As compared to its surroundings, the concentration of solutes is low inside a cell. So, the cell is in hypertonic solution. A particular solute in this cell uses energy for its transport from the cell to its surroundings. This type of transport is known as Active transport.
A hypertonic solution is the one where the concentration of solutes is more than the intracellular solute concentration. Therefore, the movement of water from inside of the cell to the outside. This causes the shrinkage of cell.
Active transport uses some form of energy to transport the molecules against their concentration gradient. This energy can be direct from ATP, called primary active transport. Or due to the coupled downhill transport of some other molecule, called secondary active transport.
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Two nucleotides on the same strand form a __________ bond while two complimentary bases on opposite strands form ____________ bonds. An a-t base pairing forms _____ such bonds.
Two nucleotides on the same strand form a Phosphodiester bond while two complimentary bases on opposite strands form Hydrogen bonds. An a-t base pairing forms 2 such bonds.
The constituent components that make up DNA's double-helix structure are known as nucleotides. Each nucleotide has a base in it. The four various colors you see here stand for the four different bases that might be used. Between nucleotides, a unique kind of covalent link known as a phosphodiester bond occurs. The two strands of DNA are formed by these phosphodiester linkages.
Hydrogen bonds are the bonds that develop between base pairs. Thymine and adenine make two hydrogen bonds, and guanine and cytosine form three hydrogen bonds. Therefore, we have concluded that hydrogen bonds are the type of binding that develops between base pairs in DNA to hold the two strands of a double helix together.
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All the nerve bundles of the body are routed through the:
A) Cranium
B) Stomach
C) Spinal Cord
All the nerve bundles of the mammalian body system are routed through the spinal cord.
The correct answer choice is option C.
The importance of the nerve bundles to the spinal cord.The nerve bundles are those structures within runs from the nervous system throughout all the body parts. They are electrical wires which helps to transmit signals or electrical impulses.
That being said, the spinal cord signals different electrical impulses from the brain to different parts of the body and also from different parts of the body back to the brain.
In conclusion, we now know from the simple explanation above that the nerve cells branches to different parts of the body through the spinal cord.
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who was alfred russel wallace, and what contribution did he make to the development of evolutionary theory?
Alfred Russel Wallace was a collector, an explorer, anthropologist and a political commentator. He was most famously known for his revolutionary idea of evolution by natural selection, which was entirely independent of Charles Darwin.
What was his contribution to the theory of evolution?
Alfred Wallace had collected more than a hundred thousand insect, animal and bird species, which he handed over to the British museum.
He had come to a conclusion by 1855 that all living things evolve. But what he couldn’t figure out was how. Three years later he figured it out when he was on an island, sick with fever: he concluded that animals evolve by adapting to their environments.
After his discovery, he wrote down his theory in an 8-9 page paper, and sent it to Charles Darwin. Darwin reached the same conclusion a couple of years later and the two men then published a paper together (1858), arguing about the theory of natural selection and evolution.
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if activity in the photosensitive retinal ganglion cells was inhibited, which region would lose direct input?
Inhibition was applied to the photosensitive ganglion cells. the hypothalamus's suprachiasmatic nucleus.
What is another word for inhibit?Forbid, interdict, & prohibit are a few typical synonyms for obstruct. Inhibit indicates limits or restrictions that are equivalent to prohibitions, not just by power but also by demands of the moment or situation. Each of these phrases mean "to prevent it from doing something or to command that something not be done."
Is inhibited the same as stop?To stifle, obstruct, imprison, and restrict (an action, impulse, etc.). to forbid or prohibit. psychology. to inhibit or suppress, whether knowingly or subconsciously (psychologically or sociologically unacceptable behavior). To stop or slow down the process of in chemistry (a chemical reaction).
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7. how are the nadph and g3p molecules made during photosynthesis similar? 8. they are both end products of photosynthesis.
Both NADPH and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P or GA3P) molecules use chemical bonds to store energy.
The process of photosynthesis is utilized by plants and other living things to change light energy into chemical energy that may then be released through cellular respiration to power the organism's activities.
The initial stage of photosynthesis results in the production of NADPH. The processes that take place during the second stage of photosynthesis are aided by it. For the many phases of the photosynthetic process to be completed, plant cells need light energy, water, and carbon dioxide.
Sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water are the three substrates needed for photosynthesis, which is a multi-step process. It generates glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P or GA3P), a simple carbohydrate with a high energy content that may be transformed into glucose, sucrose, or other sugar molecules, as well as oxygen.
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after teaching a group of students about anticonvulsant therapy, the instructor determines that the teaching was successful when the group identifies which drug as eliciting its effects by increasing levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba), which stabilizes cell membranes?
Valproic acid eliciting its effects by increasing levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (gaba) and steroidal drugs stabilizes cell membranes.
Valproic acid elevated GABA synthesis and launch in mind areas consisting of substantia nigra,146 that is concept to be worried withinside the manipulate of seizure technology and propagation. It additionally decreased the discharge of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid and attenuated neuronal excitation prompted via way of means of NMDA-kind glutamate receptors.
Vamorolone Stabilizes Dysferlin-Deficient Cell Membrane via way of means of Reducing Lipid Mobility. Lipophilic molecules, such as steroidal drugs, can have an effect on membrane pressure in addition to lateral diffusion of proteins and lipids withinside the plasma membranes
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Why do predators increase the variety of species living in an ecosystem
Answer:
Predators have profound effects throughout their ecosystems. Dispersing rich nutrients and seeds from foragingthey influence the structure of ecosystems. And by controlling the distribution abundance and diversity of their prey they regulate lower species in the food chain an effect known as trophic cascades.
Explanation:
green plants use light from the sun to drive photosynthesis. photosynthesis is a chemical reaction in which water and carbon dioxide chemically react to form the simple sugar glucose and oxygen gas .what mass of simple sugar glucose is produced by the reaction of of carbon dioxide?be sure your answer has the correct number of significant digits.
13.27g mass of simple sugar glucose is produced by the reaction of 7.96 g of water.
since the chemical equation for photosynthesis is:
6CO₂+6H₂O→C₆H₁₂O₆+6O₂
from the equation, there are 6 moles of carbon dioxide which reacts with 6 moles of water to form 6 moles of oxygen and 1 mole of glucose sugar. Since we know the molar mass of water is 18.01 g/mol.For 7.96g of moles of water will be :
nH₂O = 7.96/18.01g⋅mol−1
=0.442mol
From the reaction we get to there is the production of 1 mole of glucose from 6 moles of water, by the reaction of 0.442 moles of water, the number of moles of sugar formed is :
nC₆H₁₂O₆= (1molC₆H₁₂O/6molH₂O )X0.442molH₂O
= 0.074mol
Since the molar mass of glucose is 180.16 g/mol, so the mass of the simple sugar is
mC₆H₁₂O₆ = nC₆H₁₂O₆×MM
=0.074mol×180.16g⋅mol−1
=13.27g
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green plants use light from the sun to drive photosynthesis. photosynthesis is a chemical reaction in which water and carbon dioxide chemically react to form the simple sugar glucose and oxygen gas .what mass of simple sugar glucose is produced by the reaction of carbon dioxide of 7.96 g of water
describe how the antidote helped jared's cells make atp (include the etc and h gradient in your answer).
The antidote helped Jared's cells make ATP again as the antidote changes cyanide into thiocyanate which his body can remove in his urine.
What is urine?
As it travels through the nephrons and down the renal tubules of the kidney, urea, along with water and other waste products, creates the urine. both ureters. From the kidneys to the bladder, urine travels through these tiny tubes.
Explain how cyanide changes into thiocyanate?With the aid of the hepatic enzyme rhodanese, cyanide can be converted into thiocyanate in tiny dosages. Urine then excretes thiocyanate. A tiny amount of cyanide can also be changed into carbon dioxide, which the body exhales to escape the body. However, before adding cyanide, boiling the alkaline cystine solutions improves their ability to produce thiocyanate. Evidently, the potassium cyanide is converted to thiocyanate by the oxidation of the sulfur released during the alkaline breakdown of cystine (labile S).
Thus from above conclusion we can say that the antidote helped Jared's cells make ATP again as the antidote changes cyanide into thiocyanate which his body can remove in his urine.
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the mauna loa volcano of hawaii frequently releases lava that kills many surrounding plants. after the lava hardens, plant life returns to the mountainside. this is known as
The provided example is of primary succession. When a fresh area of land is developed or exposed for the first time, this is referred to as primary succession.
primary succession is the first stage of ecological succession following a severe disturbance, which often occurs in an environment devoid of plants and other species. These environments are typically devoid of soil, as disturbances such as lava flow or retreating glaciers deplete the environment of nutrients.
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what kind of molecules serve as electron acceptors in cellular respiration? molecules with low potential energy polar molecules molecules with high potential energy water molecules in an excited state
In the electron transport chain, oxygen serves as the final electron acceptor (ETC).
Which substances can act as electron acceptors?Oxygen, nitrate, iron (III), manganese (IV), sulphate, carbon dioxide, and in some bacteria, chlorinated solvents like tetrachloroethylene (PCE), trichloroethylene (TCE), dichloroethene (DCE), and vinyl chloride are a few examples of electron acceptors (VC).
Is NADH an acceptor of electrons?NADH performs the same role as the food molecule as an electron donor. The oxidoreductases, which transfer electrons from NADH to molecular oxygen, another electron acceptor, are the electron transporters anchored in the mitochondrial membrane.
Is co2 an acceptor of electrons?Methanogenic Archaea use carbon dioxide as a terminal electron acceptor to produce methane as their end product, and various prokaryotic groups use it to create acetate.
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Harrison is frequently nervous, tense, and worried, both at work and at home. He likely scores low on which of the big five personality dimensions?.
Harrison is frequently nervous, tense, and worried, both at work and at home, thereby he likely scores low on which of the emotional stability personality dimension.
What are the personality dimensions?The expression personality dimensions makes reference to major human features that shape the personality and behavior of an individual in society.
These dimensions include:
OpennessConscientiousnessExtraversionAgreeablenessNeuroticismTherefore, with this data, we can see that the personality dimensions are five and they are able to shape the major personality traits in the individuals that live in a particular society.
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identify the following terms from smallest to biggest, liver ,chromosome ,white blood cell
During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, what is primarily responsible for changes in length?.
During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, Diaphragm is primarily responsible for changes in length.
The main components of the respiratory system are the two lungs. They are located in the thoracic cavity, which is the area to the left and right of the heart. The rib cage safeguards the cavity. Other components of the respiratory system are supported by a muscular sheet known as the diaphragm.
The diaphragm contracts and pulls downward upon inspiration, or when the lungs inhale. The muscles between the ribcage tighten and pull upward at the same time. As a result, the pressure inside the thoracic cavity lowers and its size grows. Air rushes in as a result, filling the lungs.
Thus, diaphragm is responsible for the increase in length of the thoracic cavity.
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uiuc anth 246 what other traits in humans do you think follow the characteristics of simple inherited traits?
The following traits are examples of simple inherited traits: They are monogenic, or caused by just one particular gene. They could be binary or discontinuous.
What sort of characteristics are examples?Characteristics like honesty, loyalty, kindness, and impatience are examples of character traits. These are just a few of the many character traits that might help you better understand yourself or the people around you.
What characteristics are common?The most common system of attributes is the Five-Factor Theory. The acronym OCEAN, which stands for Openness, Conscientiousness, Extraversion, Agreeableness, & Neuroticism, can be used to remember these five basic characteristics.
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The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the male parent is _____.
The result of the following cross indicates that the genotype of the male parent is RR.
When a sperm sporting the Y chromosome fertilizes an egg, the ensuing embryo has a genotype of XY and may be a male. With uncommon exceptions, all different embryos may be XX or female. Although the Y chromosome codes for a male, the X chromosome is important for regular human development.
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the terms dominant and recessive apply to alleles that are found in a population at a very high rate (dominant alleles), and a very low rate (recessive alleles) select one: true false
"The terms dominant and recessive apply to alleles that are found in a population at a very high rate (dominant alleles), and a very low rate (recessive alleles)" can be considered as a false statement.
In terms of alleles, dominant refers to the relationship between two gene versions. Organism individuals receive two versions of each gene (alleles), one from each parent. If the alleles are different, only one of them will be expressed. The expressed one is called the dominant gene. The masked one (the one that doesn't get expressed) is called the recessive allele. Recessive alleles only show if the organism has two copies of the allele (no dominant allele).
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In guinea pigs, the allele for black fur (B) is
dominant over the allele for white fur (b).
In a cross between a heterozygous black
guinea pig (Bb) and a homozygous white
guinea pig (bb), what is the probability
that an offspring will have white fur? Use
a Punnett square to answer the question. Pleaseeeee help
Explanation:
parental phenotype : black fur 》 white fur
parental genotype: Bb 》 bb
gametes: (B) (b) 》 (b) (b)
random fertilization: (punnet square)
b b
B Bb Bb
b bb bb
f1 generation phenotype: black fur 》 white fur
f1 gen genotype: Bb, Bb 》 bb, bb
percentage: 50% black fur 》 50% white fur
ratio: 1:1
therefore the probability of an offspring having white fur is 50% or 1/2
an intrepid group of lab students is performing an experiment where they are collecting the gas given off from a plant in bright sunlight at a temperature of 27 degrees celsius. what is the gas they are collecting?
The gas that the lab students are collecting is most likely oxygen. When plants are exposed to bright sunlight and warm temperatures, they undergo photosynthesis, which is a process that produces oxygen gas as a byproduct.
During photosynthesis, plants take in carbon dioxide from the air and use sunlight to convert it into energy-rich organic compounds like glucose. Oxygen gas is produced as a waste product of this process.
While the exact mechanism of photosynthesis is still not fully understood, we know that it is responsible for the production of oxygen gas in the Earth's atmosphere. Without photosynthesis, our planet would be uninhabitable for most forms of life.
The lab students are probably collecting the oxygen gas given off by the plant in order to study it more closely. By doing so, they can learn more about how plants produce oxygen and how this gas is essential for life on Earth.
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placentals and marsupials are two groups of mammals. placentals are more closely related to each other than they are to any other group of animals, and marsupials are more closely related to each other than they are to any other group of animals. placental wolves look very similar to marsupial wolves. if you use distance analysis of morphological traits to build a phylogenetic tree that includes humans (a placental mammal), placental wolves, and marsupial wolves, which two groups would you conclude are most closely related? would the tree be correct?
Due to convergent evolution placental mammals (Wolf) are closely related to marsupial wolves (Tasmanian wolf). No, the tree is wrong.
What is convergent evolution?
It is the presence of similar features in animals of different lineages. The structures in these animals have similar functions but are absent in the common ancestors hence they are analogous structures not homologous.
Such convergence of functional, morphological, and structural traits from phylogenetically unrelated species may be a result of random mutation due to selection pressure.
Here, the Tasmanian wolf (marsupial wolf) and wolf (placental mammal) have several morphological similarities but they have unrelated ancestral lineages. Hence they show convergent evolution. These two subclasses of mammals have adapted to a specific food source, locomotor ability, or environment in similar ways.
Hence, the placental wolf and Tasmanian wolf exist sharing the same habitat in different continents former in Asia and the latter in Australia because these two show convergent evolution.
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calculate the binding energy per nucleon of an al-27 nucleus given the following masses: : 26.981541 amu; : 1.007838 amu; : 1.008665 amu.
The Binding Energy per Nucleon is 8.33 MeV with the given information. Electron= 26.981541 amu, Proton = 1.007825 amu, Neutron = 1.008665 amu
The Binding Energy per Nucleon is determined by dividing the total Binding Energy of the nucleus by the total number of nucleons. Mathematically,
Binding energy per Nucleon= Binding Energy/ Total number of nucleons
E=mc²
Step 1: Calculate mass defect (Δm)
The following information is provided in the question:
Mass of proton = mp = 1.007825 amu
Number of protons in Al-27 = 13
So, the mass of total protons = mp = 13.101725 amu
Mass of neutron = mn = 1.008665 amu
Number of neutrons in Al-27 = 14
So, the mass of total neutrons = mn= 14.121310 amu
Atomic mass of Al-27 = A = 26.981541 amu
Thus, the mass defect can be calculated as,
The mass defect (Δm) is defined as the difference between the combined mass of nucleons and the atomic mass of the given element, i.e.
Δm=mp+mn−A
Δm= 0.241492 amu
Total binding energy (E) = 931.5 MeV/amu
binding energy, E= 0.241494 amu* 931.5 MeV/amu
=224.95 MeV
Step 3: Calculate Binding Energy per Nucleon
We have the following values:
Total binding energy, E = 224.95 MeV
Total number of nucleons in Al-27 = (no. of n + no. of p) = 27
Thus,
Binding Energy per Nucleon= Binding Energy/Total number of nucleons
=224.95 MeV/27
= 8.33 MeV
The complete question is:
Calculate the binding energy per nucleon of an Al-27 nucleus given the following masses:
Electron= 26.981541 amu
Proton = 1.007825 amu
Neutron = 1.008665 amu
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when the spinal cord is damaged, the region of the spinal cord affected determines the region of the body that is impaired. which feature does not contribute to this connection?
rganization of ganglia within the brain.
A column of nerve tissue that runs from the base of the skull down the center of the returned. It is blanketed via three thin layers of shielding tissue referred to as membranes. The spinal twine and membranes are surrounded by means of the vertebrae (back bones). The spinal cord and the mind make up the primary anxious device (CNS).
The spinal cord is a long, skinny, tubular structure made up of fearful tissue, which extends from the medulla oblongata within the brainstem to the lumbar region of the vertebral column (spine). The spine encloses the primary canal of the spinal cord, which incorporates cerebrospinal fluid.
Like the brain, the spinal twine includes grey and white rely. The butterfly-formed middle of the wire includes grey remember.
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if we developed a molecule that blocked the atp synthase protein, what would be the expected immediate effect?
the output of ATP via OXPHOS is compromised and the energy metabolism is rewired to favor greater glycolysis, as a result of blocking the ATP synthase protein.
Test your knowledge on what occurs if ATP synthase is inhibited?The inner mitochondrial membrane has an ATP synthase proton channel. If that channel were blocked, the pH would increase even though the ETC would continue pump protons out of the matrix. Instead, there would be no way for them to enter again.
To stop ATP synthase, what would you aim to stop?Both the synthesis and hydrolysis of ATP by ATP synthase are inhibited by the antibiotics efrapeptins and aurovertins. The particular -subunit catalytic site is where the efrapeptins bind to ATP synthase at a region stretching from the rotor, across the enzyme's central cavity, and into the cavity.
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What are the advantages and disadvantages of using alcohol
thermometric liquid
Q)What are the disadvantages of using alcohol as a thermometric liquid?
a)There are following cons of using alcohol as a thermometric liquid: Alcohol is a colourless liquid and hence, it requires colouring. It sticks to the walls of the glass tube which results in low accuracy. It has a low boiling point and it evaporates at a higher temperature
Q)What are the advantages as the thermometric liquid?
a)Advantages of mercury as a thermometric liquid. -It is a good conductor of heat and therefore the whole liquid reaches the temperature of the surroundings quickly. -It does not wet (cling to the sides of) the tube. -It expands uniformly (linear expansion) and responds quickly to temperature changes, hence is sensitive.
the disease characterized by fatty infiltration of the liver and replacement of functioning liver cells with fibrous connective tissue is known as
Cirrhosis is a condition marked by fatty infiltration of the liver and replacement of healthy liver cells.
What does biological cirrhosis of the liver mean?Chronic liver disease known as cirrhosis causes healthy liver cells to break down and be replaced by scar tissue. The liver's ability to digest nutrients, regulate hormones, and detoxify medicines and toxins, including alcohol, is hindered by this scar tissue.
What is a liver degenerative disease?The liver disease cirrhosis progresses over time. If the trigger is removed, such as quitting drinking alcohol, or if the virus is treated, the damage to your liver may occasionally improve or reverse.
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What do you notice about the empirical formulas of monosaccharides glucose fructose galactose and disaccharides sucrose
The empirical formula of disaccharides: The general chemical formula of disaccharides is C12H22O11.
What is the empirical formula?
The simplest whole-number ratio of atoms in a chemical molecule is its empirical formula. Sulfur monoxide's empirical formula, SO, and disulfur dioxide's empirical formula, S2O2, are two straightforward examples of this idea. The empirical formula is typically applied to simply display the components of a molecule. When one wants to quickly identify the elements they are working with, this is helpful. When you want to know how many atoms of each element are present in the compound, the molecular formula is the most helpful.
The empirical formula of glucose: Cx(H2O)n, where n is an integer ranging from 3 to 9.
The empirical formula of disaccharides: The general chemical formula of disaccharides is C12H22O11.
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Which group of microbes must have oxygen to grow although they are deficient in the defense systems needed to quench the toxic, partially reduced intermediates of this element?.
Microaerophiles are group of microbes must have oxygen to grow .
Microaerophiles are those microbes, that require oxygen for growth, are unable to grow at normal atmospheric oxygen tensions, they also adopt particular environment with low oxygen tension .
Microaerophiles need oxygen because they cannot ferment or respire anaerobically. They Produce ATP via aerobic respiration or fermentation. Microaerophiles gets poisoned by high concentrations of oxygen. for example Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are well defined as a group of microaerophilic.
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how is the basic functioning of enzymes affected by its shape, active sites and interaction with specific molecules and the environment?
If the enzyme changes, the active site could no liaised to the right substrate, resulting in a slower rate of reaction. Temperature and pH fluctuations will ultimately cause enzyme to denature.
Enzymes aid in the facilitation of biological processes in our body. Everything from respiration to digestion is aided by them. Too little too much of a particular enzyme might cause health concerns. Some persons with chronic diseases may require enzyme multivitamin supplements their bodies function properly.
Enzymes aid in the acceleration of chemical processes within the body. They are required for breathing, digestion, muscle contraction, and hundreds of other functions. Thousands of enzymes are found in each cell of the human body. Enzymes aid in the facilitation of chemical processes within each cell.
The function of enzymes is to carry out critical tasks. These involve muscle growth, removing toxins, and tearing down the molecules in food throughout digestion.
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PLEASE HELP?!? FOR MY EATH SCIENCE
Kepler-452b is considered a Super-Earth in the middle of the habitable
zone. What challenges does this planet face in terms of being
habitable?
A- its incredible mass causes the gravity on the surface to be about
twice what we feel here on Earth
B- the thick atmosphere could trap heat creating a runaway greenhouse
effect
C- both A and B
D- none of the above
A runaway greenhouse effect could be caused by the dense atmosphere, which could trap heat.
The correct answer is B
What exactly are context and an example?The atmosphere of Earth is responsible for all of the clouds you see in sky, the wind that blows through the trees or even the flag at your school yard, and even the sunlight that you feel on your face. From the planet's surface all the way up to 10,000 kilometers (6,214 miles) above, the atmosphere of Earth is present.
What components make up the atmosphere?Multiple gases are mixed together. Approximately 78 percent nitrogen plus 21 percent oxygen make up the air in the Earth's atmosphere. Other gases including hydrogen, neon, and carbon dioxide are also present in very minute concentrations in air.
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broth cultures generally die out quickly because of the build-up of metabolic wastes. why is this less of a problem with slant cultures?
The slant cultures do not die out quickly as compared to the broth cultures because the metabolic waste is formed very slowly and bacteria cannot get adequate nutrition.
Why slant culture do not die as quickly as broth culture?
The slant cultures do not die out quickly as compared to the broth cultures because metabolic waste builds up slowly and bacteria cannot derive adequate nutrition. Food and metabolic waste gradually diffuse in the slant culture and create less complications than broth cultures.
Broth cultures is a way for scientists to grow and maintain the cultures of bacteria and they are also useful for bacteria that have been in stressful experiment.
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