Selective toxicity is a trait which is present in almost all anti-infective agents. This trait allows anti-infective agents to affect and target particular enzymes and proteins in antigens.
Selective toxicity is a trait which is responsible for effecting certain proteins, enzymes or structures in infectious agents like bacteria, fungi and viruses. Without this trait the anti-infectious agents or drugs would have a toxic affect that would be exerted on not only antigens but also on normal, unharmed cells in the body of the host organism. Selective toxicity is displayed by most antibiotics, where these drugs affect the bacterial cell wall and its components. This is also displayed by antiviral drugs. these antiviral drugs affect the spike proteins or capsid proteins on the virus. Antivirals can also be selectively toxic towards receptors that are the point of attachment towards viruses.
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Programmed cell death, or _____, takes place particularly in parts of the body where the cells are likely to accumulate significant genetic damage over time and are therefore at high risk of becoming cancerous.
Programmed cell death, or apoptosis , takes place particularly in parts of the body where the cells are likely to accumulate significant genetic damage over time and are therefore at high risk of becoming cancerous.
What causes apoptosis?Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death. Unwanted cells, such as those between a developing hand's fingers, are removed during the early stages of development. Adult bodies employ apoptosis to get rid of cells that can no longer be repaired. Apoptosis aids in the prevention of cancer.
A cell will begin to undergo apoptosis when the survival signals are abruptly removed or when it separates from its surrounding cells. Additionally, heightened cellular stress brought on by conditions of extreme heat, DNA damage from radiation or chemotherapy, or pathogenic infection can cause cell death through apoptosis.
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What is the difference between the taxonomic family (biblical kind) and species?
The differences between the taxonomic family (biblical kind) and species are:-
A species is simply a species or species of organism. For example, all humans belong to one species (our species has the scientific name Homo sapiens) and are different from other species such as gorillas, dogs, and dandelions. However, species definition, identification, and distinction are not so easy.
Kindness is not selfish, compassionate and benevolent. His greatest power was actually revealed to our enemies, and among the fewest. Love your next Show kindness to everything. For the perfect symbol of Bible goodness, we do not need to look beyond Jesus
Species are often defined as a group of organisms that can breed naturally with each other and produce fertile offspring.
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14. The human digestive systems is not very different from frogs but mammals that eat a lot of cellulose (plant material) have specialized organs to aid in digestion. Describe the modifications that help 1) rabbits, 2) goats and 3) camels digest their food.
Rabbits goats and camels have specialized digestive systems that allow them to digest cellulose. these animals are called Ruminants.
Animals that rely on natural resources, such as leaves or wood, must digest cellulose in order to release the cell contents necessary for their nourishment. Cellulase is the name of the enzyme that breaks down cellulose, and it is not generated by the majority of animals.Ruminants are creatures that gnaw on their cud. Unchewed grass is ingested by the rumen and brought back to the mouth for chewing (regurgitation). Goats, sheep, cattle, antelopes, and buffaloes are a few examples. They have a four-chambered stomach that is complicated.Rumen is the main part of the stomach is where food is temporarily kept before being brought back to the mouth for chewing.Anaerobic bacteria that breakdown cellulose are found in the digestive systems of animals like cows.By using anti-peristalsis, the food is brought back to the mouth.After that, the ruminant settles down and quietly chews its cud. When the food is sufficiently chewed it is swallowed and passed into the reticulum.learn more about Ruminants here: https://brainly.com/question/1870093
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A/an ____________________ is a nodule or cyst, often on the upper eyelid, resulting from the obstruction of a sebaceous gland.
A/an _________Chalazion__________ is a nodule or cyst, often on the upper eyelid, resulting from the obstruction of a sebaceous gland.
Chalazion normally present as a nodule of an eyelid. It arises from obstruction of the sebaceous i.e oil glands of the eyelid tarsal plate. It affects the top eyelids greater normally than lower lids due to the fact there are greater meibomian sebaceous glands within the top lid.
A sebaceous gland is a microscopic exocrine gland within the skin that opens right into a hair follicle to secrete an oily or waxy depend, called sebum, which lubricates the hair and skin of mammals.
A chalazion or cyst is a small lump or swelling in the eyelid, containing fluid or semi-stable fabric. it is a fairly common circumstance and is because of a blockage in one of the small glands inside the eyelid, called the meibomian gland. frequently, the blocked gland will become infected or infected.
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Arrange the steps of phagocytosis in the correct order: A. Phagosome B. Physical Contact C. Digestion D. Phagolysosome E. Outflowing of Cytoplasm F. Excretion
The steps of phagocytosis in the correct order: B. Physical Contact A. Phagosome C. Digestion D. Phagolysosome E. Outflowing of Cytoplasm F. Excretion
What is phagocytosis?Phagocytosis is a cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells.An amoeba or other free-living single cell could make up the phagocyte, or it could be one of the body's cells like a white blood cell.
The steps of phagocytosis:Chemotaxis
- movement in response to chemical stimulation
- pseudopods move toward microorganisms at the site of infection
Adherence
- attachment to a microbe
Ingestion
- engulfing pathogen with pseudopodia wrapping around pathogen
- pathogen is placed into a vesicle (phagosome) that contains lysozyme
Digestion
- phagosome maturation
- lysozyme merges w/phagosome>releases digestive enzymes>becomes a phagolysosome
- microbes are usually killed at this point
Elimination
- phagocytes eliminate the remaining pieces of microbe via exocytosis
- some components are saved to alert the immune system if the pathogen were to try and invade again.
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What is pulmonary respiration? I need this answer ASAP pls
Answer:
The breath through the lungs is called pulmonary respiration.
Explanation:
The mechanism of lung breathing: Includes breathing movement, exchange of gases, lungs, transport of gases through the blood and exchange of gas by tissue. Breathing Movement.
A/an ____ is a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles.
A/an seminal vesicle is a fluid-filled sac in the scrotum along the spermatic cord leading from the testicles.
The male reproductive system includes a pair of glands called seminal vesicles that are located on the back of the bladder base in men.Their major job is to create the semen-making fluid that is expelled during ejaculation.The majority of the fluid that makes up semen is produced and stored by two tiny glands called seminal vesicles. The seminal vesicles' fluid is sent into the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation, where it might mingle with sperm and other reproductive fluids.The androgen-dependent seminal vesicle glands release a sizeable portion of the fluid that eventually turns into semen (seminal fluid). The majority of species' contributions to semen volume come from seminal vesicle glands.learn more about seminal vesicles here: https://brainly.com/question/11223304
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rt A When the diaphragm contracts, _______. When the diaphragm contracts, _______. it lifts the rib cage it flattens out and it rises in the thoracic cavity it flattens out it rises in the thoracic cavity
When the diaphragm contracts, it flattens out.
The diaphragm is a thin layer of skeletal muscle that is seen below the lungs. It is seen at the chest base and it helps to separate the chest from the abdomen. The contraction and relaxation of the diaphragm increase and decrease the thoracic volume which allows the air to enter and exit the lungs.
The contraction of the diaphragm increases the thoracic volume which forces the air to enter the lungs. This process is called inhalation. The diaphragm in its resting state appears dome-like and when it goes back to its resting state it pushed the carbon dioxide-rich air out. This is called exhalation.
The diaphragm is made up of fibrous tissue and skeletal muscles. It has a central tendon that anchors the diaphragm to the ribs. It also has 3 large openings they are esophageal opening, aortic opening, and caval opening. Some smaller ones are also present that allows the nerves and vessels to pass through. The actions of the diaphragm are controlled by the right phrenic nerves and left right phrenic. The inferior phrenic arteries supply blood to the diaphragm.
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In the chesapeake bay and other bodies of water, what is a result of phytoplankton population increases?
Dead zones are created by hypoxia and the bacterial decay of dead phytoplankton.
What are the effects of excess phytoplankton population?The Chesapeake Bay, like many other bodies of water, is overrun with nutrients, which results in a type of pollution called eutrophication. Every spring, sewage treatment facilities, farms, and lawns release large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus into the Bay. These nutrients fuel the growth of algae as the water warms up in the summer, resulting in blooms that deplete the water's oxygen content and create sizable "dead zones" where fish, crabs, and other aquatic life find it challenging to survive. During these times, some of the mud's surface layers and portions closer to the bottom may become anoxic, meaning there is no oxygen present at all.
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Which part of the plant body serves as anchorage to the plant?
The part of plants that serves as anchorage is the root.
What anchors plant?Plants can grow on different media ranging from soil, rocks, to water.
The primary organ that anchors plants to these growing media is the root.
Plant roots also serve to conduct mineral nutrients and water from growth media to the body of the plants.
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The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox reaction _____.
The molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox reaction loses electrons and also loses energy.
What is a redox reaction?A redox reaction is a type of chemical reaction where one molecule gains electrons (the oxidant agent) while the reducing agent loses electrons.
Electrons are negatively charged subatomic particles that atoms have in their orbits and serve to form chemical bonds.
An example of an oxide-reduction (redox) reaction is the oxidation of iron, a process where this metal is oxidized and simultaneously oxygen is reduced.
In conclusion, the molecule that functions as the reducing agent (electron donor) in a redox reaction loses electrons and also loses energy.
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Cabbage loopers are larval stages of butterflies that feed on cabbage leaves and related plants. The interaction between cabbage loopers and cabbage plants is
The interaction between cabbage loopers and cabbage plants is herbivory.
What is herbivory?
Animals eating living plant material is known as herbivory. This important ecosystem function has an impact on primary production as well as the structure and composition of the vegetation. The type and intensity of herbivore feeding determine the effect of herbivory. Different forms of herbivory have variable effects on various tissues as well as the generation, movement, and accumulation of photosynthates.
Experiments with insects with various diurnal feeding habits can be used to confirm the relationships between circadian plant defense modulation and the herbivory of cabbage loopers. Leaf-eating cabbage loopers only feed on the bottom leaf surface during their first three instars, leaving the upper surface intact.
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The cell organelle that digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances is the ____
The cell organelle that digests molecules, old organelles, and foreign substances is the lysosomes.
Every eukaryotic cell has membrane-bound organelles called lysosomes. They are well-known as terminal catabolic stations that eliminate waste from cells and scavenge metabolic raw materials to maintain vital biosynthetic reactions under famine.An animal cell's organelle recycling facility, the lysosome is an organelle that houses digestive enzymes. It disassembles dated and pointless structures so that their molecules can be recycled. Some vesicles that exit the Golgi are directed toward the lysosome, which is a component of the endomembrane system.The hydrolase enzymes of the lysosome, a membrane-bound vesicle, break down aged organelles and proteins into smaller molecules like amino acids.learn more about lysosomes here: https://brainly.com/question/5534167
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The body and blood of jesus are symbolized:_______
A. With the color violet.
B. With the chi-rho symbol.
C. In the eucharistic meal.
D. On the forehead at lent
The body and blood of Jesus are symbolized with the chi-rho symbol
Chi Rho represents an early illustration of the relationship between Jesus' Crucifixion and Resurrection. An ancient Christian symbol is known as Chi Rho, pronounced "KEE-roe," is created by joining the first two letters of the Greek word Christos, which means "Christ." Early Christians used the Chi Rho symbol to represent both Jesus Christ and Christianity. Prior to the Battle of the Milivian Bridge outside of Rome in 312 AD, Constantine reportedly had a vision in which the Chi Rho symbol appeared. The monarch then had his soldiers' shields etched with the insignia. Constantine legalized Christianity throughout his kingdom after winning the conflict. Since then, he had made frequent use of the Chi Rho sign. Later Christian emperors also employed the Chi Rho as a vexillum they termed the Labarum. The coins of Constantine and his successors used this symbol.
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what is nanotechnology ?
Answer:
Nanotechnology is the branch of technology that deals with making structures that are less than 100 nanometres long. Scientists often build these structures using individual molecules of substances.
The movement of water into and out of plant cells described by ____________ which is the ability of water to ____________ .
The movement of water into and out of plant cells is described by water potential which is the ability of water to do work.
What is water potential?It is the capacity of water to move from one place to another. Work is done when a substance moves from one place to another. Simply put, water potential is the capacity of water to do work.
Water moves into and out of a cell depending on the water potential of the cell and that of the ambient solution. naturally, water will always move from the region of high to the region of low water potential in cells.
Thus, if the water potential of cells is higher, water will move out of cells to the surrounding. If the water potential of cells is lower, water will enter cells from the surrounding.
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Which of the following has a primary role in attacking cancer cells and protecting against some pathogens by killing harmful cells on contact
A diploid individual with two identical alleles for a particular gene is said to be:.
Answer:
Homozygous for that gene.
Explanation:
A diploid individual with two identical alleles for a particular gene is said to be homozygous for that gene, but if the individual has different alleles he or she is said to be heterozygous for the gene.
The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization. what cell structure is used to prepare for depolarization?
The movement of ions across the cell membrane is needed to accomplish repolarization while sodium-potassium pump is used to prepare for depolarization.
The sodium-potassium pump is an active transport system that transports potassium ions into cells and sodium ions out of cells. Using energy from ATP and carrier proteins in the cell membrane, the sodium-potassium pump transports both ions from lower to greater concentration regions. More specific details about the sodium-potassium pump's operation are shown in the Figure. The main ions in both the fluid inside cells and the fluid surrounding them are sodium and potassium, respectively. The resting potential is an electrical gradient that results from these concentration changes across the cell membrane.
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A kinase is an enzyme that phosphorylates target proteins, whereas a phosphatase is an enzyme that dephosphosphorylates target proteins. The reactions catalyzed by these enzymes, however are NOT exactly opposite. Why not
Phosphatase removes the phosphate groups from protein molecules during the dephosphorylation process. As a result, a phosphatase can deactivate a protein that has been activated by a kinase. Dephosphorylation, however, cannot be reversed.
What is Phosphorylation?It is a process in which a molecule gets attached to a phosphoryl group.
The opposite of the phosphorylation is dephosphorylation in which the molecule looses a phosphoryl group.
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Select the correct answer.
Which of the following is the correct explanation for linked genes?
A.
genes located on the same chromosome and inherited together
B.
genes located on different chromosomes but inherited together
C.
genes located on mutated chromosomes that are inherited together
Answer:
A. genes located on the same chromosome and inherited together
Explanation:
linked genes are genes that are close together and end up being inherited together due to their closeness even after chromosomal crossover
Into which group would you place a photosynthetic cell that lacks a nucleus? group of answer choices protista bacteria fungi plantae animalia
Photosynthetic cell that lacks a nucleus is to be placed in bacteria.
A bacterial cell is a simple, one-celled (unicellular) organism devoid of a nucleus or any other membrane-bound organelle.
Unlike Archaea and eukaryotes, bacteria have a polysaccharide capsule and a peptidoglycan cell wall formed of sugars and amino acids. The cell wall serves as an additional layer of defence, aids in maintaining the cell's form, and stops dehydration. In addition, the photosynthetic cell can adhere to surfaces in its environment thanks to the capsule. Fimbriae, pili, or flagella are present in several prokaryotes. While most pili are employed to exchange genetic material during conjugation, a sort of reproduction, flagella are used for motility.
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Cross one parent that is heterozygous for both beak color and feather color with a parent that is homozygous for both recessive traits. What are the genotypes of the parents
Heterozygous for both traits genotype = BbFf
Homozygous for both traits genotype = bfbf
What are homozygous and heterozygous traits?
The term "identical genes received during the zygote period of development" is homozygous. The parents of a person with homozygous features gave them one copy of each allele. Both dominant and recessive alleles are possible.
Children with heterozygous traits inherit a dominant gene from one parent and a recessive allele from the other parent.
Let the alleles for beak color be:
Dominant allele = B
Recessive allele = b
Let the alleles for feather color be:
Dominant allele = F
Recessive allele = f
Therefore,
Parent 1 with heterozygous traits will have genotype = BbFf
(because it is heterozygous for both the traits)
Parent 2 with homozygous traits will have genotype = bfbf
(because it is homozygous for recessive traits)
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Action potential propagation begins (is first generated at) what region of a neuron?
The beginning of an action potential triggers close to the presynaptic cell's soma and the impulse's axonal propagation to presynaptic terminals.
Action potentials' fidelity, timing, and waveform during their transmission and arrival at the presynaptic terminal influence critical aspects of the synchronisation and effectiveness of synaptic communication at glutamate synapses in glutamate transmission.
Voltage-gated sodium conductances are crucial for initiating and spreading action potentials in neurons. Within milliseconds, voltage-gated sodium channels are activated and deactivated. Sodium channels open as the cell membrane becomes depolarized, causing an influx of sodium ions to depolarize the membrane further.
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You cut down a tree and count 23 annual rings in the trunk. you conclude that the tree is:____.
Each ring marks an entire cycle of seasons, or one year, within the tree's life. Hence 23 rings shows 23 years of trees life . Measurement of tree rings are based on Radiocarbon dating. These rings can tell us how old the tree is, and what the weather was like during each year of the tree's life. The light-colored rings represent wood that grew in the spring and early summer, while the dark rings represent wood that grew in the late summer and fall.
Rings of trees growing in temperate climates can indeed tell their age through their annual rings and also help determine the age of wood used to construct buildings or wooden objects.
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In pea plants, Round is dominant to Wrinkled and Yellow is dominant to green. If two pea plants that are both heterozygous for both traits are crossed, what is the chance (out of 16) of an offspring that is homozygous round and homozygous green?
A. 4
B. 1
C. 9
D. 3
Answer:
the answer is
Explanation:
You are a doctor who examines the x-ray of a broken bone, which is healing. What should you look for to indicate that the break is almost completely healed? (2 points)
Procallus
Hematoma
Compact bone
Spongy bone
I know it's either compact bone or spongy bone, but can someone who took the test confirm which one it is!
One should look for the Compact bone to indicate that the break is almost completely healed.
Where is compact bone in the body?Compact bone is known to be a form of a thick, strong bone that is made up of the two types of bone tissue.
It act in the capacity of providing support and protection and as such, One should look for the Compact bone to indicate that the break is almost completely healed.
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If a defibrillator manufacturer claims that its device terminates ventricular fibrillation on the first shock 95% of the time, you should:
If a defibrillator manufacturer claims that its device terminates ventricular fibrillation on the first shock 95% of the time, you should: recognize that this does not mean it will save more lives.
DefibrillatorThe purpose of defibrillators is to restore a normal heartbeat by shocking or sending an electric pulse to the heart. They are employed to stop or treat irregular heartbeats that are too slow or too fast, or arrhythmia. Defibrillators can also restart the heart's rhythm if it stops suddenly. Defibrillators operate differently depending on the type. People who are having cardiac arrest can be saved by using automated external defibrillators (AEDs), which are increasingly commonplace in many public areas. These gadgets can be used in an emergency by unskilled witnesses. People who have a high risk of developing a life-threatening arrhythmia may benefit from using other defibrillators to avoid sudden death.
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To be an effective therapy, an antisense gene that is incorporated into a genome that contains the target gene must be:_________
Complementary Sequence to its corresponding mRNA and the mRNA
Antisense RNAs are utilized for gene regulation and specifically target mRNA molecules that are used for protein synthesis.
What is the function of Antisense Gene ?Antisense RNAs play the crucial role in regulating gene expression at multiple levels, such as at replication, transcription, and translation.
In addition, artificial antisense RNAs can effectively regulate the expression of related genes in host cells.Antisense gene therapy is a gene silencing technique similar to RNA interference, but uses a slightly different mechanism. The therapy is called a gene silencing technique because, instead of repairing the gene, it aims to “silence” the gene's effect.Learn more about Antisense Gene here:
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A solution needs to be adjusted at ph 8.0. when you measure the ph of the initial solution the ph meter reads 9.5. what chemical will you add to bring the ph to 8.0?
If the pH is higher than desired, adjust it using a hydrochloric acid solution.
Thus, if you need the solution to read the pH as 8.0 which is lower than 9.5, add HCl solution to it.
pH stands for potential of H+ ions, i.e the amount of Hydrogen ions in a solution.
pH is measured on a scale of 0-14, 7 is the neutral point. pH range below 7 is acidic and higher than 7 is basic.
pH is calculated from the formula-
pH= -log10[H+]
We can also measure the Ph levels by a pH meter. It is used for accuracy, reproducibility and continuous measurement. The values are measured in mV and then converted to pH values.
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