Two stages are required for the expression of a polypeptide-encoding gene. The core assumption of molecular biology is that information travels in this process from DNA to RNA to protein, where there is a directional relationship.
A theory claiming that genetic information only moves in one direction—from DNA to RNA to protein, or from RNA to protein directly—is the basic dogma of molecular biology.
According to the so-called basic dogma of molecular biology, all genetic information moves from DNA to RNA through transcription and then from RNA to proteins through translation (Crick, 1958).
Information is transferred through one strand of DNA to RNA during transcription, which is carried out by the enzyme RNA Polymerase.
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On what side of the plasma membrane are the carbohydrate chains of glycoproteins, proteoglycans, and glycolipids located?
On the exterior of the plasma membrane are the carbohydrate chains of glycolipids, proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
The membrane that divides the interior of the cell from the external environment is known as the plasma membrane, sometimes known as the cell membrane, and it is present in all cells.
A cell wall is affixed to the plasma membrane on the exterior of bacterial and plant cells. The plasma membrane is a layer that surrounds that is semipermeable.
The plasma membrane mediates the materials that flow from and into the cell.
A cell is protected by its cell membrane, also known as the plasma membrane. Additionally, it offers a stable environment inside the cell. And that membrane serves a variety of purposes.
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Is deletion a frameshift?
Yes deletion is a form of frameshift
A frameshift mutation in a gene refers to the insertion or deletion of nucleotide bases in numbers that are not multiples of three. This is important because a cell reads a gene's code in groups of three bases when making a protein. Some regions of DNA contain short sequences of nucleotides that are repeated a number of times in a row. Insertion mutations and deletion mutations are the two forms of frameshift mutations that might occur. Both have a similar overall impact
A deletion, as related to genomics, is a type of mutation that involves the loss of one or more nucleotides from a segment of DNA. A deletion can involve the loss of any number of nucleotides, from a single nucleotide to an entire piece of a chromosome.
Mutations can be of many types, such as substitution, insertion, and translocation are other forms of frameshifts that may occur to DNA.
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Sensory Neurons - Carry impulses from the skin and organs to the spinal cord and brain, providing info about the internal and external environments.
Motor Neurons - Transmit impulses from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands, directing body actions.
Interneurons - Neurons that form bridges to transmit impulses between other neurons.
Afferent neurons, also known as primary sensory neurons, transport impulses from receptor cells or free nerve terminals into the brain's central nervous system.
The spinal cord is where information processing starts after neurones in the spinal roots convey impulses from body's sense receptors. In order to reach a more central area of the central nervous, such the spinal cord and brain, a sensory neuron must first receive impulses from such a receptor, like those in the eyes or ear. Each stimulus that a sensory neuron needs to pick up from the internally or externally environment is converted into a motor neurone. A neuron that transports nerve impulses through one neurons to another is called an interneuron. A muscle and gland responds to an impulse sent by a motor neuron by contracting or expanding. The brain and spinal cord make up the central nervous system.
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which condition will increase the salinity of the water in a tide pool?
The conditions will increase the salinity of the water in a tidal pool are hot and windy conditions.
Salinity is the level of saltiness or salt content dissolved in water. The salt content in water can have different concentrations which will affect the body's osmoregulation balance and the growth of living things in these waters.
Factor that can affect the level of salinity of the tidal pool is the evaporation rate. When the evaporation rate of water is high it will cause an increase in the salinity of the tidal pool. Evaporation of water in tide pools can occur when conditions are hot and windy. The volume of water will decrease because it is lifted into the air, but the salt in the water will not be lifted up. This causes the salinity of the water to increase.
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which type of chemical bond generates polarity within a water molecule?
The type of chemical bond that generates polarity within a water molecule is a covalent bond.
A covalent link between two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom forms the water molecule. As oxygen has a higher electronegativity than hydrogen, the electrons that form the covalent bond will be attracted more towards the oxygen atom, creating a slightly negative charge on the oxygen atom and a slightly positive charge on the hydrogen atoms. This creates a dipole, with two regions of opposite charges that give water its polarity.
This polarity is what makes water so important for life on Earth. Because of its polarity, water is able to form hydrogen bonds with other molecules, creating a cohesive network of molecules that increases the surface tension of liquid water.
This allows water to stick to itself and to surfaces, making it an excellent solvent and allowing it to move through tiny spaces like the xylem and phloem of plants. It also gives water the ability to move up the stem of a plant against gravity, providing necessary nutrients to the plant.
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What causes silent mutations?
Silent mutations are genetic changes that occur in the DNA sequence of a gene, but do not result in a change to the amino acid sequence of the protein that the gene codes for.
These types of mutations are also known as synonymous mutations.There are several different causes of silent mutations. One of the most common is a change in the third base of a codon, which is the sequence of three nucleotides that codes for a specific amino acid. This type of mutation is known as a third base transition and occurs when a purine (A or G) is replaced with another purine, or when a pyrimidine (C or T) is replaced with another pyrimidine.
Because the genetic code is redundant, these changes in the third base of a codon do not result in a change to the amino acid that is encoded. Another cause of silent mutations is the result of genetic drift, which is a random change that occurs in the DNA sequence over time.
Genetic drift can occur in populations that are small and isolated, and can result in the accumulation of silent mutations in certain genes. This can occur because the mutations do not have an effect on the survival or reproduction of the organism, and so are not subject to natural selection.
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what is created when animals and plants go through cellular respiraiton?
When plants and animals undergo cellular respiration, energy in the form of ATP is produced.
Cellular respiration involves chemical reactions which breakdown glucose in order to produce ATP which provide energy to the organisms in order to perform a number of activities like digestion, movement, metabolism etc. The chemicals which are involved during respiration are catabolic in nature, that is, they involve the breakdown of the larger substances into smaller ones.
The chemical energy is converted into ATP, which can be used by the body of the organism. The three major steps of cellular respiration are the glycolysis, Kreb's cycle or the citric acid cycle and oxidative phosphorylation.
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Suppose your friend tells you she has a temperature of 38degreeC. Your temperature is 37degreeC. Do the particles that make up your body or your friend's body have a greater average kinetic energy? Explain
The particles that make up your or your friend's body do not have a higher average kinetic energy since they have the same temperature.
What is Kinetic energy?This is the energy that a body possesses as a result of its motion, whereas temperature is the degree of hotness or coolness of a substance.
We were told that they are both 38 degrees Celsius, implying that the particles in both bodies have the same average kinetic energy. It is also worth noting that the average kinetic energy increases with increasing temperature and vice versa.
Kinetic energy is classified into five types: radiant, thermal, acoustic, electrical, and mechanical.
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Which mutation would change the greatest number of amino acids in a protein?
A. The deletion of a single adenine nucleotide in the middle of a gene.
B. The addition of the nucleotides that make up an additional stop codon to the end of a gene.
C. The substitution of a thymine nucleotide with a cytosine nucleotide near the beginning of a gene.
D. The insertion of a thymine, a guanine, and an adenine nucleotide in that order at the end of a gene.
Option b is Correct. The most amino acids in a protein would be altered by adding the nucleotides that make up an additional stop codon to the end of a gene.
A frameshift variation happens when nucleotides are added or removed, shifting the grouping and altering the coding for all amino acids downstream. The insertion of two bases will be the most harmful of these changes.
Given that the genetic code is read in triplets, a two base insertion will change the reading frame of the code and result in a frameshift mutation, which will result in erroneous amino acids for all amino acids after the site of the mutation.
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Help please? I really don't get this
Answer:
16. Planting more trees and reducing the use of fossil fuels.
17. The process responsible can be photosynthesis.
18. One possible cause can be fewer photosynthetic organisms OR the increase in human population.
19. The relationship is that as the time increased, the levels of carbon dioxide increased.
Explanation:
These answers are correct 100%!
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If the nuclear DNA in the sample is degraded, mtDNA can be used, but it cannot be linked to an exact person.
True
False
True. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is often used when nuclear DNA in a sample is degraded or not present. This is because mtDNA is more resilient than nuclear DNA and is not affected by environmental factors such as temperature and humidity as much as nuclear DNA.
It also has a higher copy number, meaning more of it is present in a sample. However, mtDNA is only inherited from the maternal line and therefore can only be used to link two individuals if they are related through the maternal line.
Additionally, mtDNA can only be used to link individuals to a certain degree, and an exact person cannot be identified. For example, mtDNA can be used to link a sample to a maternal family line, but cannot be used to link a sample to a specific person in that family line.
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Human Anatomy and Physiology
Sketch out a small picture of the three types of muscle tissue. Explain a location where each is found in the body and their unique functions and characteristics.
It is composed of short, branched cells with one central nucleus. It is found in the walls of the heart and its unique functions include pumping blood throughout the body and maintaining cardiac rhythm.
What is functions ?
A function is a block of code that performs a specific task, and is often used to provide a service to other pieces of code. Functions are essential components of programming languages, as they are the most common way to break down complex tasks into manageable chunks.
Functions can take input, process it, and return output. They can be written once and reused multiple times, which saves time and makes code easier to maintain.
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which layer of the heart wall initiates contractions that pump blood?
The heart is made up of three layers: the epicardium (outer layer), which inhibits excessive heart expansion or movement, the myocardium (middle layer), which begins contractions that drive the cardiac cycle, and the endocardium (inner layer), which lines the cavities and valves.
Cardiac muscle (also known as heart muscle, myocardium, cardiomyocytes, and cardiac myocytes) is one of three kinds of vertebrate muscle tissues, along with skeletal muscle and smooth muscle. It is an involuntary, striated muscle that makes up the majority of the heart's wall.
The cardiac muscle (myocardium) comprises a thick intermediate layer between the outside (pericardium) and inner (endocardium) layers of the heart wall, with blood supplied via the coronary circulation.
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Why do my hips hurt?
The hips might hurt due to potential causes including: Osteoarthritis, Bursitis, Tendinitis, Fractures, Snapping hip syndrome, Sciatica, Overuse, Rheumatoid arthritis, Infection, and Stress Fracture.
There are many potential causes of hip pain, some of the most common include:
1. Osteoarthritis: Wear and tear on the cartilage in the hip joint can cause inflammation and pain.
2. Bursitis: Inflammation of the fluid-filled sacs, called bursae, that cushion the hip joint can cause pain and stiffness.
3. Tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendons that attach muscles to the hip bone can cause pain and stiffness.
4. Fractures: A fall or injury can cause a fracture in the hip bone, which can be extremely painful.
5. Snapping hip syndrome: A snapping or popping sensation in the hip, caused by a tight muscle or tendon.
6. Sciatica: Pain that radiates down the leg, caused by a compressed nerve in the lower back, can cause pain in the hip as well.
7. Overuse: Activities that involve repetitive motions or long periods of standing or sitting can cause hip pain.
8. Rheumatoid arthritis: An autoimmune disease that causes inflammation in the joints, including the hips.
9. Infection: A bone or joint infection can cause inflammation and pain in the hip.
10. Stress Fracture: A small crack in the bone caused by overuse and repetitive stress
It's important to note that hip pain can also be referred from other parts of the body, such as the back, so it's always best to consult with a healthcare professional if you're experiencing persistent or severe pain in your hips to get the proper diagnosis and treatment.
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loss of epigenetic information as a cause of mammalian aging. true or false
Epigenetic drift refers to the loss of epigenetic information as a result of mammalian aging. The study of variations in gene expression is known as epigenetics.
What epigenetic? Methylation and acetylation are two epigenetic changes that can silence or activate genes. These epigenetic alterations can change as cells divide and age, leading to an accumulation of mistakes in the way genes are expressed. This phenomenon is known as epigenetic drift. One of the causes of aging in animals is believed to be epigenetic drift. Cells' epigenetic alterations on their genes become less stable as they age, which can lead to changes in gene expression that contribute to tissue function deterioration. This can raise the risk of aging-related disorders such as cancer, heart disease etc.For more information on epigenetic kindly visit to
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Complete question : Loss of epigenetic information as a cause of mammalian aging is called: ___________
which biological agents of terrorism can be treated effectively with antibiotics? select all - that apply. one, some, or all responses may be correct.
Biological agents of terrorism can be treated effectively with antibiotics are anthrax, plague, and tularemia, though long regimens and relapses are possible; current antibiotics are relatively ineffective against melioidosis and glanders.
A biological agent is a bacterium, virus, protozoan, parasite, fungus, or toxin that can be used as a weapon in bioterrorism or biological warfare (BW).
Toxins and biotoxins, in addition to these living or replicating pathogens, are included among the bio-agents. To date, over 1,200 different types of potentially weaponizable bioagents have been described and studied.
Anthrax can be treated in its earliest stages with antibiotics such penicillin (often delivered intravenously), tetracycline, ciprofloxacin or doxycycline.
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a large and increasing number of genetic tests are available to prospective parents and children. even as these testing methods become more and more sophisticated, what is one thing technology will never solve?
The one thing technology will never solve is the ability to prescribe the correct course of action based on test results.
Genetic technology is already right here withinside the shape of genetic trying out. This includes checks that become aware of which version of a gene you've got inherited. They have quite a few uses, inclusive of diagnosing uncommon sicknesses and industrial offerings that offer you with clinical facts or own circle of relatives history. Genetic testing out can offer best restrained facts approximately an inherited condition. The check regularly cannot decide if someone will display signs and symptoms of a sickness, how extreme the signs and symptoms will be, or whether or not the sickness will development over time.
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which is the correct order of phases in the menstrual cycle?
The menstrual cycle is a complex and dynamic process that occurs in the female body over the course of about 28 days.
Keeping track of all its phases can be tricky, but in general, it’s typically divided into four parts: menstruation, follicular phase, ovulation, and the luteal phase. During menstruation (the shedding of the uterine lining), hormone levels are at their lowest and no ovulation takes place.
Next comes the follicular phase; this is when estrogen levels begin to increase, allowing follicles in the ovary to get bigger and grow. Then comes ovulation – this is when one egg is released from an ovary, travels down the fallopian tube and awaits fertilization.
Lastly there’s the luteal phase; during this time progesterone increases to help create a thick uterus lining for potential fertilized eggs. All together, these stages make up your menstrual cycle.
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dye injected into a plant cell might be able to enter an adjacent cell through .
Dye injected right into a plant cell is probably capable of input an adjoining cell via plasmodesma, precise to plant cells.
These are small channels by cell partitions connecting adjoining plant cells and really essential for the change of signaling molecules (juxtacrine signaling), proteins, nutrients, etc. Plasmodesmata (Pd) are co-axial membranous channels that pass partitions of adjoining plant cells, linking the cytoplasm, plasma membranes and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) of cells and permitting direct cytoplasmic cell to cell conversation of each small molecules and macromolecules (proteins and RNA). Gap junctions in animal cells are like plasmodesmata in plant cells in that they're channels among adjoining cells that permit for the shipping of ions, nutrients, and different materials that allow cells to communicate.
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what is the primary pattern of healing after periodontal instrumentation? group of answer choices a) formation of new cementum on roots b) regeneration of lost alveolar bone c) reattachment of periodontal ligament fibers to the root surface d) formation of a long junctional epithelium
The primary pattern of healing after periodontal instrumentation is the formation of a long junctional epithelium.
The significance of offering precise, thorough, and comfortable periodontal assessment and treatment has increased with expanding understanding of the connection between oral and systemic health. Dental hygienists face the issue of selecting the appropriate hand instrument for each clinical circumstance as designs and materials for dental hygiene treatment are continually changing and improving.
Hand tools for dental hygiene can be separated into categories for assessment and treatment. Assessment tools are used to collect clinical information that enables the doctor to assess the patient's oral and periodontal health. Explorers, periodontal probes, and mouth mirrors are examples of assessment hand tools. Hand tools used in periodontal therapy include curets, sickle scalers, and periodontal files.
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why does the electron transport chain occur in the inner mitochondria in cellular respirationl membrane
The electron transport chain (ETC) occurs in the inner mitochondrial membrane in cellular respiration because this is where the necessary components for the ETC are located.
The inner mitochondrial membrane is a highly specialized structure that is rich in protein complexes and enzymes that are responsible for the transfer of electrons and the production of ATP, which is the primary source of energy for the cell.The inner mitochondrial membrane is also organized into two distinct regions, the inner and outer membranes, that are separated by the intermembrane space.
The ETC takes place in the inner membrane, where the electron carriers, such as cytochromes, are embedded. These electron carriers transfer electrons along the ETC, and the energy released from this process is used to pump protons across the inner mitochondrial membrane, creating a proton gradient. This proton gradient is then used to generate ATP through the process of chemiosmosis.
Moreover, the inner mitochondrial membrane is also selectively permeable and this is important for maintaining the necessary conditions for the ETC to take place. The inner mitochondrial membrane is composed of a phospholipid bilayer that serves as a barrier to prevent the leakage of protons and other small molecules, which would disrupt the proton gradient and inhibit ATP production.
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Choose a few different places on the human body and describe them using anatomic medical terminology. The thumb is located lateral to the 2nd, 3rd, 4th, and 5th metacarpals when in anatomical position. The ankle joint is distal to the knee joint, which is distal to the hip joint. The lumbar spine is located caudal to the thoracic and cervical spine. The lumbar spine is superior or rostral to the sacral spine.
When in anatomical position, the thumb is lateral to the second, third, fourth, and fifth metacarpals. Distal to the knee joint, which is distal to the hip joint, is the ankle joint. The cervical and thoracic spines are caudal to the lumbar spine. The sacral spine is rostral or superior to the lumbar spine.
The area of the body where two or more bones unite to allow for movement is known as a joint. In general, the wider the range of motion, the greater the danger of damage since the joint's strength is diminished.
A variety of tubular bones between the wrist (carpal) bones are referred to as metacarpals.
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what 2 famous murder investigations was helped by dna fingerprinting ?
Answer:
1st: Tommie Lee Andrews. Than 2nd Thomas Jennings
Explanation:
Tommie Lee Andrews was convicted and the first American to be in a case that utilized DNA.Thomas Jennings is the ever first person to ever get convicted of
because of DNA fingerprinting
which enzyme adds new nucleotides to the dna strands as replication occurs
One of the key molecules in DNA replication is the enzyme DNA polymerase. DNA polymerases are responsible for synthesizing DNA: they add nucleotides one by one to the growing DNA chain, incorporating only those that are complementary to the template.
What are the functions of an enzyme?Detoxification, muscular development, and the breakdown of food particles during digestion are all accomplished by enzymes. In order to maintain life, enzymes actually quicken chemical reactions. Enzymes are incredibly useful for carrying out vital bodily processes.Oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases are the six major types of enzymes. Within its own category, each category performs a single broad type of reaction while catalyzing numerous more specialized reactions.Digestive enzymes that break down complex food particles into smaller ones, such as amylase, lipase, pepsin, and trypsin, aid in the chemical digestion of food.The important functions that enzymes perform are their purpose. These entail the development of muscles, the elimination of toxins, and the breakdown of food molecules during digestion.To learn more about the functions of an enzyme refer to:
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What compounds do many algae have to help them absorb light at different wavelengths
Answer:
it is the Accessory pigments
What role do osteocytes have in bone tissue?
Role of osteocytes is that osteocytes are responsible for the production of nerve growth during bone fracture.
Despite the fact that osteocytes are somewhat dormant cells, they are equipped for sub-atomic combination and change, as well as transmission of signs over significant distances, in a way like the sensory system. They are the most widely recognized cell type in bone (31,900 for each cubic millimeter in cow-like issue that remains to be worked out per cubic millimeter in rodent bone). The majority of the receptor exercises that assume a significant part in bone capability are available in the adult osteocyte.
Osteocytes are a significant controller of bone mass.Osteocytes contain glutamate carriers that produce nerve development factors after bone break, proof of a detecting and data move system.When osteocytes were tentatively obliterated, the bones showed a critical expansion in bone resorption, diminished bone development, trabecular bone misfortune, and loss of reaction to dumping.
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Correctly Label The Following Structures Related To The Position Of The Heart In The Thorax
The heart is located in the thorax, or chest, and is surrounded by the lungs and protected by the rib cage. The heart is located behind the sternum (breastbone) and between the lungs.
It is positioned slightly to the left of the center of the chest, which allows for more space for the liver on the right side. The heart is connected to the great vessels such as the aorta, vena cava, pulmonary artery, and pulmonary vein which carry blood to and from the heart to the body.
The heart is a muscular organ that pumps blood throughout the body. The heart is divided into four chambers: the right atrium, which receives oxygen-poor blood from the body; the left atrium, which receives oxygen-rich blood from the lungs; the right ventricle, which pumps the oxygen-poor blood to the lungs; and the left ventricle, which pumps the oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body.
The heart is surrounded by a sac called the pericardium, which contains a small amount of fluid that helps to lubricate the heart and reduce friction as it beats.
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Arrange the steps of DNA replication in the order that they occur.
First ..... to.......Last
a. RNA primers are removed
b. Helicase unwinds the DNA double helix
c. DNA polymerase synthesizes DNA
d. RNA Primers are needed
e. Single Stranded DNA binding proteins bind to each template strand
f. DNA ligase joins the DNA fragments togather
Answer: Primase synthesizes an RNA primer to initiate synthesis by DNA polymerase, which can add nucleotides in only one direction.
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A crime scene sketch should include all of the following except:
The location of the crime scene
O A label to indicate the direction of north on the diagram
A scale of size
The type of search pattern detectives used to make the sketch
The sketch of the a crime scene must not include the kind of search pattern that was utilised to create it.
Crime scene management abilities are an extremely crucial task component of the an investigation since the evidence gathered at the crime scene would paint a picture of what took place somewhere for the court to analyse during its deliberations.Witness testimonies, images taken at the scene of a crime, physical evidence, research of that proof, and study of the crime scene will all be combined to create this picture. From this chapter, you will learn the task procedures for a lot of significant issues in crime scene management. These include:making a note,handling the evidence at a crime scene and keeping it secure,Adapting the scope of the investigation to the occurrence.As a result, the sort of search pattern utilised to create the sketch should not be disclosed.
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that is, antibodies produced by the fetus cannot cause agglutination of the mother's rh rbcs. this is true because
In case of Erythroblastosis fetalis a mother who was Rh- her anti Rh antibodies crossing the placenta will cause agglutination of the Rh+ blood of group of the fetus if exposed.
Antibodies produced by the fetus cannot cause agglutination of the mother's Rh RBCs. This is true because they cannot cross the placenta. In Erythroblastosis fetalis when a woman with Rh- conceives a child with Rh+ group, if in any case the mother's blood come in contact with the fetus bloods then the mother's blood starts producing antibodies against this. Now in subsequent pregnancy the large amount of antibodies that are formed during the first pregnancy can cross the placenta and attack the fetus RBCs and can cause serious complications.During the course of the disease many erythroblasts are present in the fetal blood, earning these forms of the disease the name erythroblastosis fetalis.
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