sodium atoms contain 11 protons and 11 electrons with a mass of approximately 23. the atomic number of sodium is therefore:

The diode is forward-biased. The acceptor concentration on the p-side is [tex]N_{A}[/tex] = 10¹⁶ cm⁻³. The donor concentration on the n-side is [tex]N_{D}[/tex] = 10¹⁴ cm⁻³.  The intrinsic carrier concentration is [tex]n_{i}[/tex] = 3.16×10¹¹ cm⁻³. Yes, the low-level injection condition applies. The bias (in volts) applied to the diode is [tex]V_{A}[/tex] = 0.18V.

The diode is forward-biased because of the excess electrons on the P-side and the excess holes on the N-side. In the intrinsic carrier concentration on the P-side n₀p₀ = 10¹⁶ × 10⁷ = 10²³ = [tex]n_{i}[/tex] = √10²³ = 3.16×10¹¹ cm⁻³, while on the N-side n₀p₀ = 10¹⁴×10⁹ = [tex]n_{i}[/tex] = √10²³ = 3.16×10¹¹. The low-level injection applies on the P-side as Δn(-[tex]x_{p}[/tex]) = 10¹⁰ << p₀ and on the N-side Δp([tex]x_{n}[/tex])=10¹² << n₀ = 10¹⁴.

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Trial 4's half-life of the reaction is shorter than Trial 1's half-life. Because the activation energy and half life are both precisely related. In comparison to trail 4, trail 1 activation energy is higher.

A reaction's t1/2, or half-life, It occurs when the concentration of a reactant is halved from its starting concentration. T1/2 is used to represent it.

Activation energy is the required amount of energy to start the reaction. Kilojoules per mole (kJ/mol) is the unit used to measure the activation energy (Ea) of a reaction. Activation energy is the force that causes an object to begin acting in a certain way or to start a specific process.

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The frequency of a wave whose wavelength is 5.67 × 10-⁷m is 5.3 × 10¹⁴Hz.

Wavelength is the length of a single cycle of a wave, as measured by the distance between one peak or trough of a wave and the next.

The wavelength of a wave is often designated in physics as λ, and corresponds to the velocity of the wave divided by its frequency as follows:

λ = v/f

Where;

The frequency is the quotient of the number of times, n, a periodic phenomenon occurs over the time (t) in which it occurs.

According to this question, a wave has a wavelength is 5.67 × 10-⁷m. The frequency can be calculated as follows:

5.67 × 10-⁷ = 3 × 10⁸/f

f = 3 × 10⁸ ÷ 5.67 × 10-⁷

f = 5.3 × 10¹⁴Hz.

Therefore, 5.3 × 10¹⁴Hz is the frequency of the wave

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Answer:

reactivity, flammability,toxicity some more

PCL₅ is the empirical formula of the compound.

Phosphorous pentachloride is it's if empirical formula and molecular formula are assumed to be the same.

Empirical formula is the lowest relative ratios of atoms that are present in a molecule or compound. It shows the simplest ratio and not the actual number of atoms hence should not be confused with molecular formula.

quantity of phosphorus : 4.14g

quantity of white compound after combining with chlorine : 27.8g

therefore quantity of chlorine = 27.8g - 4.14g => 23.66g

Molecular weight of Phosphorus: 30.97g

Molecular weight of Chlorine: 35.45g

For no. of moles= given weight / molecular weight

Moles of phosphorus= 4.14g / 30.97 => 0.1337 moles

Moles of Chlorine= 23.66g / 35.45 => 0.6674 moles

For empirical formula, we divide with the smaller entity i.e. 0.1337

Phosphorus: 0.1337 / 0.1337 => 1

Chlorine: 0.6647 / 0.1337 => 5

hence the empirical formula is PCL₅

Name of the compound : Phosphorus pentachloride

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Answer:

Sulphate ion

Explanation:

Zinc will undergoes oxidation. Zn2+ - - > Zn + 2e-

Copper will undergoes reduction. Cu2+ + 2e- - - > Cu

448.142 mg was the initial mass (in mg) of the sample

What is half life ?

Half-life in radioactivity, the time interval required for half of the nuclei in a radioactive sample to decay (spontaneously converted to other types of nuclei by the release of particles and energy), or equivalently, the number of decays required Halve the amount of radioactive material per second of time interval.

For example, the radioisotope cobalt 60 used in radiotherapy has a half-life of 5.26 years. Therefore, after this interval, a sample that originally contained 8 g Cobalt-60 will only contain 4 g Cobalt-60 and emit half the amount of radiation. After another 5.26 year interval, the sample contains only 2 g of Cobalt-60. However, both the volume and the mass of the original sample are such that the unstable cobalt-60 nuclei decay into stable nickel-60 nuclei, leaving undecayed cobalt.

7/e^-4.1592 =448.142

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33× 10⁻⁷ A current is needed to plate 5g of Copper metal on a cathode.

It states that during electrolysis, the amount of chemical reactions occurring at the electrodes under the influence of electrical energy is proportional to the amount of electricity conducted through the electrolyte.

n = zFQ

Where, n = moles of copper metal

n = 5/63.54

n = 0.078 moles

z = Number of electrons in the half-cell reaction

Cu²⁺ + 2e⁻ ⇔ Cu

z = 2

F = Faraday constant (96,485 A/mol)

Now, substitute the values in the equation mentioned above:

0.078 = 2 × 96,485 × Q

Q = 4.04 × 10⁻⁷ C

Since Q = I × t

Where, Q = charge

I = Current

t = Time (2 hours or 120 min.)

4.04 × 10⁻⁷ C = I × 120

I = 4.04 × 10⁻⁷/120

I = 33× 10⁻⁷ A

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Chemists employ the mole, a very significant unit of measurement. The initial SO3 concentration is 0.28 M.

A mole is defined as 6.02214076 1023 of a particular chemical unit, such as atoms, molecules, ions, or others. Because there are so many atoms, molecules, or other components in any compound, the mole is a useful quantity to utilize.

When an element's standard relative atomic mass is multiplied by the molar mass constant, 1 103 kg/mol = 1 g/mol, the result is the molar mass of its atoms.

An object's mass that comprises 6.023 x 1023 of that object's particles is referred to as a mole. The SI unit used to measure substance amounts is the mole. Molecule is its symbol. According to the definition, 1 mole of carbon-12 weighs 12 grams and has a carbon atom count of 6.022140857 x 1023.

2.50 L is the container's volume.

Initially, there were 0.700 moles.

first concentration of SO3 =0.700 moles /2.50 L

SO3 = 0.28 M

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Sodium metal (Na) has properties with lithium metal (Li) because the two metals are located in the same group, namely group IA.

All elements in group IA are included in the alkali metals, except hydrogen, because the character possessed by hydrogen is "different" and does not match the character of other alkali metals.

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Every substance might have its own unique properties. They can be of characteristic physical and chemical properties  by which they can be identified.

Physical properties of a substance include the properties related to its mass, volume, density its phase change etc. Various physical properties include density, conductivity, melting point, boiling point etc.

Chemical properties of a substance include its reactivity, bond type etc. The reactivity of each substance may vary based on their bond type and intermolecular force of attraction. Each substance shows different reactivity  towards air, water, with other metals and chemicals.

Similarly, the state of each substance it mostly exists will be different. Therefore, by determining the physical and chemical properties of the substance, we can identify the substance.

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2-Methyl-butan-2-ol is the major product of the reaction of ethyl grignard and propiophenone (ethyl phenyl ketone).

The nucleophile in a keto or aldehyde is coupled to alkyl, ethyl ester, vinyl, or allylic halides in the Fermentation process, an organo combination of carbon monoxide. It takes place in this process for carbon-carbon bonds to form.

It is possible to count the halogen atoms in a halide compound using Grignard reagents. For the chemical examination of several glycerides as well as numerous cross-coupling processes for the synthesis of various dioxide and carbon-heteroatom linkages, Grignard degradation is employed.

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Wavelength of the second photon emitted is 97.3nm. By using the formula E = hc/λ.

A photon's frequency and Planck's constant are used to calculate the quantum energy. The relationship between wavelength and frequency is inverse, as seen below.

v = c/ λ

The energy of photon of light: given by the formula,

E = hv

E = hc/λ

Given,

wavelength of photon of light at higher energy level is 93.78 nm.

wavelength of photon of light at intermediate level is 2626 nm = 2626×10⁻⁹m

Etotal = hc/λ

Where,

E is the energy of a photon.

h is the Planck's constant (6.626×10⁻³⁴J⋅s)

c is the speed of light (3.0×10⁸m/s)

λ is the wavelength, wavelength is 93.78 nm.

1nm = 1×10⁻⁹m

Therefore, conversion of 93.78 nm into m is, 93.78nm=93.78×10⁻⁹m

Substitute:

Etotal = [tex]\frac{(6.626 . 10^{-34} )(3.0 . 10^{8}) }{93.78 .10^{-9} }[/tex]

Etotal = 2.12 × 10⁻¹⁸ J

the energy of 1 photon, E1 = [tex]\frac{(6.626 . 10^{-34} )(3.0 . 10^{8}) }{2626 .10^{-9} }[/tex]

E1= 7.57×10⁻²⁰

the energy of 2 photon, E2 = Etotal-E1

E2 = 2.044× 10⁻¹⁸J

wavelength of second photon,

λ = hc/E2

λ = [tex]\frac{(6.626 . 10^{-34} )(3.0 . 10^{8}) }{2.04 .10^{-18} }[/tex]

λ = 9.73 × 10⁻⁸m

conversion of m into nm, 1m = 1×10⁹nm

Therefore, conversion of 9.73×10⁻⁸m into nm is

9.73×10⁻⁸m = 9.73×10⁻⁸×10⁹nm =97.3nm

∴ wavelength of second emitted photon is 97.3nm.

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The copper bars and the surrounds would transfer energy energy be different if the bars were in an open system.

Systems that are isolated are ones whose energy is constant at all times. Heat is neither generated nor absorbed in isolated systems. An illustration of such an isolated system Thermos flasks are the ideal illustration of isolated systems. There is neither a gain nor a loss of energy because the thermally flask is completely insulated.

As a result, isothermal processes are not able to occur in closed systems. Q. In a thermodynamics cycle, the unit is in contact with an outside source of heat, and changes happen gradually to make regulating the temperature easier. An adiabatic process isolates the system.

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The bigger the molar mass, the greater the entropy at room temperature. When looking at the state of matter of objects, entropy generally increases with increasing molecular complexity.

What is entropy ?

Entropy, a measure of a system's thermal energy per unit temperature not available for useful work. Work is obtained from ordered molecular motion, the amount of entropy is also a measure of the molecular disorder or randomness of a system. The concept of entropy gives us deep insight into the direction of spontaneous change in many everyday phenomena. Introduced in 1850 by German physicist Rudolf Clausius, it is the pinnacle of 19th-century physics.

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Answer:

fermentation of crops that are high in sugar (starch) or fat into ethanol,

Explanation:

The molar mass of the gas samples must be known to find the greatest concentration of molecules.

What is a molar mass?

A substance's molar mass is its mass in grams per mole of the chemical. A mole measures a substance's quantity of atoms, molecules, or ions. A mole is 6.022  1023 molecules of any given chemical.

Molar Mass calculation formula

M=m/n

M= molar mass

m=mass of substances (in grams).

n= number of moles of a substance.

How is molar mass determined, and why is it important?

One mole of material is weighed to determine its molar mass. Add the masses of all the components in a molecule to determine the molecular mass of the molecule by multiplying the subscript (number of atoms) by the atomic mass of each element in the molecule.

Using the molar mass formula,

M= 12/4 = 3,

It can be determined that 3 moles (or 3*avogadro number of molecules) are present.

Hence we can conclude that option (a) is correct.

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Answer:

Explanation:

Atoms emit light because excited electrons are returning to lower energy states, emitting the energy difference :- Bohr model. This energy always has a specific wavelength because the electrons can only exist in set orbits.

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If there are 0.2 M solutions of both acid and base, the concentrations of hydrogen and hydroxide ions will be equal at equivalence point.

The reaction of sulfuric acid and a basic solution BOH occurs as follows;

H2SO4(aq) + 2BOH(aq) -----> B2SO4(aq) + 2H2O(l)

In the question, we are told that that both the solution of the sulfuric acid and the basic solution are 0.2 M.

The point where all the hydrogen and hydroxide ions have reacted according to the stoichiometry of the reaction. If there is really equimolar amounts of acid and base, the concentration of hydrogen and hydroxide ions will be equal at equivalence point.

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The absorbance of the sample with 34.780 percent transmittance is 3.54

What is transmittance?

Transmittance is the fraction of the incident light which passes through the sample and comes out successfully. In spectrometer, the detector detects the amount of light coming out of the sample and converts the reading into digital display. Absorbance is the fraction of the light which is being absorbed by the given sample.

The absorbance of the sample is,

A = 2 - log (-% T)

where, A = absorbance, %T = transmittance

A = 2 - log (-34.780) = 2 - (-1.54) = 3.54

Therefore, the absorbance of the sample having 34.780 percentage transmittance is 3.54.

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The order of the atomic radius is;  

1) Potassium, Aluminum, Carbon,  Oxygen

2)  Potassium, Aluminum, Carbon, Oxygen

We know that the atomic radius has to do with the distance between one atom and another in that are not covalently combined. We know that the atomic radius is a function of the group to which the atom belongs.

We know that the atomic radius increases down the group but would tend to decrease across the period as more shells are added to the atom of the element.

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The correct answer is option D.

The statement that formed the basis of Dalton’s atomic theory is atoms are the smallest particles of matter and cannot be divided farther.

In 1808, Dalton presented a theory named atomic theory which suggests that atoms are the smallest particles of an element and it is impossible to divide them further.

According to his theory every element is composed of these tiny particles.

Furthermore, his theory suggests that atoms neither can be divided nor destroyed.

In a particular matter, for example gold, all atoms have similar properties while their mass varies for every single different element.

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The complete question is:

Which of these statements is one of the conclusions that formed the basis of Dalton’s atomic theory?

a. Atoms can only change into atoms of another element through nuclear reactions.

b. Atoms of gases have less mass than atoms of liquids and solids.

c. Atoms of a particular element all have the same number of protons.

d. Atoms are the smallest particles of matter and cannot be divided farther.

The concentration molarity of NaCl is 3.76 mol/l.

The concentration of a substance is the quantity of solute found in a given amount of solution. Concentrations are normally expressed in terms of molarity, defined because of the variety of moles of solute in 1 L of solution.

Calculation:-

mass = 21.5 g

volume = 100 ml = 0.1 L

the molar mass of NaCl = 58.5

mole = mass/molar mass

         = 21.5 / 58.5

        = 0.376

concentration = mole /volume

                        = 0.376 / 0.1

                        = 3.76

The Concentration of an answer is a measure of the quantity of solute that has been dissolved in a given amount of solvent or answer. A concentrated answer is one that has a rather huge quantity of dissolved solute.

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The heat (q) in kJ released with combustion of methanol using 801 grams of water and the change in temperature is 4.3 degree Celsius. the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/(g °C) is 14397.17 J.

given that :

The specific heat capacity is given as :

q = mc ΔT

where ,

m = mass = 801 g

c = specific heat capacity = 4.18 J/g °C

ΔT = change in temperature = 4.3  °C

q = heat = ?

now, by solving the values we get :

q = mc ΔT

q = 801 × 4.18 × 4.3

q = 14397.17 J

Thus, The heat (q) in kJ released with combustion of methanol using 801 grams of water and the change in temperature is 4.3 degree Celsius. the specific heat of water is 4.18 J/(g °C) is 14397.17 J.

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Answer:

i think its C i may be wrong...

Explanation:

While determining the volume during this experiment .if the total volume of the flask were incorrectly reported as 125 ml,  this error affect the calculated molar mass of the unknown volatile liquid. yes

The number of mole calculated by the following formula :

number of moles = mass / molar mass

greater the number of number of moles low the molar mass.

the ideal gas equation is given as :

P V = n RT
and the volume is directly proportional to moles . if the volume increases molar mass decreases.

Thus, While determining the volume during this experiment .if the total volume of the flask were incorrectly reported as 125 ml,  this error affect the calculated molar mass of the unknown volatile liquid. yes

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A gas at 65.0°C occupies 4.22 L. If the pressure remains the same, at which Celsius temperature will the volume be 3.87 L out to be 310 degrees

You can leave the pressure out of both sides of the equation since the pressure is constant to make it easy.

so all you have is volume over Temp = new volume over new temp which is we don't know.

4.22 liters over 338 Kelvin = 3.87 liters over T

cross multiply and solve for T which comes out to be 310 degrees K or 37 degrees C

Yes you are right it is 310

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The future value of a single sum increases as the compound rate decreases.

Future value is the total amount received at a particular point in time if the initial investment and the interest earned on the initial investment are included.

Future value calculations are used for various accounting functions. The most common use is to understand how much money is in investment at a given point in time due to interest income.

The formula for the final value of the single sum is

              Future value = P ( 1 + i )n

where P is the principal amount

          i is the interest rate

          n is the number of years

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Answer:

A.

Explanation:

A probe was sent to record the event