biting her. She became very itchy and uncomfortable. Now each time she goes to the park for a picnic, she becomes itchy and uncomfortable. What is feeling itchy and uncomfortable just by going to the park in this scenario?
Unconditioned stimulus
Unconditioned response
Conditioned stimulus
Conditioned response
Answer:
C: Conditioned stimulus
Explanation:
Conditioned Stimulus is feeling itchy and uncomfortable just by going to the park in this scenario. So, the correct option is (C).
What is Conditioned Stimulus?A conditioned stimulus is a stimulus which can be eventually trigger a conditioned response. It is a type of learned stimulus which can eventually trigger a conditioned response.
It is repeatedly associated with an unconditioned stimulus until it acquires the ability to elicit a response which previously did not occur. In Pavlov's experiment, the sound of the bell served as the conditioned stimulus, while the salivation of the dog served as the conditioned response.
A substitute stimulus known as a conditioned stimulus causes an organism to respond in the same way which an unconditioned stimulus does.
Thus, conditioned Stimulus is feeling itchy and uncomfortable just by going to the park in this scenario. So, the correct option is (C).
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In a voltaic cell, a salt bridge is needed to allow the motion of choose. Between the terminals. In the salt bridge, choose. Move toward the anode and choose. Move toward the cathode.
In a voltaic cell, a salt bridge is needed to allow the motion of ions between the terminals. In the salt bridge, anions move toward the anode and cations move toward the cathode.
What is a voltaic cell?A voltaic cell is an electrochemical device that harnesses the power of a chemical process to generate electrical energy. A voltaic cell's key components are:
Anode, an electrode where oxidation takes place. Anions move toward the anode.Cathode, an electrode where reduction takes place. Cations move toward the cathode.A salt bridge is an electrolyte chamber required to finish the circuit in a voltaic cell.Half-cells are containers that serve as a barrier between the oxidation and reduction reactions.The external circuit, which typically has a load attached to it, is used to carry electron flow between the voltaic cell's electrodes.A load is a component of a circuit that uses an electron flow to carry out a certain task.Working of a voltaic cell:When an electrode is dipped into the electrolyte at the electrode and electrolyte contact surface in a voltaic cell, the electrode's atoms tend to produce positive ions in the electrolytic solution while leaving the electrode's electrons unaffected. The electrode thus acquires a negative charge.
Additionally, the electrolytic solution's positive ions have a propensity to deposit on the electrode, giving it a positive charge. The electrodes get positively or negatively charged in relation to the electrolyte as a result of the two opposite processes. As a result, there is a potential difference between the electrode and electrolyte. The term "electrode potential" refers to this potential difference.
Now, the electrode where reduction occurs is known as the cathode and turns positive in relation to the electrolytic solution, whereas the electrode where oxidation occurs is known as the anode and has a negative potential in relation to the electrolytic solution. This caused a potential difference to form between the voltaic cell's two electrodes. Cell Potential is the name given to this potential differential.
The voltaic cell's potential is sometimes referred to as its electromotive force (EMF) when no current is being drawn from it. Electrons begin to flow from the anode (negative electrode) to the cathode (positive electrode) when an external circuit is connected to the voltaic cell. As a result, in the external circuit, the normal current flows from the positive terminal to the negative terminal.
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Which of the following describes the PHOTIC ZONE of the open ocean?
A. the shallowest part of the ocean where there is enough light to support plant life
B. the part of the ocean that CANNOT support photosynthesis
C. the darkest part of the ocean, where NO light can penetrate
Photic Zone of the open ocean is the shallowest part of the ocean where there is enough light to support plant life.
Therefore, the correct answer is Option A.
What is Photic Zone?Photic zone forms the top layer found near the surface of the ocean.It is also called the sunlight layer as it allows sunlight to penetrate which allows the organisms present in this layer to photosynthesize.In oceans, the photic zone may be as deep as 200 meters.Because of the availability of sunlight, many life forms are present in this zone like turtles, sharks, jellyfish, corals, phytoplanktons, zooplanktons etc.Below the photic zone is present the Disphotic zone or twilight layer where only small amount of light penetrates.Further below is the darkness or aphotic zone where there is no light. This forms about 90% of the ocean.Learn more about the photic zone here:
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Phenytoin blocks the opening of voltage-gated na channels in neurons. therefore, this action has its primary effects on which part of the neuron?
Numerous antiepileptic medications, such phenytoin, have been designed to block voltage-gated sodium channels (VGSC) in neuronal membrane. In addition, multiple toxins and pharmacological modulators work by attaching to various biophysical states of the VGSC to cause their effects. Depending on how modulatory agents act, some VGSC states are stabilized or destabilized, altering the channel's biophysical properties. The first anticonvulsant to successfully treat epileptic disorders without causing undesirable side effects such as brain drowsiness was phenytoin.
Phenytoin has been indicated to block high-frequency neuronal activity potentials from the inner vestibule of the pore, as demonstrated by electrophysiological research and site-directed mutation.
Frequency and voltage both affect phenytoin binding.
There are theories that phenytoin interferes with the late sodium current that sustains depolarizations in epilepsy by blocking non-inactivated channels.
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According to the theory of endosymbiosis, early eukaryotes evolved by symbiotic association of prokaryotes. Which two protists evolved from a symbiotic relationship of organisms, which resulted in eukaryotic organisms containing chloroplasts?
paramecium
red algae
euglena
slime molds
The two protists that evolved from a symbiotic relationship of organisms are red algae and euglena.
What is symbiotic relationship of organisms?The symbiotic relationship is defined as the type of close relationship between two different organisms where by one or both benefit from each other.
According to the theory of endosymbiosis, which states that in symbiosis which involves a larger cell that serves as a host and a smaller cell that is referred to as an endosymbiont.
Therefore the two protists that evolved from a symbiotic relationship of organisms, which resulted in eukaryotic organisms containing chloroplasts is the red algae
euglena.
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Because extremophiles are hard to culture outside of their native environments, how do scientists classify and identify specific species?.
They use DNA sequencing to identify species via genetic differences.
What is the significance of DNA sequencing?
The four chemical "bases" that make up the DNA molecule must be identified in the correct order in order to sequence DNA. The sequence provides information to scientists about the type of genetic data that is contained in a certain DNA segment.
For instance, scientists can utilize sequence data to identify the DNA segments that contain genes and the segments that carry regulatory instructions that switch genes on and off. Furthermore, and this is crucial, sequencing data might point out variations in a gene that might be harmful.
Large DNA lengths, 1 million bases or more, from various individuals can now be compared swiftly and affordably by researchers. Such comparisons can reveal a wealth of information regarding how inheritance affects illness susceptibility and how the body reacts to environmental factors. The potential for diagnostics and treatments is also greatly increased by the faster and more affordable genome sequencing.
The biology of development and evolution can also be better understood by comparing the genomic sequences of other animals and species, like yeast and chimpanzees.
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During the process of learning, the brain shows a characteristic called _____, which is the ability to change in response to intensive usage for a particular task like memorizing a page of physiology notes.
During the process of learning, the brain shows a characteristic called Plasticity.
What is plasticity?The ability of the brain to reconfigure its structure and function biologically, chemically, and physically is referred to as brain plasticity, also known as neuroplasticity. Neuroplasticity can develop as a result of brain damage or as a result of learning, experience, and memory formation.
New neural pathways become stronger with learning and new experiences, whereas less-used neural pathways weaken and eventually die. Synaptic pruning is the name of this procedure.
Recent studies suggest that mature brains continue to display plasticity as a function of learning, despite being usually linked with changes in childhood. Neuroplasticity has protective effects on trauma management during human development. Learning a second language or a musical instrument can also boost neuroplasticity.
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The Southern Oscillation is in a negative phase when pressures are: Group of answer choices low in both Tahiti and Darwin equal out in both Tahiti and Darwin higher in Tahiti than in Darwin are higher in Darwin than in Tahiti
The Southern Oscillation is in a negative phase when pressures are higher in Darwin than in Tahiti.
The Southern Oscillation Index (SOI) is a standardized index that is derived from the observed changes in sea level pressure (SLP) between Tahiti and Darwin, Australia. This index is used to predict future weather patterns. During El Nio and La Nia events, the SOI is one measurement of the large-scale fluctuations in air pressure that occur between the eastern and western tropical Pacific. These changes can be attributed to the Southern Oscillation. In general, when time series of the SOI are smoothed, a very good correlation with variations is seen in the temperatures of the oceans throughout the eastern tropical Pacific. The negative phase of the SOI indicates that the air pressure in Tahiti is lower than normal while the air pressure in Darwin is higher than normal. Extended periods of negative Southern oscillation index values coincide with ocean temperatures over the eastern tropical Pacific that are abnormally warm (cold), which is typical of El Nio (La Nia) events.
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Injury to cervical vertebra c 3-c 4 is particularly problematic because ________.
A. part of the brain stem is located hereB. several ganglia are near this region that serve the heartC. the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from hereD. the greater auricular nerve that serve the parotid gland receive there fibers from here
Injury to cervical vertebra c 3-c 4 is particularly problematic because C) the phrenic nerve that serves the diaphragm receives its fibers from here.
The top portion of the spinal cord, which is made up of the seven cervical vertebrae (C-1 to C-7) in the neck, is located in the cervical region of the spine.Cervical spinal cord injuries are often the most serious kind of spinal cord injury because they affect a bigger area of the body and are closer to the brain. Tetraplegia or quadriplegia, which means there is little to no feeling or movement below the shoulders or neck, will develop from a cervical injury. The cervical spine's middle segment is made up of the C3, C4, and C5 vertebrae. Injuries to the cervical vertebrae C3–C5 are frequently severe because they inflict more harm to the central nervous system.learn more about cervical vertebra here: https://brainly.com/question/20840479
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The body in an erect posture, facing forward, arms at the side, palms facing forward, legs apart, feet pointing forward describes what term?
Anatomical position, or standard anatomical position, refers to the positioning of the body when it is standing upright and facing forward with each arm hanging on either side of the body, and the palms facing forward. The legs are parallel, with feet flat on the floor and facing forward.
The benefit of the palms facing forward is that it makes the radius, and ulna, the bones of the forearm run parallel to each other from the elbow to the wrist.
The term is used in medicine and related fields when referring to the position of body parts in relation to each other. There are four main anatomical positions which are:- supine, prone, right lateral recumbent, and left lateral recumbent. Each position is used in different medical circumstances.
The prone is defined as "lying flat with the face downward" and supine as "lying on the back."
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Which of the following forms of energy is correctly paired with its definition?
Choose 1 answer:
A Potential energy - the energy associated with an object's motion
B
Kinetic energy - the stored energy of an object due to its position
Chemical energy - the energy contained within a system that is
responsible for its temperature
Thermal energy - the energy in a system due to its temperature
Answer:
[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf Thermal \ energy}[/tex]
Explanation:
Corrected definitions:
Potential energy:The energy possessed by a body due to its position is called Potential Energy.Kinetic Energy:The energy possessed by a body due to its motion is called Kinetic Energy.Chemical Energy:The energy possessed by the body due to its atoms and molecules is called chemical energy.Thermal Energy:The energy in a system due to its temperature is called Thermal Energy.[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]
The peoples of ancient mesopotamia tended to see the world as a hazardous place because:_______
The peoples of ancient Mesopotamia tended to see the world as a hazardous place because of the unpredictable flooding of the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers.
The civilization of ancient Mesopotamia grew up alongside the banks of two outstanding rivers, the Euphrates and the Tigris.
Within the midst of a full-size desert, the peoples of Mesopotamia relied upon these rivers to offer ingesting water, agricultural irrigation, and most important transportation routes.
He notes that an irrigation device that allotted water from the Euphrates and Tigris rivers had to be used to develop crops.
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Which one of the following is an example of a strong base?
OA. Hydrochloric acid
OB. Sodium bicarbonate
O C. Sodium hydroxide
O D. Acetic acid
Which adaptations originated in some fishes and enabled vertebrates to thrive on land?
Lungs and limbs are the adaptations which originated in some fishes and enabled vertebrates to thrive on land and is therefore denoted as option B.
What is a Vertebrate?This refers to organisms which possess backbones while on the other hand invertebrates are characterized by the absence of the backbone.
The presence of limbs enabled organisms to move freely in search of food and other functions on land. The presence of lungs enables appropriate respiration on land for the survival of these organisms.
This is therefore the reason why land and limbs were chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The options include the following:
a. Limbs
b. Lungs and limbs
c. Lungs
d. Fins
e. Lungs and fins
Provide four major drawbacks to using fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, in alberta thermal power stations.
The four major drawbacks to using fossil fuels, such as coal and natural gas, in alberta thermal power stations is climate change, not renewable, unsustainable and biological accidents.
What is fossil fuel?
Fossil energy is all that comes from the burning of so-called fossil fuels. These fuels are formed by the remains of plant and animal organisms accumulated in the subsoil of our planet.
climate change; this is because when they are burned they release into the atmosphere the gases responsible for the greenhouse effect.they are not renewable; there are finite resources available and its reserves are not replenished naturally.unsustainable, which means that any burn of fossing fuels contribute to the pollution of the air by CO2.biological accidents over the time, such as pipeline leaks, exploding drilling platforms, and the dumping of millions of gallons of oil into the ocean.See more about energy at: brainly.com/question/1932868
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Use homeostasis to explain why you might throw up if you eat food that has gone bad.
Food that has gone bad can cause food poisoning in which the body responds to maintain homeostasis through vomiting.
What is homeostasis?Homeostasis is defined as the ability of human beings to maintain a constant internal environment which is meant for their survival.
When an individual consumes spoilt food the body responds by showing the following symptoms such as:
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Blood alcohol concentration (bac) is defined as the ration of alcohol in the system to ____________ in the system.
Blood alcohol concentration (bac) is defined as the ration of alcohol in the system to blood in the system.Also called blood alcohol concentration or blood alcohol level . The amount of alcohol which is present in the bloodstream.
A Blood alcohol concentration of 0.05% =0.05grams of Alcohol in every 100 milliliters of blood.It can be measured by breath,blood,or urine tests.High the percentage of alcohol higher the blood alcohol concentration. Levels can range from 0% to over 0.4% (a potentially fatal level).
It is a measurement of alcohol intoxication used for legal or medical purposes.There are some factors also which affects the blood alcohol concentration like - Age ,Tolerance, Metabolism, Medication,body, weight, etc
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Secondary lymphoid organs, such as the lymph nodes, spleen, and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues, each have distinct features that are important for their role in initiating immune responses focused on different anatomical compartments (i.e., the peripheral tissues, the blood, or the gastrointestinal tract, respectively). Yet these organs share some overall structural features, such as distinct
One major difference between these secondary lymphoid organs is the mechanism by which antigens or pathogens enter the organ.
Naive T cells can develop into effector and memory T cells, which remove the triggering antigen in peripheral tissues and produce protective immunity, with the help of secondary lymphoid tissues.
The spleen, which collects bloodborne antigens, the lymph nodes, which deal with antigens found in peripheral tissues, and the mucosa-associated, bronchial-associated, and gut-associated lymphoid tissues where antigens from epithelial surfaces are collected are examples of secondary lymphoid organs.
Therefore, One major difference between these secondary lymphoid organs is the mechanism by which antigens or pathogens enter the organ.
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Evolutionary divergence in directions of high phenotypic variance in the ostracode genus Poseidonamicus
Evolutionary divergence in directions of high phenotypic variance in the ostracode genus Poseidonamicus to reconstruct in great detail the evolutionary history of a set of landmark-based morphometric characters.
Phenotypic varianceIn most cases, phenotypic variance mixes environmental and genotypic variance. There are three main types of genetic variance: additive genetic variance, dominance variance, and epistatic variance. The inheritance of a specific allele from a parent and this allele's independent impact on a particular phenotypic are both examples of additive genetic variance, which results in a departure of the phenotype from the mean phenotype. The phenotype variation brought on by interactions between different alleles controlling the same trait at a single locus is referred to as dominance genetic variance. Different alleles at various loci interact to produce epistatic variation.
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The right atrium is the receiving chamber for
the _______.
The left atrium is the receiving chamber for the ______.
A. body; lungs
B. lungs; body
C. kidneys; pancreas
D. pancreas; kidneys
Answer:
A. body; lungs
That the allele that gives human red blood cells increased resistance to malarial parasites also reduces the amount of oxygen those cells can carry demonstrates
That the allele that gives human red blood cells increased resistance to malarial parasites also reduces the amount of oxygen those cells can carry demonstrates Pleiotropy.
What is Pleiotropy?
Pleiotropy is when a single gene demonstrates multiple phenotypic traits.
The cause of pleiotropy is the development of several distinct by overlapping mechanisms.
The phenotypic traits determine the external or the physical features of the organism. This could be the height, the weight, the color, etc.,
The phenotype of an organism is influenced by its genetic makeup.
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During a mumps outbreak at a local school, a teacher has been exposed. the client has previously been immunized for mumps, and consequently possesses:_______
During a mumps outbreak at a local school, a teacher has been exposed. the client has previously been immunized for mumps, and consequently possesses acquired immunity.
What does acquired immunity means?
Acquired (adaptive or specific) immunity is not present at birth. It is learned. When a person's immune system comes into contact with foreign invaders and detects nonself substances, the learning process begins (antigens). The components of acquired immunity then discover the most effective strategy for combating each antigen and start to form a memory for that antigen. Specific immunity is another name for acquired immunity. Lymphocytes are the white blood cells that provide innate immunity (T cells and B cells).
After being exposed to a novel antigen for the first time, acquired immunity takes time to develop. However, subsequent reactions to the antigen are quicker and more efficient than those that followed the initial exposure because the antigen is recalled.
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Adenoviral pharyngitis is effectively treated with _________.
i. proteases.
ii. antibiotics.
iii. nucleotide analogs.
iv. none of the choices is correct.
v. lysozyme.
Adenoviral pharyngitis is a viral infection that cannot be effectively treated with none of the choices above (Option iv).
What is a virus infection?Virus infection is a pathologic condition where the trigger of disease is a virus that has humans as suitable hosts.
Adenoviral pharyngitis is a virus infection caused by a virus called Adenovirus, which is capable of infecting humans and different groups of animals.
Adenoviral pharyngitis is a viral disease that can be effectively treated with antiviral drugs.
In conclusion, Adenoviral pharyngitis is a viral infection that cannot be effectively treated with none of the choices above (Option iv).
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1: At what level of visual processing is a visual illusion created?
2: how are blind spots and visual illusions related?
A psychological phenomenon known as a visual illusion is characterised by a perception that seems to deviate from objective reality. Visual illusions are perceived during the process of establishing size constancy from a two-dimensional retinal image in visual processing. Thus, the perception of visual illusions involves both low-level and high-level vision.
There is evidence to show that the illusion, which refers to a region of space that is invisible owing to occlusion (a blind spot), is still caused by visual mechanisms and can be just as convincing and potent as common visual illusions.
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The smooth but steady increase in muscular tension that is produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called __________.
The smooth, but steady, increase in muscular tension produced by increasing the number of active motor units is called a recruitment.
Muscle tension is the force produced when a muscle contracts (or when sarcomeres shorten). The two primary forms of skeletal muscle contractions, isotonic contractions and isometric contractions, are produced when a muscle contracts against a load that is not moving.
A load is transported as the length of the muscle varies during isotonic contractions, in which the tension in the muscle remains constant (shortens). Concentric and eccentric contractions are the two varieties of isotonic contractions. When a muscle contracts isometrically, the angle of a skeletal joint remains the same while tension is produced in the muscle. Sarcomeres shorten and muscles tense up during isometric contractions, but the load is not moved since the force generated is insufficient to overcome the resistance provided by the load.To know more about muscle tension click here
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Carbon tends to share these electrons with ____________ , the elements that comprise a majority of living organisms.
One of the element that comprises the majority of living organisms and tends to share its electrons with carbon is Hydrogen.
What is hydrogen?Hydrogen is an essential organic compound which is present in all living organisms.
Hydrogen can easily share its electrons with other compounds thus making it highly reactive.
Hydrogen combines with oxygen to form water which contributes to about 60% of body weight.
Hydrogen along with carbon and oxygen molecule forms bicarbonate ion which is an essential ion present in the body.
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A ""hot spot"" appears darker than other areas on a bone scan and indicates an area of _________ metabolism.
A ""hot spot"" appears darker than other areas on a bone scan and indicates an area of increased metabolism.
Nuclear imaging is used during a bone scan to assist identify and monitor various bone diseases. In order to observe internal structures like bones, such as the bones in the body, nuclear imaging uses small amounts of radioactive chemicals (radiotracers), a particular camera that can detect the radioactivity, and a computer. These could be metabolic or other chemical activity levels. Hot spots are regions with higher intensity. These might exhibit high levels of radiotracer concentrations as well as intense chemical or metabolic activity.
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How does hail form? what factors govern the ultimate size of hailstones?
Hail is formed when the water droplets freeze together in the cold upper region of the thundercloud. These lumps of ice are called hailstones. Most hailstones are between 5 mm and 15 cm in diameter and can be round or jagged. Hail stones are not frozen raindrops.
Factors that govern the ultimate size of hailstones are hail has strong storm clouds, especially strong heat, high liquid water content, large vertical range, large water droplets, and many cloud layers are formed by clouds below 0 ° C (32 ° F). This type of intense heat may also indicate the presence of a tornado.
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