Mechanical stimulation has a significant impact on bone cell and precursor metabolism. BM or osteogenic medium (OM), which is BM augmented with 250 M ascorbic acid 2-phosphate, 5 nM dexamethasone, and 10 mM-glycerophosphate, were both used to cultivate human ASCs. The effects on attachment, viability, proliferation, alkaline phosphatase activity, and mineralization were examined after hASCs were stimulated with high frequency (50 and 100 Hz) and high magnitude (3 g) vibration for three hours each day for two weeks using a specially designed vibration loading device.
Without vibration, control cells were grown similarly. ASDWe hypothesized that vibration loading would stimulate bone-forming cell differentiation while inhibiting fat tissue differentiation in human adipose stem cells (hASCs). We created a vibration-loading device that delivers 3g of peak acceleration to cells cultured in well plates at frequencies of 50 and 100 Hz.
Vibration-loading device and principleof operation
controllable vibration-loading device, designed andbuilt at the Biomedical Engineering Department. A block diagram of the complete system is shown. An electromagnetic linear motionengine composed of a sound-producing Lab 12 subwoo-fer (Eminence Speaker LLC, KY, USA) was employedto produce the vibration loading. The unit was drivenby a microcontroller-based signal source that was pro-vided with a direct accelerometer feedback. TheADXL321 accelerometer. Analogue Devices was mounted on the same attachment systemas the cell culture plates. The modulatedsquare wave signal was amplified by a T.AMP E800audio amplifier to produce the desired g-force. Peak acceleration of3gwas achieved by adjusting the amplitude of theoutput signal, corresponding to the vertical displacement.
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mmature B lymphocytes undergo clonal deletion in the bone marrow. Group of answer choices True False
True, Immature B lymphocytes undergo clonal deletion in the bone marrow.
What are immature B lymphocytes? How does it undergo clonal deletion in the bone marrow?
In the bone marrow and thymus, lymphocytes are born. The names of T cells and B cells come from the organs in which they are born. T cells form in the thymus, whereas B cells form in the bone marrow of adults or the liver of fetuses in mammals.
Most mammals' bone marrow is where immature B lymphocytes are made. The B cell will die via apoptosis, also known as a clonal deletion if it fails at any stage of the maturation process. Positive selection is used in this situation. Negative selection is also used to check the autoreactivity of B cells. These B cells will perish through clonal deletion if they have a high affinity for attaching to self-antigens. In the bone marrow, immature B cells that bind self-antigen perish because they are highly susceptible to antigen binding.
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Scientific name of
Raw fish?
Answer:
The scientific name is Pellona sardinão.
Explanation:
Hope this helps!
If not, I am sorry.
rewrite the following sentences correctly
a. Wheat is cultivated for fiver and oil
Answer:
what is the meaning of non cooperation
Answer:
Oil and wheat is cultivated for fiver
Describe the physiological process that occurs from the time the pathogen infects the body to the time the chemical is made.
An inflammatory response begins when a pathogen stimulates an increase in blood flow to the infected area.
Blood vessels in that area expand, and white blood cells leak from the vessels to invade the infected tissue. These white blood cells, called phagocytes engulf and destroy bacteria.
Viruses make us sick by killing cells or disrupting cell function. Our bodies often respond with fever (heat inactivates many viruses), with the secretion of a chemical called interferon (which blocks viruses from reproducing), or by marshaling the immune system's antibodies and other cells to target the invader.
The body reacts to disease-causing bacteria by increasing local blood flow (inflammation) and sending in cells from the immune system to attack and destroy the bacteria.
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Which three factors limit descriptive and comparative investigations? A. The features of objects that you cannot see B. The amount of time or money required C. The way you must write hypotheses D. The number of variables you can have E. The number of observations you can make
Three factors which limit descriptive and comparative investigations are:
The way you must write hypothesesThe number of observations you can makeThe amount of time or money requiredWhat are scientific investigations?Scientific investigation simply refers to a plan or way of making scientific enquires, testing and confirming possible results
So therefore, the amount of time or money required is one of the limitations of scientific research
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Atrial repolarization occurs during ventricular depolarization and, consequently, would be viewed on an electrocardiogram (if it was visible) during?
During the QRS complex.
What are the components of an ECG?A graph that documents the electrical activity of the myocardium throughout a cardiac cycle is known as an ECG (electrocardiogram). The P wave, the QRS complex, and the T wave are the three waves that make up an ECG. P waves indicate atrial systole and atrial depolarization. The QRS complex represents the depolarization of the ventricles followed by the activation of the Purkinje fibers. T waves signify the ventricles' repolarization. It indicates ventricular diastole and ventricular myocardial relaxation.
Refer to the image attached for a standard ECG graph.
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Multiple sclerosis is a type IV hypersensitivity disease in which cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons. a neurological disease due to the accumulation of immune complexes in nerves. a type II hypersensitivity to the myelin of neurons. the formation of antibodies against transplanted tissue. a genetic birth defect of the nervous system.
Multiple sclerosis is a type IV hypersensitivity disease in which the cytotoxic T cells attack the myelin sheath of neurons.
Multiple sclerosis
The type IV hypersensitivity that affects the central nervous system is multiple sclerosis. The immune system of the body attacks the myelinated neurons which in turn results in the failure of delivering messages from the brain to various body parts. The disease can generally result in the permanent damage of various neurons in the body. The T cells attack the myelin sheath of the neurons in the central nervous system.
Symptoms of Multiple Sclerosis
The symptoms are depended on how much the nerves were damaged already. Some common symptoms include
Loss of the ability to walkNumbness in the limbsThe sensation of receiving an electric shockTremorVarious vision problemsSlurred speechFatigueUncontrolled sexual, bowel, and bladder functionsTreatment
Unfortunately, there is no treatment available for multiple sclerosis, and many patients often relapse and possibly develop a cycle of relapse and remission.
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the activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except the presence of other enzymes.
Answer:
the presence of lead
Explanation:
I hope this help
The activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except lead, which is in option D. Lead is a heavy metal that can act as an inhibitor of enzymatic activity, so option D is correct here.
Enzymes are biological catalysts, which means they are molecules that speed up chemical reactions in living organisms without being consumed or altered in the process. Almost all biochemical reactions in cells require enzymes to proceed at a rate that is sufficient for life. They play a crucial role in various metabolic pathways, allowing cells to carry out essential processes such as breaking down nutrients, building cellular structures, and regulating cellular functions. The enzyme-substrate interaction is highly specific, like a lock and key. Only substrates with a complementary shape to the enzyme's active site can bind to it.
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Complete question is below,
The activity of an enzyme might be increased by all of the following except ________?
A. increase in substrate concentration.
B. a vitamin.
C. 2-4 degree increase in temperature.
D. lead.
Associations detected between measures of neighborhood environmental conditions and human microbiome diversity.
Associations that were detected between measures of neighborhood environmental conditions and human microbiome diversity is shown below;
There was a regular, positive associations that between diversity and NDVI sd in regards to mouth microbiome.There was a constant, significant, and a negative associations that was said to exist between percent grassland and that of the diversity of the nose microbiome.What are the other result?Further result from the study of Amber L. Pearson et al., (2020) reveal that the outcome for the mouth microbiome, she shows that a little effect of percent trees was seen on diversity and Clay loam soil was said to be negatively and positively associated or linked with rectum microbiome diversity, when liken to loam soil.
The study reveals that no potential indicator taxon among NDVI quartiles was found and further research is needed.
Work citation
Amber L. Pearson, Jennifer Pechal, Zihan Lin, M. Eric Benbow, Carl Schmidt, Suzanne Mavoa, (2020) Associations detected between measures of neighborhood environmental conditions and human microbiome diversity, science direct, page 1-29.
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Ethan has been eating salads without first washing the lettuce. He risks ingesting which type of bacteria?
Ethan has been eating salads without first washing the lettuce. He risks ingesting E-Coli and Salmonella bacteria.
You could inhale dangerous bacteria from the soil or pesticides used on the produce in the fields if you eat unwashed produce. Furthermore, it's possible that you'll consume bugs that were collected with the produce.Animal-based foods like meat, poultry, eggs, dairy products, and shellfish are frequently the cause of food poisoning in humans.Fruits, vegetables, and other raw foods, however, can potentially be polluted and sicken people if they aren't rinsed beforehand.Fruits and vegetables that are the safest are cooked; those that are the next-safest are washed. Prevent eating unwashed fresh food. Fresh produce has many health benefits, but eating raw fruits and vegetables occasionally puts you at risk for food poisoning from pathogens including Salmonella, E. coli, and Listeria.learn more about bacteria here: https://brainly.com/question/6941760
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For bacteria that sporulate, what is the point of sporulation? microbiology
Answer:
Sporulation. Sporulation is a drastic response undertaken by some bacteria, mostly Firmicutes, in response to extreme stress. During sporulation, the growing cell (also referred to as a vegetative cell) will forego normal cellular division to instead form an endospore.
An autoimmune disease could result when Group of answer choices bacteria severely damage the B and T cells of the immune system. cancer creates an imbalance in the immune system. the receptors on cells are not recognized correctly by immune cells. a virus such as HIV destroys the immune system.
An autoimmune disease could result when the receptors on cells are not recognized correctly by immune cells; option C.
What are autoimmune diseases?Autoimmune diseases are diseases which occurs as a result of the body's own immune system recognizing the bod cells and tissues as foreign.
The body's immune system produces produces proteins which are known as autoantibodies which attack and destroy the body tissues and organs.
Autoimmune diseases usually have no cure but can be managed by relieving of the symptoms and by suppressing the immune system.
Some examples of autoimmune diseases include:
Systemic lupus erythematosusMyasthenia gravisPernicious anemia.Reactive arthritis.Rheumatoid arthritis.In conclusion, autoimmune diseases occur when the body's immune system attacks its own body cells, tissues and organs.
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I WILL MARK U BRAINLIEST IF U ANSWER THIS QUESTION!
Cold-blooded animals, such as frogs, are able to deliver blood to their cells once their bodies
warm up. Predict what time of day you think frogs are likely to be most active.
Answer:
Morning or night
Explanation:
Depending on what time of day is the coolest, cold-blooded animals will be more active during that time. So I know that where I live, it is coolest early morning or late at night but most likely they wouldn't be active during the middle of the day when it is the hottest.
What is plant development biology??
Plant Developmental Biology encompasses the study of how complex multicellular plants are developed from a single zygotic cell.
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Several uses of Fungi are...
They are used in making bread and cheese
They are used in making some medicines
They are the decomposers in many ecosystems
They reproduce by spores
The several uses of fungi are as follows:
They are used in making bread and cheeseThey are used in making some medicinesThey are the decomposers in many ecosystemsWhat are fungi?Fungi are members of the kingdom Fungi characterized by being eukaryotic and have a chitin cell wall but no chlorophyll or plastids.
Fungi may be unicellular or multicellular. Examples of unicellular fungus is yeast while an example of multicellular fungus is mushroom.
However, fungi can be beneficial as well as pathogenic. Some uses of fungi are as follows:
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Which of the following could be a nucleotide of DNA?
A.) deoxyribose + phosphate group + thymine B.) deoxyribose + phosphate group + uracil
C.) ribose + phosphate group + thymine
D.) ribose + phosphate group + uracil.
Many people have said A and many have said D, so im very confused.
Answer:
A.) should be the answer.
When physical characteristics, such as early onset of menstruation or increased height and weight (due to better nutrition) change over the course of several generations, this is an example of a Group of answer choices d) secondary characteristic. a) generational cycle. b) primary characteristic. c) secular trend.
This is a multigenerational pattern of change known as a secular trend. It is an adaptation of the organism's expression dependent on the surroundings.
What is meant by a Secular trend?
In the past century, there seems to be a startling trend toward children of all ages getting bigger and bigger. The "secular trend" is what is meant by this. The scale of the tendency in America and Europe is so great that all dwarfs the variations among social strata.
Causes of these things-
The secular tendency has several potential causes.
Better nutrition is undoubtedly a significant factor, with probably extra proteins and carbohydrates in the early stages of infancy. The prevalence of illness may have declined as well. Early menarche was often thought to be strongly linked to hot temperatures, but it appears that their impact, if any, is far less significant than even nourishment.Therefore it is concluded that the correct choice is option (C) secular trend.
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An ecosystem is Multiple choice question. a collection of different species that interact. a group of populations in a given area. a community with all the living and nonliving components. another term used for a community.
Answer:
a community with all the living and nonliving components
Explanation:
Predict which mechanism of reproductive isolation played a role in trumpeter speciation in the Amazon basin. Note: Trumpeters cannot fly across large rivers.
Habitat isolation is likely to be most relevant in the case of trumpeters in the Amazon basin.
If trumpeters can not cross rivers, then they would be able to mate with trumpeters on the same side of the river but not on the other side- a form of prezygotic isolation.
what are trumpeters?
The term "trumpeter" comes from the deep, booming territorial call of these chicken-sized, long-necked, hunch-backed, small-headed, short-tailed, dark-plumed, long-legged birds that wander the jungle floors of South America.The land of South America that now the Amazon River and its tributaries drain is recognized as the Amazon basin.
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An object created by human beings that is of cultural interest is a(n) __________.
An object created by human beings that is of cultural interest is an artifact.
A human-made object is referred to as an artifact. The term "artifact" refers to anything created by a person or group of people, regardless of time or location, including works of art, tools, and clothes.
The word can also be used to describe a piece of broken pottery or glass or other object remnants. For academics seeking to understand a culture, artifacts are of great value. Historical and cultural, media, knowledge, and data are the four different types of artifacts.
Therefore, An object created by human beings that is of cultural interest is an artifact.
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respirations are documented as 14, reg, normal. Reg is referring to what aspect of her respirations
Respirations rate is 12-18 breaths per minute.
RespirationsA person's breathing and the entry and exit of air from the lungs are referred to as respiration. The respiratory system eliminates waste products like carbon dioxide and serves to keep the acid-base balance in the body by supplying oxygen to bodily tissues for cellular respiration. Expiration, on the other hand, is the process through which air leaves the lungs. Inspiration causes air to enter the lungs. When measuring respiratory rate, a respiratory cycle is referred to as one breath or one inspiration followed by one exhalation. Rate, rhythm, and quality of respiration are all evaluated. An individual usually breathes quietly and with ease.
respirations are documented as 14, reg, normal. Reg is referring to what aspect of her respirations
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mitochondria or submitochondrial particles can carry out the following coupled reaction: 2 cyt c (red) 1/2 o2 adp pi -> 2 cyt c (ox) h2o atp
Complex IV, also known as cytochrome c oxidase, oxidizes cytochrome c and transfers the electrons to oxygen, the final electron carrier in aerobic cellular respiration.
What is aerobic cellular respiration?In the presence of oxygen gas, cells undergo cellular respiration, which is how energy from food is produced. The majority of plants, animals, birds, humans, and other mammals all engage in this sort of respiration regularly. As byproducts of this process, water and carbon dioxide are created.
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How might this factory affect the carbon and water cycle? a photo shows smoke coming out from industrial chimneys against the backdrop of a clear morning sky. the factory can affect the carbon cycle by releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. because carbon dioxide is a , it can trap the sun’s heat in the atmosphere. because the factory is made of concrete, it may deplete groundwater levels over time by not allowing water to .
The factory might affect the carbon and water cycle by:
Greenhouse gas and infiltrate.What is Greenhouse gas?
A greenhouse gas is a gas that reflects heat in all directions while absorbing infrared radiation (IR).
The atmosphere of the earth contains greenhouse gases, which absorb solar IR and then emit it.
Along with heat from the sun that has entered the atmosphere, some of the heat emitted makes it to the earth.
What is the Carbon Cycle?
The continual flow or movement of inorganic and organic carbon molecules and compounds in the atmosphere and other parts of the globe is known as the carbon cycle.
What is the role of carbon in nature?One of the greenhouse gas's components, carbon dioxide, is what causes the planet's temperature to rise and cause global warming. They significantly trap solar heat, warming the planet's atmosphere.
Because greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide, oxygen, and nitrogen keep the planet's temperature stable, they contribute significantly to global warming.
Hence, the correct answers are:
Greenhouse gas and infiltrate.Learn more about greenhouse gas:
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Answer:
Shortened answer:
1. Greenhouse Gas
2. Infiltrate
Explanation:
Hope it helped
[OSS.03]A solar wind is an event during which solar activity increases due to the emission of charged particles by the sun's outer atmosphere. Which of these is most
likely to happen during a solar wind?
A) communication satellites may transfer data faster
B) satellite based internet services may be disrupted
C) the auroras will not be visible at any location on Earth
D) electric current will not be supplied to any location on Earth
Would likely happen during a solar wind satellite-based internet services could be disrupted
B) Satellite-based internet services may be disruptedWhat is solar wind?The solar wind is a continuous flow of particles consisting mainly of protons and electrons, which escape the gravitational pull of the Sun. These particles are energized by high temperatures in the corona, these particles leave the sun at speeds ranging from 300 to 800 km/s.
With this information, we can conclude that Upon reaching Earth, they can cause geomagnetic storms and damage to electrical appliances, interference with telecommunications, changes in satellite orbits due to heating and change in altitude of the upper layers of the atmosphere, among others.
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In a common reflex arc, after a sensory nerve signal is processed by interneurons in the integration center, where does the signal go next?
In a reflex arc, after a sensory nerve signal is processed by interneurons in the integration center, the signal goes to the motor neuron. The answer is motor neurons.
What is the reflex arc?
The reflex arc refers to the sequence of events since the body receives an external stimulus until it reacts.
In general terms,
1) A stimulus of varying nature reaches the body.
2) The peripheric nervous system -PNS- receives the stimulus and sends this information to the central nervous system -CNS-.
3) The CNS processes the information and sends another signal as a response to the stimulus.
Five elements compose the reflex arc, which are receptors, three types of neurons, and effectors.
The neurons involved in the mechanism are:
• Afferent or sensorial neurons
• Interneurons
• Efferent or motor neurons
Mode of Action:
Ascending branchThe stimulus reaches the body and is received by the specialized sensory receptors.
Afferent neurons, placed in the dermis and epidermis, receive this information from receptors, react and send it to the central nervous system as nerve impulses.
Descending branchInterneurons in the CNS, process the information and send a motor response.
Efferent neurons carry the response from the CNS to the effector organs, which might be either a muscle or a gland.
Finally, the target tissue responds to the stimulus as a contraction -muscle-,or as hormones release -gland-.
A motor neuron is formed by a cellular body, dendrites (cytoplasmic extensions that receive stimuli from other cells), and a long axon that is capable of conducting the electrochemical signals.
The axon brunches out into several extensions when it approaches the muscle.
At the end of each brunch, the axon is inserted in the muscle fiber surface, composing neuromuscular join.
This is the last part of the NS involved in the process before the muscle contracts.
After a sensory nerve signal is processed by interneurons in the integration center, the signal goes to the motor neuron, and from there to the effector.
The corrct answer is motorneuron.
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Based on the information provided, what do you think the most ideal parameters would be for optimal glucose production?
The most ideal parameters for optimal glucose production are insulin sensitivity SI, glucose effectiveness SG, insulin action p2 and the volume of distribution of glucose V.
What is used for glucose production?Insulin, glucagon, and hepatocyte-derived factors are used in these activities. Gut: Hormones are released in the gut in response to nutrition intake. These hormones affect hunger, stomach emptying, glucose production, and glucose elimination.
After eating, the beta cells release insulin into the bloodstream as your blood glucose levels rise. In order for glucose to enter muscle, fat, and liver cells, insulin works as a key to unlocking those cells. The majority of the cells in your body use glucose, lipids, and amino acids (the components of protein) as fuel.
By converting glycogen into glucose, a process known as glycogenolysis, the liver produces sugar or glucose. Additionally, the liver may produce the sugar or glucose that is required by harvesting amino acids, waste, and fat.
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Why are urban areas more likely to flood after heavy precipitation than undeveloped areas?
Because of the lack of water absorption by structures and paved roads, runoff is substantially higher in urban areas.
What are the reasons for urban flooding?
Ineffective Sewage Systems:
Many of the sewer systems that are still in use today date from the immediate post-World War II period. The majority of these systems struggle even without the additional strain of intense rain or storms because their infrastructure is outdated and deteriorated at this time.
Insufficient Drainage:
Less green space is available in metropolitan areas due to rising urbanization and the constant construction of new buildings. Urbanization depletes the natural drainage systems that are supported by vegetation and soil.
Rapid Population Growth:
Urban population growth is accelerating, yet most cities' infrastructure cannot keep up. Populations have increased during the post-war era, outpacing the capacity of the sewage facilities put in place at that time. It stresses systems that are already vulnerable.
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To give birth to her infant, a woman is asked to push with contractions. which pushing technique is the most effective and safest?
While giving birth to her infant during labor, the safest and the most effective pushing technique taught to a woman during contractions is grasping knees, head elevated and breathing out.
During labor, it is very important for the mother to keep breathing. If she holds her breath, it will put pressure on the vena cava and lead to a reduction in the blood return. The head is kept elevated and the back is rounded which aids the abdominal muscles to help the uterus to push the baby out. Grasping the knees also helps in pushing and encouraging the movement of the infant outside the body.
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Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it?
The Kruskal-Wallis test was used to determine changes in the development of the urine caffeine content within each sport. Due to the non-normal distribution of the urine caffeine levels, non-parametric statistics were later used. Crosstab and Chi-Square tests, along with adjusted normalised residuals, were used to examine the variations in sample distribution among ranges of urine caffeine content.
One amongst the most popular drugs used by athletes to improve their performance in competition is caffeine (1,3,7-trimethylxanthine).
Evidence suggests that a variety of administration methods, including capsules/tablets, caffeinated drinks (such as energy drinks and sports drinks), liquids (such as coffee), and chewing gum, can be used to receive caffeine performance-enhancing characteristics.
However, due to the widespread availability of these goods on the market, caffeinated beverages have taken over as the primary method of caffeine administration in sports.
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__________ starts with changes at the genetic level of individual cells, which may cause some cells to lose control and divide rapidly and uncontrollably.
Cancer starts with changes at the genetic level of individual cells, which may cause some cells to lose control and divide rapidly and uncontrollably.
A condition known as cancer occurs when somebody's cells grow out of control and spread to other body regions. Since the human body contains billions of cells, cancer can develop practically everywhere.
Cancer begins when something goes wrong with this process and your cells continue to divide, preventing the old or abnormal cells from dying as they should. As the cancer cells proliferate out of control, they may suffocate healthy cells. One body struggles to function properly as a result.
Cancerous cells are capable of escaping the area where they first appeared. These cells may leave the lymph nodes and move to other regions of the body.
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