Some Tornadoes have central downdrafts that accompany the massive rotating updrafts. True
Mid-altitude winds come into the storm from the rear (or on the west or southwest side). As this dry, cool air enters the system, rain evaporates, cooling it even more. The cooling air becomes cooler than the surrounding air, sinks, and forms a strong downdraft.
Updrafts characterize a storm's early development, during which warm air rises to the level where condensation starts and precipitation starts to expand. In a mature storm, updrafts are present alongside downdrafts caused by cooling and falling precipitation.
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How does the fur of the polar bear help it to live in the arctic region?
Answer:
It has 2 uses
1. Polar bears have white fur so that they can camouflage into their environment. Their coat is so well camouflaged in Arctic environments that it can sometimes pass as a snow drift.
2. They have a thick layer of body fat, which keeps them warm while swimming, and a double-layered coat that insulates them from the cold Arctic air.
If the freezing point of all ices was at a much lower temperature, what change would that imply for the formation of our solar system?
The gas giants would have to form at a larger distance from the sun this change would that imply for the formation of our solar system.
Why do gas giants form further from the Sun?The larger gas and ice giants have a tendency to form further from the Sun because the regions closer to the Sun are too warm for the lighter gases to condense there. The gas giants' primary characteristic is their extreme distance from the Sun. Because of this, these planets kept the majority of the gas and volatiles that made up the majority of the proto-solar nebula throughout the formation of the Solar System.
In the gas-rich debris disk that envelops a newborn star, gas giants may form. Asteroids and comets collide to form a core, and once this core reaches a certain mass, its gravitational pull quickly pulls gas from the disk to form the planet.
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The amount of straight pipe needed to bend a given radius. Also, the actual length of the conduit that will be bent.
Development length: The actual length of the bent conduit. Gain: Since a conduit bends radially rather than at an angle, the total length will not match the length required for all bends. Gain is the amount of space that is saved by a [tex]90^{0}[/tex] curve.
Bent ConduitConduit benders from Klein Tools are built to function and last longer than even the highest professional standards. To ensure a favourable experience and significantly enhance the final result of your project, it is advised that you become familiar with bending concepts, procedures, and the bender's capabilities. The benders are labelled with various alignment symbols to enable the operator make the bends required to complete any job. This aids bending while executing a ground or air bend. Arrow, teardrop, star point, and angle markings are the symbols on the Klein Tools benders. On certain bender head sides, you can see these markings.
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Which of the following, if eliminated, would completely prevent the greenhouse effect from occurring on earth?
Group of answer choices
a. Atmosphere
b. Acid rain
c. Fossil fuels
d. Clouds
The substance, if eliminated, that would completely prevent the greenhouse effect from occurring on earth is fossil fuels (option C).
What is greenhouse effect?Greenhouse effect is the process by which a planet is warmed by its atmosphere.
Greenhouse effect is caused by greenhouse gases that deplete the ozone layer.
Fossil fuels, when burned, will release greenhouse gases such as carbon etc. to the atmosphere.
Therefore, the substance, if eliminated, that would completely prevent the greenhouse effect from occurring on earth is fossil fuels.
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Monochromatic light with wavelength 590 nm passes through a single slit 2. 30 ?m wide and 1. 90 m from a screen. Find the distance between the first- and second-order dark fringes on the screen.
Answer:
The fringes are 4.7*10^-7 m apart, such that they are adjacent.
Explanation:
Using the formula for adjacent fringes given a single slit:
Δ[tex]x=\frac{(Wavelength)(Distance between slit and screen)}{Width}[/tex]
Δ[tex]x=\frac{(590/10^{9})(1.90) }{(2.30)}[/tex]
Δ[tex]x=0.000000487 m[/tex]
Hope this helps!
The distance between the first-order and second-order dark fringes on the screen will be 4.874 × 10⁻⁵ cm.
Given:
wavelength, λ = 590 nm = 590 × 10⁻⁹ m
Distance between the slit and screen, D = 1.90 m
Width of slit, d = 2.30 m
Calculation:
We know that the distance between two slits is given as:
Δx = λD / d
where λ is the wavelength of light
D is the distance between the slit and screen
d is the width of the slit
Applying values in the above equation we get:
Δx = (590 × 10⁻⁹ m)(1.90 m) / (2.30 m)
= 4.874 × 10⁻⁷ m
= 4.874 × 10⁻⁵ cm
Therefore, the distance between the first- and second-order dark fringes on the screen will be 4.874 × 10⁻⁵ cm.
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Two parallel wires are separated by 0.36 m. Wire A carries 4.8 A and Wire B carries 8.9 A, both currents in the same direction. The force on 0.53 m of Wire A is:
The force on 0.53 m of Wire A is 1.3×10^(-5) N.
To find the answer, we need to know about the force on a current carrying wire due to another parallel wire.
What's the force experienced by a current carrying wire of length L due to another current carrying parallel wire?The magnetic force experienced by the wire here= μ₀IAIBL/(2πr)IA= current in wire A, IB= current in wire B, L = length of wire and r= separation between themWhat's the force on 0.53 m of Wire A, if IA, IB, L and r are 4.8A, 8.9A, 0.53m and 0.36 m respectively?Force = (4π×10^(-7)×4.8×8.9×0.53)/(2π×0.36)
= 1.3×10^(-5) N
Thus, we can conclude that the force on 0.53 m of Wire A is 1.3×10^(-5) N.
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What does the length of a vector arrow represent?
O A. angle
OB. magnitude
C. direction
OD. force
Two boys with masses of 40 kg and 60 kg stand on a horizontal frictionless surface holding the ends of a light 10-m long rod. The boys pull themselves together along the rod. When they meet the 40-kg boy will have moved what distance?.
When they meet the 40-kg boy would have moved a distance of 6 m.
Distance moved by the 40 kg boyApply the principle of center mass;
Take the 40 kg mass as the reference point;
X(40 kg) = (40kg x 0 + 60kg x 10 m)/(40 kg + 60 kg)
X(40 kg) = (600)/(100)
X(40 kg) = 6 m
Thus, when they meet the 40-kg boy would have moved a distance of 6 m.
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NEED HELP asap pls
How much thermal energy must be removed from 3.75 kg of
water to freeze it at its melting point? Use Q = mass x latent
heat of fusion.
Melting point
Boiling point
OA. 15.8 kJ
B. 1250 kJ
Cliquid
Latent heat of fusion.
Latent heat of vaporization
C. 3.75 kJ
Properties of water
Property
D. 8480 kJ
0°C
Value
100°C
4.18 kJ/(kg x °C)
333 kJ/kg
2260 kJ/kg
The heat that is required to freeze the water is 1250 kJ. Option B
What is the freezing point?The freezing point of water is the temperature at which liquid water turns to solid. We know that heat is withdrawn from water when it is frozen. This heat is added when the water melts.
The latent heat of fusion = mL
m = 3.75 kg
L = 333kJ/Kg
Hence;
H = 3.75 kg * 333kJ/Kg
H = 1250 kJ
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How do astronomers explain the energetic jets that come out of quasars and active galactic nuclei in opposite directions
Astronomers explain the energetic jets that come out of quasars and active galactic nuclei(AGN) in opposite directions in a way that the supermassive black holes' chaotic accretion discs "spit out" jets in directions perpendicular to the disc.
Quasar : A supermassive black hole with a mass between millions and tens of billions of solar masses that is fueled by an extraordinarily bright active galactic nucleus (AGN) and encircled by a gaseous accretion disc is known as a quasar.
An active galactic nucleus (AGN) is a compact area at the Centre of a galaxy that exhibits features that indicate the luminosity is not coming from stars and is substantially brighter than usual over at least some of the electromagnetic spectrum.
Hence, astronomers propose that the chaotic accretion discs of supermassive black holes "spit out" jets in directions perpendicular to the disc, explaining the intense jets that emerge from quasars and active galactic nuclei in different directions.
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A firm current ratio is 1. 0 and its quick ratio is 1. 0. If current liabilities are 12300, what are its inventories?
A firm current ratio is 1. 0 and its quick ratio is 1. 0. If current liabilities are 12300 then its inventories will be 12300
Inventory is the accounting of items, component parts and raw materials that a company either uses in production or sells
The quick and current ratios are liquidity ratios that help investors and analysts gauge a company's ability to meet its short-term obligations. The current ratio divides current assets by current liabilities. The quick ratio only considers highly-liquid assets or cash equivalents as part of current assets.
current ratio = current assets / current liabilities
current assets = current ratio * current liabilities
= 1 * 12300 = 12300
since , inventory is a current asset for accounting purpose , hence inventories will be 12300
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A cart that is rolling at a constant velocity on a level table fires a ball straight up out of a vertical tube.
If the cart is accelerating in the forward direction the ball would fall behind the tube.
What is meant by acceleration?The rate at which the speed and direction of a moving object vary over time. A point or object going straight ahead is accelerated when it accelerates or decelerates.
Some key features of acceleration are-
Any procedure where the velocity varies is referred to as acceleration. There are just two ways to accelerate: changing your speed or changing your direction, or changing both. This is because velocity is both a speed as well as a direction.No matter how quickly you're moving, if you're not altering your direction or speed, you can't possibly be accelerating.In a car, accelerating may be accomplished by applying the gas pedal or the brakes, both of which would result in changes in speed. However, you could also turn by turning the steering wheel, which would reverse your momentum. Given that they alter velocity, any of them would be seen as an acceleration.The formula of acceleration is -
[tex]a=\frac{\Delta v}{\Delta t}=\frac{v_{f}-v_{i}}{\Delta t}[/tex]
[tex]v_{f}[/tex] is the final velocity
[tex]v_{i}[/tex] is the initial velocity
Δt is total time between both velocities.
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The complete question is-
A cart that is rolling at a constant velocity on a level table fires a ball straight up out of a vertical tube. Does your answer change if the cart is accelerating in the forward direction? If so, how?
The fact that voyager 10 continues to speed out of the solar system even though its rockets have no fuel, is an example of:_______
The fact that Voyager 10 continues to speed out of the solar system even though its rockets have no fuel, is an example of Newton's first law.
Sir Isaac Newton is a British mathematician, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologist, author, one of the greatest mathematicians and physicists of all time, and one of the most influential scientists. Widely recognized as a person. He was a key figure in the philosophical revolution known as the Enlightenment.
Isaac Newton is best known for his discoveries in optics (composition of white light) and mathematics (calculus). His best known is the formulation of the three laws of motion, which are the basic principles of modern physics.
Newton's first law states that a stationary or uniformly moving object remains straight unless its state is changed by the action of an external force.
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Calculate the wavelength of a photon of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 151.7 mhz
The wavelength of a photon of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 151.7 Mhz is 1.978 meter
According to the question
The frequency of a photon of electromagnetic radiation = 151.7 Mhz
By using the Formula of wavelength and frequency
λ = C/f
Where,
λ (Lambda) = Wavelength in meters
C = Speed of Light (c = 3x10⁸ m/s)
f = Frequency
Now, the wavelength of a photon of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 151.7 Mhz is
1 Mhz = 1000000 Hz
151.7 Mhz = 151.7 * 10⁶ Hz
λ = C/f
Substituting the value of C and f
λ = [tex]\frac{3*10^{8} }{151.7 * 10^{6} }[/tex]
λ = 1.978 meter
Hence, the wavelength of a photon of electromagnetic radiation with a frequency of 151.7 Mhz is 1.978 meter
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According to the Hubble classification scheme, an E4 galaxy has a(n) Group of answer choices irregular shape. round or spherical shape with a smooth light distribution and no disk or central bulge. disk and central bulge with a smooth light distribution and no spiral arms. moderately elliptical shape (a flattened circle) with a smooth light distribution.
According to the Hubble classification scheme, an E4 galaxy has-moderately elliptical shape (a flattened circle) with a smooth light distribution.
What does Hubble classification descrbes?Galaxies were first categorized by Edwin Hubble into four categories: spirals, barred spirals, ellipticals, and irregulars. According to the size of the central bulge and the makeup of the arms, he further divided spiral and barred spiral galaxies.A corresponds to a huge central bulge and wide central arms, while c is a modest central bulge with well-defined spiral arms. It is a common practice to categorize galaxies using the Hubble classification, sometimes known as the tuning fork diagram.A book titled "The Realm of the Nebulae" that was published in 1936 contained Hubble's original taxonomy of galaxy types. His initial plan has since undergone a number of adjustments and additions, but the fundamental concept of his "tuning fork diagram" has remained helpful for astronomers. Elliptical galaxy, which is roughly egg-shaped and lacks many features. The only thing that is typically visible is a drop in surface brightness as one moves away from the galaxy's core. The apparent shapes have long axes that are four times longer than their short axes, and range from very circular (E0) to fairly elliptical (E6).Disc galaxies feature a central bulge that resembles an elliptical galaxy very much, but they also have a thin disc of stars surrounding it. The disc typically resembles a circle quite a bit.To learn more about Galaxy click here-
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Two bumpers cars are headed for a collision at Rue Le Dodge on a Great America physics field trip. One bumper car has a mass of 46.3 kg heading to the right at 5.24 m/s, while the other has a mass of 55.4 kg headed in the opposite direction (to the left) at a speed of 1.79 m/s. If the two bumper cars collide, what will be the total momentum of both cars after the collision? Round your answer to two decimals.
The total momentum after collision is 143.466 kgm/s.
What is momentum of a body?
The momentum of a body is the product of the mass and the velocity of the body.
Momentum = mass * velocityAssuming the right direction as positive and left direction as negative:
Total Momentum before collision = Total Momentum after collisionMomentum to the right = 46.3 * 5.24 = +242.612 kgm/s
Momentum to the left = 55.4 * -1.79 = -99.166 kgm/s
Total momentum before collision = +242.612 kgm/s - 99.166 kgm/s
Total momentum before collision = 143.466 kgm/s
Thus, total momentum after collision is 143.466 kgm/s.
In conclusion, momentum is conserved in an isolated system of colliding bodies.
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If a car increases its velocity from zero to 60 km/h in 10 seconds, its acceleration is______.
Answer:
1.66m/s
Explanation:
here
initial velocity(u): 0m/s
final velocity (v):60km= 60×1000/60×60
:16.6m/s
time taken(t): 10s
now
acceleration:v-u/t
or a: 16.6-0/10
:16.6/10
acceleration: 1.66 m/s
In physics, acceleration is the rate at which the velocity of an object changes in relation to time. The sum of all forces exerted on an object results in its acceleration. The acceleration is 1.66 m/s².
The rate at which velocity, either in terms of speed or direction or both, varies over time is known as acceleration. A circle's motion accelerates despite its constant speed because its direction is continually shifting.
Here
initial velocity(u) = 0m/s
final velocity (v) = 60km
v = 60 × 1000 / 60 × 60
v = 16.6 m/s
Time taken(t) = 10s
Now.
acceleration = v-u / t
a = 16.6-0/10
a = 16.6/10
a = 1.66 m/s²
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Which nucleus completes the following equation?
22 Fr He+?
A. 226/85 At
B. 226/89 Ac
C. 222/89 Ac
D. 218/85 At
The nucleus that completes the equation given above is 218/85 At, which is option D.
What is a nuclear fission?Nuclear fission is a nuclear reaction in which a large nucleus splits into smaller ones with the simultaneous release of energy.
According to this question, the following nuclear fission reaction is given: 222/87Fr = 4/2He+ ?
To find the missing nucleus, we subtract 4 from 222 to get 218, therefore, the nucleus that completes the equation given above is 218/85 At.
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If the lens in a person's eye is too highly curved, this person is suffering from?
If the lens in a person's eye is too highly curved, this person is suffering from: nearsightedness.
lens is a piece of transparent material (such as glass) that has two opposite regular surfaces either both curved or one curved and the other plane and that is used either singly or combined in an optical instrument for forming an image by focusing rays of light.
The lens is used to form an image of an object by focusing rays of light from the object.
Various types of lenses are :
Concave lens.Convex lens.Plano lens.learn more about lens here
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The same bungee jumper from the previous question is now safely back on the ground, but hungry. He eats an apple before going for another jump. What energy transfer is he experiencing?
Group of answer choices
a. Kinetic to chemical
b. Elastic potential to chemical
c. Chemical to gravitational potential
d. Chemical to kinetic
D. The energy transfer he is experiencing is Chemical to kinetic.
Conservation of energy
The principle of conservation of energy states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed but can be converted from one form to another.
The apple eaten by the bungee jumper will provide chemical energy which will be converted into kinetic energy of the jumper once he is in motion.
Thus, the energy transfer he is experiencing is Chemical to kinetic.
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An air conditioner runs 15 minutes each hour on a hot summer day. It is on a 240 volt circuit and uses 21 amps. Rate is $.10/kWh
How much does it cost to run for one day? Round to the nearest cent. $Answer
Answer:
Approximately [tex]\$ 3.02[/tex].
Explanation:
Note that the electric rate in this question is in the unit dollar-per-[tex]{\rm kWh}[/tex], where [tex]1\; {\rm kWh}[/tex] is the energy to run an appliance of power [tex]1\; {\rm kW}[/tex] for an hour.
Number of minutes for which the air conditioner is running in that day: [tex]15 \times 24 = 360\; \text{minute}[/tex]. Apply unit conversion and ensure that this time is measured in hours (same as the unit of the electric rate.)
[tex]\begin{aligned} \text{time} &= 360\; \text{minute} \times \frac{1\; \text{hour}}{60\; \text{minute}} = 6\; \text{hour} \end{aligned}[/tex].
The power of this air conditioner is:
[tex]\begin{aligned} \text{power} &= \text{voltage} \times \text{current} \\ &= 240\; {\rm V} \times 21\; {\rm A} \\ &= 5040\; {\rm W} \\ &= 5.04\; {\rm kW} \end{aligned}[/tex].
Thus, the energy that this air conditioner would consume would be:
[tex]\begin{aligned}\text{energy} &= \text{power} \times \text{time} \\ &= 5.04\; {\rm kW} \times 6\; \text{hour} \\ &= 30.24\; {\rm kWh} \end{aligned}[/tex].
At a rate of [tex]0.1[/tex] dollar-per-[tex]{\rm kWh}[/tex], the cost of that much energy would be approximately [tex]3.02[/tex] dollars (rounded to the nearest cent.)
The use of fiberglass insulation in the outer walls of a building is intended to minimize heat transfer through the wall by what process?
a) conduction
b) radiation
c) convection
d) vaporization
Answer:
A, conduction.
Explanation:
Thermal conduction, by definition, is "a phenomenon that occurs through the interaction of neighboring atoms and molecules, transferring their energy/heat (partially) to their neighbors". Fiberglass insulation works mainly by preventing thermal conduction, as would a rubber handle of a pot on a hot stove.
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A 50.0 g stone is attached to the bottom of a vertical spring and set vibrating. If the maximum speed of the stone is 15.0 cm/s and the period is 0.500 s, find the (a) spring constant of the spring, (b) amplitude of the motion, and (c) frequency of oscillation.
Spring constant of the spring, amplitude of the motion, and frequency of oscillation are respectively 8N/m, 1.2 cm and 2Hz.
To find the answer, we need to know about angular frequency, frequency, amplitude of spring mass system.
What's the angular frequency of the spring mass system, if its time period is 0.5 second?Mathematically, w=2π/Tw= 2π/0.5= 12.6 rad/sWhat's the relation between angular frequency and spring constant?Mathematically, w =√(k/m)k= w²mHere, w= 12.6 rad/s, m= 50gm = 0.05kg k= 12.6²× 0.05 = 8 N/mWhat's the relation between amplitude, angular frequency and velocity of mass of a spring mass system?Mathematically, Amplitude= velocity/angular frequencyHere, velocity= 15 cm/s = 0.15m/s, angular frequency= 12.6 rad/sAmplitude= 0.15/12.6= 0.012m = 1.2 cmWhat's the expression of frequency in term of time period?Frequency= 1/time periodHere time period= 0.5 sFrequency= 1/0.5 = 2 HzThus, we can conclude that spring constant of the spring, amplitude of the motion, and frequency of oscillation are respectively 8N/m, 1.2 cm and 2Hz.
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Numerical implementation of wavelength-dependent photonic spike timing dependent plasticity based on VCSOAï¼»
A photonic system exemplifying the biological neural process of spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) is experimentally demonstrated using nonlinear polarization rotation. STDP represents the neuronal responses for learning based on input/output timing, order, and sequence.
What is Photonic implementation of spike timing dependent plasticity with weight-dependent learning window based on VCSOA ?according to the present synapse weight, we implement the optical spike timing dependent plasticity (STDP) with weight-dependent learning window in a VCSOA with double optical spike injections,
and numerically investigate the corresponding weight-dependent STDP characteristics. The simulation results show that, the bias current of VCSOA has significant effect on the optical STDP curve.After introducing an adaptive variation of the bias current according to the present synapse weight, the optical weight-dependent STDP based on VCSOA can be realizedLearn more about Spike timing dependent plasticity here:
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Red laser light passes through a single slit to form a diffraction pattern. If the width of the slit is increased by a factor of two, what happens to the width of the central maximum?
If the width of the slit is increased by a factor of two , then the central maxima will get decreased by half.
since , width of the central maxima is inversely proportional to the width of the slit . Which implies if width of the slit get increased then width of the central maxima will get decreased and vice versa.
central maxima = (2 * wavelength * D) / width of the slit
= (2 * lambda * D) / d
if initially width of the slit = d
then, after increasing it by a factor of two it become = 2d
central maxima = (2 * lambda * D) / 2d
= (lambda * D) / d
If the width of the slit is increased by a factor of two , then the central maxima will get decreased by half.
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What type of energy is solar energy? and how is it used to fuel us and the machines we use every day?
According to the research, solar energy is a renewable energy used in generating electricity and obtaining thermal energy.
What is solar energy?It is a type of energy derived from natural sources known as renewable energy that is obtained from solar radiation that reaches the Earth in the form of light, heat or ultraviolet rays.
Solar energy can be used to generate electricity, hot water supply and home heating.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, solar energy is a renewable energy used in generating electricity and obtaining thermal energy.
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A molecular cloud fragments as it collapses because Choose one: A. the interstellar wind is stronger in some places than others. B. the density increases fastest in the center of the cloud. C. the rotation of the cloud throws some mass to the outer regions. D. density variations from place to place grow larger as the cloud collapses.
The cause for a molecular cloud forming fragments when it collapses is indicated correctly by option D. density variations from place to place grow larger as the cloud collapses.
Molecular cloud:
A molecular cloud, also known as a stellar nursery, is a specific kind of interstellar cloud, whose density and size allow the development of molecules, absorption nebulae, and H II regions. In contrast, some regions of the interstellar medium mostly consist of ionized gas.
Molecular clouds are cold, dense areas of space where stars form. The cloud collapses into a proto-star when the gravitational force pulling it in outweighs the internal pressure pushing it in.
When a molecular cloud collapses, it is observed that the density varies from place to place with the variation increasing with collapse. As a result, the collapse is characterized by fragmentation of the cloud.
Thus the correct option is: D. density variations from place to place grow larger as the cloud collapses.
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The second step in converting between the mass of a compound and moles of a compound is to:________
The second step would be to divide the mass of the compound by the molar mass of the compound.
Converting mass to moleIn converting the mass of a compound to the number of moles of the same compound, one needs to divide the mass by the molar mass of the compound.
Mathematically, this is expressed as:
Number of moles of a compound = mass of the compound/molar mass of the compound.
Thus, the first step would be to calculate the molar mass of the compound from the molar weight of the atoms of elements that constitute the compound.
The second step would then be to divide the mass by the calculated molar mass in order to obtain the number of moles.
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A speed is a scalar physical quantity. Why?
Answer:
A speed is a scalar quantity because it only has magnitude.
Answer:
what is electronic configuration
The total amount of energy it takes to heat 2.0 kg of ice from –18oC to 220oC is
Answer:
Approximately [tex]6.5 \times 10^{3}\; {\rm kJ}[/tex] (or equivalently [tex]6.5 \times 10^{6}\; {\rm J}[/tex]) assuming a melting point of [tex]0\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex] and a boiling point of [tex]100\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex].
Explanation:
The total amount of energy required is the sum of five parts:
Energy required to heat ice from [tex](-18\; {\rm ^{\circ} C})[/tex] to [tex]0\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex].Energy required to melt the ice.Energy required to heat water from [tex]0\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex] to [tex]100\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex].Energy required to vaporize the water.Energy required to heat steam from [tex]100\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex] to [tex]220\; {\rm ^{\circ} C}[/tex].The specific heat of ice is [tex]c(\text{ice}) = 2.09 \; {\rm kJ \cdot K^{-1} \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. Energy required to raised the temperature of [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of ice by [tex]\Delta T = (0 - (- 18)) \; {\rm K} = 18\; {\rm K}[/tex]:
[tex]\begin{aligned}Q &= c(\text{ice}) \, m\, \Delta T \approx 75.24\; {\rm kJ} \end{aligned}[/tex].
The enthalpy of fusion (melting) of water is approximately [tex]\Delta H = 334\; {\rm kJ \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. The energy required to melt [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of ice would be:
[tex]Q = m\, \Delta H \approx 668\; {\rm kJ}[/tex].
The specific heat of water is [tex]c(\text{water}) =4.18 \; {\rm kJ \cdot K^{-1} \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. Energy required to raised the temperature of [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of water by [tex]\Delta T = (100 - 0) \; {\rm K} = 100\; {\rm K}[/tex]:
[tex]\begin{aligned}Q &= c(\text{water}) \, m\, \Delta T \approx836\; {\rm kJ} \end{aligned}[/tex].
The enthalpy of vaporization of water is approximately [tex]\Delta H = 2257\; {\rm kJ \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. The energy required to vaporize [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of water would be:
[tex]Q = m\, \Delta H \approx 4.51 \times 10^{3}\; {\rm kJ}[/tex].
The specific heat of steam is [tex]c(\text{water}) =2.09\; {\rm kJ \cdot K^{-1} \cdot kg^{-1}}[/tex]. Energy required to raised the temperature of [tex]m = 2.0\; {\rm kg}[/tex] of steam by [tex]\Delta T = (220 - 100) \; {\rm K} = 120\; {\rm K}[/tex]:
[tex]\begin{aligned}Q &= c(\text{steam}) \, m\, \Delta T \approx 920\; {\rm kJ} \end{aligned}[/tex].
Hence, the total amount of energy required is approximately [tex]6.5 \times 10^{3}\; {\rm kJ}[/tex].