Answer:
Profit margin = net profit / total sales = $78 / $5,200 = 1.5%
Asset turnover = total sales / average total assets = $5,200 / ($2,990 + $3,510) = 1.6
Return on assets = net income / average total assets = $78 / $3,250 = 2.4%
Return on common stockholders’ equity = net income / average stockholders' equity = $78 / ($992 + $1,031) = 7.71%
Gross profit rate = gross profit / total sales = $1,716 / $5,200 = 33%
A share of stock sells for $53 today. The beta of the stock is .7 and the expected return on the market is 16 percent. The stock is expected to pay a dividend of $1.00 in one year. If the risk-free rate is 5.2 percent, what should the share price be in one year?
Answerueueyehrgrgr
Explanation:
american snacks inc, a conglomerate, has a strategic alliance with tres bien limite, a french snack-maker. concerned that the different business units what can owners and managers at american snacks do to respond to tres biens concern
Answer: c. Arrange for the alliance to be managed at the corporate level.
Explanation:
To mitigate the risk of the various units of American Snacks partnering with Très Bien competitors, the alliance should be managed at Corporate level. All the different units are subservient at Corporate level therefore managing the alliance from there would mean that the different units cannot partner with rivals because Corporate level decisions are strategic and affect the entire company.
Partnering with rivals would therefore be unfeasible across the entire company.
. Which of these statements is true about the field of organizational behavior? 1 point A. It examines how individuals and teams in organizations relate to one another and to their counterparts in other organizations. B OB researchers systematically study various topics at a common level rather than at multiple levels. C. Information technology has almost no effect on organizational behavior. D. The field of organizational behavior relies exclusively on ideas generated within the field by organizational behavior scholars. E. The origins of organizational behavior are traced mainly to the field of economics.
Answer:
A. It examines how individuals and teams in organizations relate to one another and to their counterparts in other organizations.
Explanation:
Organizational behavior examines how individuals and teams in organizations relate to one another and to their counterparts in other organizations.
An organizational behavior can be defined as the study of people's opinions, feelings, actions and how people perceive an organization.
This ultimately implies that, an organizational behavior is the study of people's opinions, feelings, actions and how people perceive an organization.
Basically, it measures how an organization relates with its external environments. This is very key to formulating policies, mission and achieving a successful long-term organizational goals and objectives.
7. Ms. House utilizes a strategy of "Check 1 – 2- 3". Why does she do this? How do you think this was initially taught?
Explanation:
To get her student's attention. Remember, the check 1 2 3 strategy allows teachers to get an inside into the students understanding.
However, in this scenario, Ms. House uses the strategy to lower her student's voices, so as to get their attention. She likely started using this strategy at the start of the school year and kept doing it.
If the region or country where a company is located is experiencing a labor shortage, what should the company's management do
Answer:
In a situation where the company established in a region or country is experiencing a labor shortage, the best action to be taken would be to employ labourers from other regions or countries and moved them towards their location. This approach is adopted mostly by construction and hospitality industries.
Explanation:
Universal Travel Inc. borrowed $497,000 on November 1, 2018, and signed a 12-month note bearing interest at 4%. Interest is payable in full at maturity on October 31, 2019. In connection with this note, Universal Travel Inc. should report interest payable at December 31, 2018, in the amount of:
Answer:
Dec 31, 2018
Interest expense 3313.33 Dr
Interest Payable 3313.33 Cr
Explanation:
The note interest is payable at an annual rate of 4%. The interest will be paid at maturity however, an adjusting entry will be made on December 31, 2018 following the accrual basis of accounting to record the interest expense that relates to the period from November to December of 2018. The interest expense will be debited and as the interest will be paid at maturity, interest payable will be credited.
Interest expense = 497000 * 0.04 * 2/12 = $3313.33
Advertising department expenses of $42,800 and purchasing department expenses of $32,100 of Cozy Bookstore are allocated to operating departments on the basis of dollar sales and purchase orders, respectively. Information about the allocation bases for the three operating departments follows.
Department Sales Purchase Orders
Books $ 180,000 1,170
Magazines 108,000 520
Newspapers 112,000 910
Total $ 400,000 2,600
Complete the following table by allocating the expenses of the two service departments (advertising and purchasing) to the three operating departments. (Amounts to be deducted should be indicated with minus sign.)
Answer:
Cozy Bookstore
Allocation of Service Departments' Overheads to the Operating Departments:
Books Magazines Newspapers Total
Allocation of:
Advertising Dept. $19,260 $11,556 $11,984 $42,800
(Dollar Sales)
Purchasing Dept. $14,445 $6,420 $11,235 $32,100
(Purchase Orders)
Total $33,705 $17,976 $23,219 $74,900
Explanation:
a) Data and Calculations:
1. Allocation Basis:
Department Sales Purchase Orders
Books $ 180,000 (45%) 1,170 (45%)
Magazines 108,000 (27%) 520 (20%)
Newspapers 112,000 (28%) 910 (35%)
Total $ 400,000 2,600
2. Allocation of Advertising Department expenses of $42,800 on the basis of dollar sales:
Books = 45% of $42,800 = $19,260
Magazines = 27% of $42,800 = $11,556
Newspapers = 28% of $42,800 = $11,984
3. Allocation of Purchasing Department expenses of $32,100 on the basis of Purchase orders:
Books = 45% of $32,100 = $14,445
Magazines = 20% of $32,100 = $6,420
Newspapers = 35% of $32,100 = $11,235
4. The allocation of overheads for the service departments of Advertising and Purchase of Cozy Bookstore was done using the direct method. This method allocates the overheads directly to each operating unit of either Books, Magazines, or Newspapers. This is a straightforward method. Other methods exists for the allocation. They include the step method and the reciprocal method; details of their discussions are not included in this class.
A process that automatically groups people with similar buying intentions, preferences, and behaviors and predicts future purchases is called _____.
Answer: collaborative filtering
Explanation:
A process that automatically groups people with similar buying intentions, preferences, and behaviors and predicts future purchases is referred to as collaborative filtering.
Collaborative filtering is a method of making predictions about a user by collecting information from other similar users.
Suppose that we have the following information concerning the government's finances and the macroeconomy for a given year: Government Debt: $12 trillion Inflation: 10% Nominal Deficit: $1.5 trillion What is the real deficit for the year
Answer: $300 billion
Explanation:
The real deficit that a Government has is one that has been adjusted for inflationary effects. It is calculated by subtracting the inflation rate times the total debt from the nominal deficit.
= Nominal deficit - (Inflation rate * Total debt)
= 1.5 trillion - ( 10% * 12 trillion)
= 1.5 trillion - 1.2 trillion
= $300 billion
Farmers and ranchers are considered to be part of the ________ which is the subdivision of the food industry that produces agricultural commodities.
Answer: producers sector
Explanation:
Farmers, rancher, and so on are part of the producers sector of the food industry where they engage in the production of raw food, fiber, and other agricultural products or commodities. In the case of farmers, they work the land and/or keep livestock, especially on the farm. Ranchers operate large plots of land for raising cattle, sheep or other livestock.
other major sectors of the food industry would include: -Farm Service , Processors , and Marketers.
A divisional manager receives a bonus based on 10% of the residual income from the division. During the current year, the division reported revenues of $1,000,000 and expenses of $500,000. The division had $2,000,000 in average operating assets. The minimum required rate of return for the division was 15%. What was the amount of the manager's bonus
Answer:
The amount of the manager's bonus is $20,000
Explanation:
Residual income = Net income - ( average operating assets * minimum rate of return)
Net income= Revenues - Expenses = $1,000,000 - $500,000
Net income = $500,000
Residual income = 500,000 - (2,000,000 * 15%)
= 500,000 - $300,000
= $200,000
Managers bonus = $200,000 * 10%
Managers bonus = $20,000
An investment adviser representative (IAR) asks a customer for a loan of $5,000. The customer agrees, and both the customer and the IAR document the loan by signing a written agreement. Under the provisions of the Uniform Securities Act, the IAR:
Answer:
D. Has not committed an unethical act since the loan was documented in writing.
Explanation:
Section 102 of the Uniform Securities Act of 1956 specifies that it is unlawful and unethical for an investment adviser representative to enter into a contract with a client except it is provided in writing that he does not stand to gain any financial profit, that no assignment of the contract would be made without the consent of the other party, and that if there is any change in the membership of the contract, the other party would be notified.
So, if the contract was documented between the investment adviser and the client, then it would not be unethical conduct.
The Herfindahl-Hirschman Index (HHI) is a mathematical approach to understanding market concentration that provides a single concentration indicator. What is the HHI for an industry characterized by the below noted data?Firm 1 has a market share of 40%Firm 2 has a market share of 20%Firm 3 has a market share of 15%Firm 4 has a market share of 15%Firm 5 has a market share of 10%HHI=___
Answer:
2550
Explanation:
The HHI is calculated by squaring the market share of each firm in the industry.
40² + 20² + 15² + 15² + 10² = 1600 + 400 + 225 + 225 + 100 = 2550
Gabriel, Harris and Ida are members of Jeweled Watches, LLC. What are their options with respect to the management of their firm?
Answer:
They could be a Member-managed Limited Liability Company or a Manager-managed Limited Liability Company.
Explanation:
A Limited Liability Company is usually run by two or more partners. In managing this type of company, the members might choose to manage the company themselves. This is known as a member-managed Limited Liability Company. In such cases, if any member makes a decision in behalf of the business, with his signature appended to it, such a decision is considered legally binding on all other members of the company. Every member also has a say in the company's decision-making.
If they choose to be a manager-managed Limited Liability Company, they can appoint one or more non-members to manage the company for them. They do not interfere with how the manager chooses to run the company. They can still make important decisions but this is quite limited. However, they can choose to remove the manager/managers as they will.
A company's net sales are $787,030, its costs of goods sold are $439,160, and its net income is $106,280. Its gross margin ratio equals:
Answer:
Gross margin ratio = 46.57%
Explanation:
Gross margin is also known as gross profit margin ratio, and it is a measure of profitability. It compares a company's gross margin to its revenue and shows how much profit is made after the cost of goods sold is paid for.
the formula for calculating gross margin is as follows:
[tex]Gross\ Margin =\ \frac{(Total\ Revenue)-(cost\ of\ goods\ sold) }{Total\ Revenue} \times 100[/tex]
where:
Total revenue = net sales = 787,030
cost of goods sold = $439,160
[tex]\leq Gross\ Margin =\ \frac{787,030-439,160 }{747,030} \times 100\\\\Gross\ Margin =\ \frac{347,870 }{747,030} \times 100\\Gross\ Margin =\ 46.57\%[/tex]
In January 2022, the management of Blossom Company concludes that it has sufficient cash to purchase some short-term investments in debt and stock securities. During the year, the following transactions occurred.
Jan. 1 Purchased 75 $1,000, 8% TRC bonds for $75,000. Interest is payable annually on December 31.
Feb. 1 Purchased 1,295 shares of LAF common stock for $53,095.
Mar. 1 Purchased 540 shares of NCL common stock for $18,900.
July 1 Received a cash dividend of $0.80 per share on the LAF common stock.
Aug. 1 Sold 217 shares of LAF common stock at $40 per share.
Sept. 1 Received $2 per share cash dividend on the NCL common stock.
Dec. 31 Received the annual interest on the TRC bonds.
31 Sold the TRC bonds for $77,665.
At December 31, the fair values of the LAF and NCL common stocks were $37 and $28 per share, respectively. These stock investments by Blossom Company provide less than a 20% ownership interest.
Required:
Journaline the transactions and post to the accounts Debt Investments and Stacklestments.
1 de agosto Vendió 217 acciones ordinarias de LAF a $ 40 por acción.
1 de septiembre Recibió un dividendo en efectivo de $ 2 por acción sobre las acciones ordinarias de NCL.
31 de diciembre Recibió el interés anual de los bonos TRC.
31 Vendió los bonos de TRC por $ 77,665.
Presented below is the 2021 income statement and comparative balance sheet information for Tiger Enterprises.
TIGER ENTERPRISES
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
($ in thousands)
Sales revenue $ 9,000
Operating expenses:
Cost of goods sold $ 3,800
Depreciation expense 280
Insurance expense 300
General and administrative expense 2,200
Total operating expenses 6,580
Income before income taxes 2,420
Income tax expense (968)
Net income $ 1,452
Balance Sheet Information ($ in thousands) Dec. 31,2021 Dec. 31, 2020
Assets:
Cash $ 380 $ 240
Accounts receivable 770 870
Inventory 700 640
Prepaid insurance 90 40
Equipment 2,500 2,000
Less: Accumulated depreciation (920) (640)
Total assets $ 3,520 $ 3,150
Liabilities and Shareholders' Equity:
Accounts payable $ 320 $ 400
Accrued liabilities (for general & administrative expense) 320 440
Income taxes payable 220 190
Notes payable (due 12/31/2022) 1,040 800
Common stock 980 840
Retained earnings 640 480
Total liabilities and shareholders' equity $ 3,520 $ 3,150
Required:
Prepare Tiger’s statement of cash flows, using the indirect method to present cash flows from operating activities. (Hint: You will have to calculate dividend payments).
Answer and Explanation:
The Preparation of Tiger’s statement of cash flows, using the indirect method is shown below:-
TIGER ENTERPRISES
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2021
Particulars Amount
Cash flow from operating activities
Net income $1,452
Non cash adjustment effects
Depreciation expenses $280
Changes in operating assets and liabilities
Decrease in accounts receivable $100
Increase in inventory ($60)
Increase in prepaid insurance ($50)
Decrease in accounts payable ($80)
Decrease in accrued liabilities ($120)
Increase in income tax payable $30 $100
Net cash flow from operating activities $1,552
Cash flow from investing activities
Equipment purchased ($500)
Net cash flow investing activities ($500)
Cash flow from financing activities
Issuance of notes payable $240
Issuance of common stock $140
Payment of dividends ($1,292)
Net cash flow from financing activities ($912)
Net increase in cash $140
Jan 1 Cash $240
Dec 32 Cash $380
Working note:-
Retained earning Opening balance $480
Add: Net income $1,452
Less: Retained earning closing balance $640
Paid dividend $1,292
In marketing his wooden pens and pencils to specialty-shop customers. What marketing straregy Roben was using and why?
Answer:
concentrated marketing
A restaurant owner just found out that his pizza bistro is losing money. What is one possible explanation for this loss
Answer:
Explanation:
There could be multiple reasons as to why the pizza bistro is losing money.
Waste not being counted accurately.
Food being replaced for wrong orders and not being accounted for.
Theft.
Orders not being entered correctly.
Presented below are selected transactions at Windsor, Inc. for 2019. Jan. 1 Retired a piece of machinery that was purchased on January 1, 2009. The machine cost $60,600 on that date. It had a useful life of 10 years with no salvage value. June 30 Sold a computer that was purchased on January 1, 2016. The computer cost $40,200. It had a useful life of 5 years with no salvage value. The computer was sold for $13,800. Dec. 31 Discarded a delivery truck that was purchased on January 1, 2015. The truck cost $41,160. It was depreciated based on a 6-year useful life with a $3,000 salvage value. Required:Journalize all entries required on the above dates, including entries to update depreciation, where applicable, on assets disposed of. Windsor, Inc. uses straight-line depreciation. (Assume depreciation is up to date as of December 31, 2018.)
Answer:
All journal entries are given below
Explanation:
A. Retired a piece of machinery
Entry DEBIT CREDIT
Accumulated depreciation $60,600
Machinery $60,600
B. Depreciation for expense for computer sold
Entry DEBIT CREDIT
Depreciation expense $4,020
Accumulated depreciation $4,020
Working
Depreciation = (40,200/5year) x6/12
Depreciation = $4,020
C. Disposal of computer
Entry DEBIT CREDIT
Cash $13,800
Accumulated depreciation(w) $28,140
Gain on disposal $1,740
Computer $40,200
Workings;-
Accumulated depreciation = depreciation expense per year x number of years
Accumulated depreciation = $8040 x 3.5years = $28,140
D. depreciation of delivery truck
Entry DEBIT CREDIT
Depreciation expense $6,360
Accumulated depreciation $6,360
E. Dicarded delivery truck
Entry DEBIT CREDIT
Accumulated depreciation(w) $31,180
Loss on discarded truck $9,360
Delivery truck $41,160
Workings;-
Accumulated depreciation = depreciation expense per year x number of years
Accumulated depreciation = $6,360 x 5
Accumulated depreciation = $31,180
A corporation uses the indirect method for preparing the statement of cash flows. A fixed asset has been sold for $24,241 representing a gain of $3,478. The value in the operating activities section regarding this event would be
Answer:
($3,478)
Explanation:
The above means that the amount of gain on sale of fixed asset should be deducted from net income so as to get the cash flow from the operating activities because it is an increase in net income for the period under review.
It is to be noted that where non cash expense such as depreciation is given, such will be added back while non cash revenue is deducted to arrive at the net cash flow from operating activities.
The following data were reported by a corporation: Authorized shares 24,000 Issued shares 19,000 Treasury shares 5,500 The number of outstanding shares is: Multiple Choice 19,000. 18,500. 29,500.
Answer:
13,500
Explanation:
Outstanding shares = issued shares - Treasury shares
19,000 - 5,500 = `13,500
Shares is a method through which firms raise capital.
Authorised shares are the maximum number of shares a company can issue to investors
Outstanding shares are the total number of shares sold to investors
Treasury shares are shares that have been issued and later repurchased by the company
Issued shares are the shares that a company issues
Mark Sports Inc. sold 500 pairs of skates at $50 each in 2012. The management estimates that 4% of the skates sold will need repair within a year. The repair cost for each pair is $10. Which is the correct journal entry for estimating warranty liability
Answer:
Warranty repair Expense (Dr.) $200
Warranty Payable (Dr.) $200
Explanation:
The warranty expense is the estimate of probable expense that will incur due to fault in the product. The estimated repair is the 4% of skates sold. If 500 pairs of skates are sold then out of them 4% will require repair. The repair for the faulty skates will cost $10. The total cost will be $200,
500 pairs of skates * 4% * $10
Aaron Corporation, which has only one product, has provided the following data concerning its most recent month of operations:
Selling price $90
Units in beginning inventory 0
Units produced 3,400
Units sold 3,000
Units in ending inventory 400
Variable costs per unit:
Direct materials $21
Direct labor $38
Variable manufacturing overhead $6
Variable selling and administrative expense $4
Fixed costs:
Fixed manufacturing overhead $54,400
Fixed selling and administrative expense $3,000
What is the unit product cost for the month under variable costing?
Answer:
$65 per unit
Explanation:
Calculation for the unit product cost for the month under variable costing for Aaron Corporation.
Variable costs per unit:
Direct materials $21
Direct labor $38
Variable manufacturing overhead $6
Variable costing unit product cost $ 65
Therefore the unit product cost for the month under variable costing will be $65 per unit.
What is the yield to maturity of a -year, bond with a % coupon rate and semiannual coupons if this bond is currently trading for a price of ?
What is the yield to maturity of a five-year, $5000 bond with a 4.5% coupon rate and semi-annual coupons if this bond is currently trading for a price of $4876?
A) 6.30%
B) 4.50%
C) 4.30%
D) 5.07%
E) 8.60%
Answer:
5.07%
Explanation:
Given the following parameters from the question:
Number of years = 5
N => Number of compounding periods = 5 * 2 = 10
FV => Face Value = $5,000
PV => Present Value = $4876
Percentage rate = 4.5%
PMT => Annuity Payment = Face Value * percentage
=> 5,000 * 0.045 = 225
Given that, it is semi annual rate, we have 225 / 2 = 112.5
CPT YTM or I/Y => Yield to Maturity = 2.53 * 2 = 5.07%
Hence, the final answer is 5.07%
The stock in Bowie Enterprises has a beta of .87. The expected return on the market is 11.70 percent and the risk-free rate is 2.89 percent. What is the required return on the company's stock
Answer:
10.55%
Explanation:
The stock in Bowie's enterprise has a beta of 0.87
The expected return on the market is 11.70%
The risk free rate is 2.89%
Therefore, the required return on the company stock can be calculated as follows
= 2.89%+0.87(11.70%-2.89%)
= 2.89%+10.179%-2.5143%
= 2.89%+7.6647%
= 10.55%
Hence the required return on the company's stock is 10.55%
Here are some important figures from the budget of Crenshaw, Inc., for the second quarter of 2019. April May June Credit sales $689,000 $598,000 $751,000 Credit purchases 302,000 282,000 338,000 Cash disbursements: Wages, taxes, and expenses 137,000 129,000 179,000 Interest 15,600 15,600 15,600 Equipment purchases 53,500 6,600 248,000 The company predicts that 5 percent of its credit sales will never be collected, 35 percent of its sales will be collected in the month of the sale, and the remaining 60 percent will be collected in the following month. Credit purchases will be paid in the month following the purchase. In March 2019, credit sales were $561,000. Using this information, complete the following cash budget: April MAY JUNEBeginning cash balance 182,000 Cash receiptCash Collection from the credit saleTotal cash available Cash Disbursement Purchase $289,000 Wages, Taxes, and expenses Interest Equipment purchases Total cash Disbursement Ending cash balance
Answer and Explanation:
The presentation of the cash budget for the three months is shown below:
Particulars April May June
Beginning
cash balance $182,000 $264,650 $434,150
Add:
Cash receipts :
Credit sales
collections $577,750 $622,700 $621,650
Total cash
available $759,750 $887,350 $1,055,800
Less:
Cash disbursements
Purchases -$289,000 -$302,000 -$282,000
Wages, Taxes
and expenses -$137,000 -$129,000 -$179,000
Interest -$15,600 -$15,600 -$15,600
Equipment
purchases -$53,500 -$6,600 -$248,000
Total
cash disbursements -$495,100 -$453,200 -$724,600
Ending
cash balance $264,650 $434,150 $331,200
Working Notes:
Cash collection from credit sales
Particulars March April May June
Credit sales $561,000 $689,000 $598,000 $751,000
Cash collected :
35% cash collected
in month of sales $196,350 $241,150 $209,300 $262,850
60% cash collected
in following month
of sales $0 $336,600 $413,400 $358,800
Total cash
collected from sales $577,750 $622,700 $621,650
Fertile Acres Inc., Growers Farm Co-op, and Harvest Orchards agree to exchange information, conduct an advertising campaign, and set certain regulatory standards to govern their operations. This association is
Answer: a. subject to analysis under the rule of reason.
Explanation:
The Rule of Reason is used to interpret whether he Sherman Act which is an anti-trust law has been breached. This Rule was established so as not to unfairly close down all monopolies and Monopolies are not illegal, price fixing is.
If companies therefore come together as Fertile Acres Inc., Growers Farm Co-op, and Harvest Orchards have done, the Government under the Rule of Reason will check to see if the actions of these firms was done in order for them to go against free trade practices. If it was not then the agreement might be allowed to stand.
Acme Company’s production budget for August is 17,600 units and includes the following component unit costs: direct materials, $7.70; direct labor, $10.10; variable overhead, $6.20. Budgeted fixed overhead is $33,000. Actual production in August was 18,810 units. Actual unit component costs incurred during August include direct materials, $8.50; direct labor, $9.10; variable overhead, $6.90. Actual fixed overhead was $34,600. The standard direct material cost per unit consists of 11 pounds of raw material at $0.7 per pound. During August, 319,770 pounds of raw material were used that were purchased at $0.50 per pound.
Required:
Calculate the materials price variance and materials usage variance for August.
Answer:
Instructions are below.
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Actual production in August was 18,810 units.
During August, 319,770 pounds of raw material were used that were purchased at $0.50 per pound.
The standard direct material cost per unit consists of 11 pounds of raw material at $0.7 per pound.
To calculate the direct material price and quantity variance, we need to use the following formulas:
Direct material price variance= (standard price - actual price)*actual quantity
Direct material price variance= (0.7 - 0.5)*319,770
Direct material price variance= $63,954 favorable
Direct material quantity variance= (standard quantity - actual quantity)*standard price
Standard quantity= 18,810*11= 206,910
Direct material quantity variance= (206,910 - 319,770)*0.7
Direct material quantity variance= $79,002 unfavorable
The Association of Organic Food Growers, which does not include all organic farmers and ranchers, refuses to deal with any parties who do not carry the products of its members. This group boycott is Group of answer choices a situation that neither restrains trade nor harms competition. not within the scope of the Sherman Act. a per se violation of antitrust law. subject to analysis under the rule of reason.
Answer:
a per se violation of antitrust law.
Explanation:
The antitrust laws can be defined as those laws that are created by the US government to protect consumers from unfair means of competition in market. The aim of creating such laws is to ensure the protection of customers from corruptive business practices and also to ensure safe healthy competitive environment among same business companies.
In the given scenario, the Association of Organic Food Growers is violating the antitrust law by boycotting farmers, ranchers, etc. The antitrust laws are violated by companies in several ways among them is by boycotting.
Boycotting can be defined as an agreement between several companies that excludes a group of customers or market to avert them from buying aanyy goods or products.
This boycotting agreement is a per se violation of antitrust law.