The continuous annual decay rate of carbon-14 is k = ln (0.5)/5730.
The 1/2-life of a radioactive isotope is the quantity of time it takes for one-1/2 of the radioactive isotope to decay. The half of-existence of a selected radioactive isotope is consistent; it's miles unaffected by using situations and is independent of the initial quantity of that isotope.
1/2-life (symbol t1⁄2) is the time required for an amount (of substance) to reduce to half of its initial price. The time period is commonly utilized in nuclear physics to explain how speedy volatile atoms undergo radioactive decay or how long strong atoms survive.
Calculation:-
The functions as an exponential decay function as
P(t)=P₀e^{kt}
given the half-life as 5730 years, that is the time taken to reduce the mass to half
P₀/2 =P₀e^{5730k}
1/2=e^{5730k}
taking the natural log,
5730k=ln (0.5)
we get the exact continuous decay rate as
k = ln (0.5)/5730
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A conclusion reached on the basis of evidence and reasoning is a(n)... A) conclusion B) hypothesis C) theory D) inference
Answer:
The answer is Inference.
two absorption peaks located near 255 nm are separated by 0.03 nm. what minimum resolution must a grating have in order to separate these wavelengths?
The minimum resolution to separate these wavelengths is 250nm as they are located near 255n and 0.03nm.
Resolution also known as optical resolution or chiral resolution, or chiral activity refers to the activeness of the compound. It is the process in which two racemic mixtures are separated into its components.
Wavelength is known as the distance between two repeated waves of light. Wavelength is denoted by the symbol lambda (λ). It gives us the idea of the speed or pace of a particular light.
In the given condition, two absorption peaks - absorption spectroscopy is the absorption spectrum between which the light releases protons. Therefore, the wavelength to separate these two absorption peaks is 250nm in minimum.
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Which of the following statements is true regarding the Law of Conservation of
Matter?
Matter cannot be created or destroyed
Atoms are not lost or gained in a chemical reaction, but they can rearrange
The products and the reactants of a chemical reaction must have the same
number of atoms of every element
O
All of the above
explain the differences between gel electrophoresis and column chromatography. address the principles behind each separation. why do large molecules migrate more easily in one method and with more difficulty in the other? which method generated the most precise results?
In the process of chromatography, the components of the sample are divided according to how evenly they disperse between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Using using a variable rate of migration in an electric field, sample components are separated by electrophoresis.
The foundation of chromatography is the idea that mixtures of molecules applied to surfaces or solids, and fluid stationary phases (stable phases), separate from one another while moving with the help of a mobile phase.
The fundamental idea behind column chromatography is to use a stationary phase to help adsorb the solution's solutes before further separating the mixture into distinct components.
In gel electrophoresis the separation is by charge is to mass ratio and hence smaller molecules moves faster then larger molecules.
Chromatography generated the most precise results.
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Which statement describes a causal relationship between two variables?
The statement that describes a casual relationship between two variables would be a correlation.
What is correlation?Correlation is a statistical term used to describe the relationship between two variables. The strength of the correlation between two variables is measured by a factor known as the correlation coefficient. The correlation coefficient is represented by r.
The value of r ranges from -1 to +1.
A positive r means that the two variables have the tendency to increase together. That is a direct relationship.A negative correlation means the two variables have an inverse relationship. As one is increasing, the other is decreasing, and vice versa.A correlation of 0 means that the two variables have no linear correlation with each otherA correlation of 1 means the two variables are perfectly correlated.Thus, the casual realtionship between two variables is best described as correlation.
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What is the formula unit for the ionic bond between Sodium (Na) and Phosphorus (P)?
Na P
The ionic bond between Na and P has formula unit Na3P.
What is the formula unit?
Formula units is the chemical formula which gives all the ions present in the lowest ratio possible to make it neutral charge of an ionic compound. For example, the formula unit for sodium chloride can be written as NaCl where charge on Na is +1 and charge on Cl is -1. So to make it neutral they can be cancelled and written as NaCl.
In sodium phosphide, the charge on Na (sodium) ion is +1 and the charge on the P (phosphorous) ion is -3. Therefore, make the charges neutral, 3 Na ions need to be added to 1 P ion. Formula units can be used to describe or represent the molecules or the elements which make up a substance.
Hence, Na3P is the formula unit of Na and P in sodium phosphide.
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which of the following statements is false when performing an ultrasonic scaling during routine dental prophylaxis? a. the ultrasonic scaler should be grasped like a pencil. b. the side of the instrument should be used against the tooth rather than the tip. c. the ultrasonic scaler can be used for supragingival scaling only. d. the ultrasonic scaler should not be on the tooth form longer than 10-15 seconds at a time.
The claim that an ultrasonic scaler can be utilized for both supragingival and subgingival scaling during routine dental prophylaxis is untrue.
What do you mean by dental prophylaxis?During a dental prophylaxis, the teeth are given a thorough cleaning. Prophylaxis is a crucial dental technique for halting the spread of gingivitis and periodontal disease.
Periodontal disease and gingivitis can be brought on by bacteria from plaque that colonize on gingival (gum) tissue above or below the gum line. The body's continuing inflammatory response is brought on by these bacterial colonies' extreme inflammatory reactions and irritation. As the body starts to gradually erode bone and gum tissue, the teeth might shift, become unstable, or even fall out totally. There are more bacteria in the deeper pockets that develop between the gums and teeth.
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at what temperature would the population of the first excited vibrational state of hcl be 1/e times its population of the ground state?
At 14.52 K, the population of the first energy level is 1/e times that of the ground state.
Temperature and the energy difference between the levels affect the relative population of particles in certain rotating levels. The excitation of particles from one level to another is caused by a rise in temperature.
HCl has a rotational constant (B) of 10.59 cm⁻¹
Identify the ground state's and the first rotational level's energies.
The formula is used to calculate the energy of a rotational level.
E = hcBJ (J + 1)
The rotating level's energy is represented by E (in J).H stands for the Planck constant.The symbol for the speed of light is c.The rotational constant is denoted by B.The level of rotational energy is denoted by J.Following is the calculation of the energy of the ground state (J = 0):
E = hcBJ (J + 1)
E = 6.626 * 10⁻³⁴ J s * 2.998 * 10¹⁰cm s⁻¹ * 10.59 cm⁻¹ * 1 (1 + 1)
E = 4.207 * 10⁻²² J
Using the provided formula, the population of rotational level J in comparison to the ground state is computed.
[tex]\frac{N_{j} }{N_{0} } = 2J + 1 [ \frac{-E_{j} }{_{e}k_{B}T }[/tex] --- (I)
The J-level population is known as [tex]N_{j}[/tex]
N is the ground state's population.
The Boltzmann constant is [tex]k_{B}[/tex]
The temperature is T.
The answer to the query is
N₁ = 1 / e (N₀)
N₁ / N₀ = 1 / e ⇒ (II)
Equate (I) and (II)
1 / e = [2 (1) + 1] [tex][ \frac{-E_{j} }{_{e}k_{B}T }][/tex]
1 / 2.718 = (3) (-4.207 * 10⁻²² J) / (1.381 * 10⁻²³ J K⁻¹ * T)
0.368 = 3 * (-4.207 * 10⁻²² J) / (1.381 * 10⁻²³ J K⁻¹ * T)
0.368 = 3 * e (-30.46 K / T)
Simplifying the above expression:
0.368 = 3 * e (-30.46 K / T)
In 0.368 = In 3 + (-30.46 K / T)
-0.999 = 1.098 - (30.46 K / T)
(-30.46 K / T) = 1.098 + 0.999
Solving for T:
(30.46 K / T) = 1.098 + 0.999
(30.46 K / T) = 2.097
T = 30.46 K / 2.097
Therefore, 14.52 K is the temperature where the first energy level's population is 1/e times that of the ground state.
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COMPLETE QUESTION:
At what temperature would the population of the first rotational level of HCl be 1/e times the population of the ground state? The rotational constant for HCl, B, is equal to 10.59 cm⁻¹
.
which of the following are examples of relative dating methods? select one: a. all of the above. b. dendrochronology and seriation. c. seriation and fluorine, uranium, nitrogen dating. d. dendrochronology and the law of superposition.
Dendrochronology and seriation give the idea of the past events around us. Therefore, option B is the correct answer.
Dendrochronology is both an old and a modern science. Just counting tree rings sounds simple, but in the context of forest dynamics tree age is an important and valuable parameter.
Calculating the years of the formation of tree gives us the idea of how old and strong that particular tree is. It is important in case of geology.
For a long time, dendrochronology was associated with the dating of old houses, paintings, and archaeological samples. In recent decades however it has become a science with a broad range of applications such as global climate change, canopy process decline, the carbon cycle, and many others.
Seriation, also called artifact sequencing, is an early scientific method of relative dating, invented by the Egyptologist Sir William Flinders Petrie in the late 19th century
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what volume, in l, of 10.0 m hcl is needed to make 2.00 l of 2.00 m hcl solution by dilution with water?
To make 2.00 l of 2.00 m HCl solution by dilution with water, the volume of 10.0 m HCl needed is 0.4 l.
Dilution is defined as the process in which the concentration of a sample is decreased by adding more solvent. The dilution formula is given below.
C₁V₁ = C₂V₂
where C₁ = initial concentration of sample = 10.0 m
V₁ = initial volume of sample
C₂ = final concentration after dilution = 2.00 m
V₂ = total final volume after dilution = 2.00 l
Plug in the values to the formula and solve for the volume of the solution needed.
V₁ = C₂V₂/C₁
V₁ = (2.00 m)(2.00 l)/(10.0 m)
V₁ = 0.4 l
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which is the best reason that the atomic radius generally increases with atomic number in each group of elements?
The atomic radius becomes larger as move down the group or column in the periodic table because it increases the number of energy levels with each successive period.
As we move down the group, the number of period increases, which means the number of shells in an atom also increases. So, the extra electrons are added in the next shell with each successive period down the group, and the atomic size increases with an increase in atomic number down the group.
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Can yall help me with this
Answer: B
Explanation:
B is the correct answer, but this is only because there is no other data to go off of to answer said question. It says "Other potentially dangerous asteroids" meaning that is what they intend to do.
This carbocation rearranges. Draw the carbocation that is the result of the rearrangement. Include any nonzero formal charges in your drawing.
Carbocation rearrangements can be defined “as the movement of the carbocation from an unstable state to a more stable state by making use of different structural reorganizational shifts within the molecule”. Alkyl carbocation is a carbocation comprising an alkyl group.
Carbocation Rearrangement occurs whenever the alcohols are converted into several carbocations and this phenomenon is termed as carbocation rearrangement. In simple carbocation comprises +ve charge in a molecule that is connected to 3 more groups and holds a sextet. Carbocation rearrangement can be carried out to a reaction that does not involve alcohol. There are 2 types of carbocation rearrangements namely Alkyl and Hybrid Shift.
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The molar mass of Na2SO4 is
142.04 g/mol.
What is the mass of 4.54 moles of
Na2SO4?
[?] g Na2SO4
The mass of 4.54 moles of Na₂SO₄, given that it has a molar mass of 142.04 g/mol is 644.77 grams
How do I determine the mass of Na₂SO₄?We know already that the mole of a substance is related to it's mass and molar mass according to the following equation:
Mole = mass / molar mass
Applying the above formula, we can obtain the mass of 4.54 moles of Na₂SO₄. This is illustrated below:
Molar mass of Na₂SO₄ = 142.02 g/mol Mole of Na₂SO₄ = 4.54 molesMass of Na₂SO₄ = ?Mole = mass / molar mass
4.54 = Mass of Na₂SO₄ / 142.02
Cross multiply
Mass of Na₂SO₄ = 4.54 × 142.02
Mass of Na₂SO₄ = 644.77 grams
Thus, the mass of 4.54 moles of Na₂SO₄ is 644.77 grams
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in a typical heating curve, what is the nature of the slope of the curve when the substrate, in one state of matter, is being heated to another state of matter, but no change of state is occurring? group of answer choices slope < 0 slope
The temperature of a substance does not change while the state does, this shows that the slope has positive gradient. So, the answer is slope > 0.
What is heating curve?The heating curve is the relationship between the flow temperature of the heating system and the outside air temperature.The heat required to change the temperature of a particular substance (without changing phase) is: q = m × c × ΔT. The heat required to produce a particular phase change is given by q = n × ΔH. The slope is actually 1/mc. Continue heating and the solid will melt. During this time the temperature remains constant. The total length of this line is the amount of heat required to melt the solid.To know more about heating curve visit:
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3) suppose that you had calibrated the thermometer in your melting-point apparatus against a series of melting point standards. after reading the temperature and converting it using the calibration chart, should you also apply a stem correction? explain.
the stem correction is not required in this case
what is calibration?
Calibration is the process of comparing the measurement results provided by a device under test with those of a calibration standard with a known accuracy in measurement technology and metrology. Another measurement tool with proven precision, a device that generates the amount to be measured, such as a voltage generator or sound generator, or a physical artefact, such as a metre ruler, might all serve as examples of such standards.
One of the following outcomes from the comparison is possible:
No substantial errors are found on the device being tested. Significant errors are found, but no corrections are done to bring the errors down to a manageable level.
In a strict sense, "calibration" refers only to the process of comparing and excludes any further correction.
A national or international standard held by a metrology agency is often traceable to the calibration standard.
It is crucial to compare the thermometer's readings to the boiling or melting points of pure liquids or solids at various temperatures, as shown below. Naturally, if the thermometer is calibrated in this manner, there will be no need to apply an exposed stem adjustment.
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PLEASE HELPPP In the gas law formula PV-nRT, the P is the gas _______________. (1 pt)
*
1 point
power
pressure
population
moles
Answer:
pressure is the correct answer bud
what is the temperature of ethanol is the standard enthalpy of vaporization is 39 kj and the standard entropy of vaporization is 110 j/k?
The temperature of ethanol is 354 ⁰C if the standard enthalpy of vaporization is 39 kjmol⁻¹ and the standard entropy of vaporization is 110 j/k
How is the temperature of Ethanol calculated?The change in entropy is calculated as:
ΔS = ΔH/T
Here,
ΔS is change in entropy
ΔH is the enthalpy
T is the temperature
We have,
ΔS = 110 j/k
ΔH = 39 kjmol⁻¹ = 39000 jmol⁻¹
Therefore,
T = ΔH/ΔS
T = 39000/110
Hence, the temperature of ethanol is T = 354 ⁰C
What is entropy?Entropy is the amount of available energy equal to the thermal energy of a system per unit temperature. Evaporative entropy is the ratio of the heat of vaporization to the heat of boiling. The standard entropy of vaporization of ethanol is +115 J/mol.K.
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Which two elements will release the most energy when they combine to make a compound?
Answer:
The most vigorous reaction, between two elements for the formation of an ionic compound, in theory, would be between the most electronegative element and the least electronegative element, Fluorine and Francium respectively, according to the Pauling scale. So it would be 2Fr + F2 ->2FrF. But for a more practically reasonable choice, because Francium has a very short half-life, would be Caesium and Fluorine because Caesium is just right above Francium, being in the same group (Group 1 / IA). 2Cs + F2 -> 2CsF. In both cases, the outermost electron of the Caesium/Francium atom will be taken by the Fluorine atom, in the process, releasing a massive amount of energy.
Explanation:
Although chemical reactions can involve any of the other hundred-plus elements on the periodic table, it turns out that most of the familiar energy-releasing reactions involve only hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Consider again the reaction, which involves only hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Metals often react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds. These compounds are composed of positive and negative ions formed by adding or subtracting electrons from neutral atoms and molecules. Nonmetals combine with each other to form covalent compounds, which exist as neutral molecules.
if 15.0 l of nitrogen is formed at stp, how many liters of hydrogen will be produced (also measured at stp)?
45.0 liters of hydrogen will be produced at STP.
The balanced chemical equation at STP is :
2NH₃ → N₂+3H₂
For every 2 moles of ammonia that take part in the reaction, you get 1 mole of nitrogen gas and 3 moles of hydrogen gas. When all three gases are kept under the same conditions for pressure and temperature, these mole ratios become equivalent to volume ratios, i.e. 1:3 mole ratio.
When both gases are kept under STP conditions, we will have:
[n/v]H₂=[n/v]N₂
v[H₂]=3ₓv[N₂]
Here, v[H₂]=15.0 L
∴ v[H₂]=45.0 L
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7. How many moles are 1.20 x 1025 molecules of calcium chloride?
Answer: 6.022 x 10²³ units
Explanation:
• Which has more potential energy; a bird sitting on the roof of a skyscraper or a bird sitting on top of a house?
The term that has more potential energy is bird sitting on the roof of a skyscraper.
What is the bird's potential energy?Due to its height above the ground, it has potential energy, and because it is moving, it has kinetic energy. Because of this, a bird in flight has both kinetic and potential energy.
Norte that Potential energy in physics is the energy that an item gets to retains as a result of its position in relation to other objects, internal tensions, electric charge, or other elements.
Therefore, Higher objects have more potential energy since they will fall further. The gravitational potential energy is highest for the heavier of two objects at the same height.
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if the solubility of iron (iii) hydroxide is 1.49e-10 moles/liter, what is the ksp of iron (iii) hydroxide?
Mo Iron's polarity is calculated. Hydroxide. Thus, we must translate this into moles. One additional F b o H 30 H will get you to Surrey. Over 2.80 L, the molar mass was 5.8 grams.
Working out at 1.40 times 10 to the minus 52.80 times 10 to the minus five. I'll get either 1.1 or 1.1.10 multiplied by 10 to the negative 14. Put the KSP value into action.
What is Hydroxide ?A diatomic anion with the chemical formula OH is hydrogen oxide. It has a negative electric charge and is made up of two atoms of oxygen and hydrogen that are bound together by a single covalent bond. It is a crucial yet typically insignificant component of water. It serves as a base, ligand, nucleophile, catalyst, and nucleophile.
If the pOH of the solution is known, it is possible to determine the hydroxide ion concentration in an aqueous solution, [OH-], in mol L-1. The amount of hydroxide ions in the solution decreases as the pOH rises. The amount of hydroxide ions in the solution rises as the pOH drops.
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An infrared wave has a wavelength of 0.00005 m. What is this wavelength in
scientific notation?
A. 5.0 x 103 m
B. 5.0 x 10-4 m
C. 5.0 x 10-6 m
D. 5.0 x 10-5 m
An infrared wave has a wavelength of 0.00005 m. this wavelength in scientific notation is 5.0 × 10⁻⁵ m.
Scientific notation is also called as standard form. Scientific notation is used to express the number that is too large number or too small is convenient written in a decimal form. scientific notation contains two part decimal number multiply power of 10.
given data is as follows :
infrared wave has wavelength = 0.000005 m
the scientific notation of the wavelength given is = 5.0 × 10⁻⁵ m
Thus, An infrared wave has a wavelength of 0.00005 m. this wavelength in scientific notation is 5.0 × 10⁻⁵.
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Write the structural formula of compound formed by replacing one hydrogen with OH group from ethane.
The structural formula of the compound formed by replacing one hydrogen with the OH group from ethane is Ethanol.
The alkane are the compound in which carbon atoms connected with single bond and carbon and hydrogen single bond . alkanes are called as saturated hydrocarbon. we use prefix eth for the two carbon atom and suffix ane for alkane .the ethane is alkane. The OH group is functional group called as hydroxy group. The suffix use for hydroxy group is ol.
CH₃ - CH₃ + OH -----> CH₃ - CH₂OH
ethane ethanol
Thus, The structural formula of the compound formed by replacing one hydrogen with the OH group from ethane is Ethanol.
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I am working on a Bohr Rutherford Diagram for Science right now, and my first question on the textbook is "draw a Bhor Rutherford Diagram for Sulfur-32."
How do I figure out how many dots I put in the Diagram?
The number of dots in the Bohr Rutherford Diagram for sulphur-32 is equal to 16 as the dots represent the number of electrons and the sulfur atoms have 16 in its atom. Bohr Rutherford's Diagram of sulphur-32 is shown below.
What is Bohrs' model of an atom?Bohr's model described the atomic structure by explaining the electrons move in definite and fixed orbitals or electron shells. Boh's model proposed that atoms contain a nucleus and the electrons surround this atomic nucleus.
Each orbit has fixed energy and the energy levels are represented with integer 1, 2, 3,.... and sometimes also represented as K, L, M, N...... shells.
When the electron moves from a lower energy level to a higher energy level then it absorbs energy and when the electron falls from a higher energy level to a lower energy level then it emits energy.
The atomic number of the sulfur atom is 16 so it has 16 electrons. Therefore, we can show 16 dots surrounding the nucleus in the Bohr-Rutherford Diagram.
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I need help with the table
But not the Lewis dot diagram part
The valence electrons and oxidation number and the total no. of dot is given below.:
a) Ca - 2 0 2
b) Ca⁺² - 0 + 2 0
c) Cl 7 0 7
c) Cl⁻ 8 -1 8
d) Li 1 0 1
e) Al³⁺ 3 +3 0
Valence electrons Oxidation number total number of dots
a) Ca 2 0 2
b) Ca⁺² 0 + 2 0
c) Cl 7 0 7
c) Cl⁻ 8 -1 8
d) Li 1 0 1
e) Al³⁺ 3 +3 0
Thus, the total number of valence electron , oxidation number and the total number of dots is given as:
a) a) Ca - 2 0 2
b) Ca⁺² - 0 + 2 0
c) Cl 7 0 7
c) Cl⁻ 8 -1 8
d) Li 1 0 1
e) Al³⁺ 3 +3 0
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calculate the theoretical yield of strontium sulfate when 525 ml of 1.199 m sulfuric acid is added to 23.66 grams of strontium bromide
The theoretical yield of strontium sulfate will be 16.47g.
The theoretical yield here can be calculated as:
The grams of sulfuric acid present calculated using formula; molarity = given mass/molar mass/ volume of solution (L)
This will give 61.73 g of sulfuric acid.
In the balanced chemical reaction 1 mole of strontium bromide react with 1 mole of sulfuric acid to give 1 mole of strontium sulfate and 2 moles of hydrobromide. Molar mass of strontium sulfate is 183g/mol and strontium bromide is 246g/mol.
calculating number of moles by using given mass/molar mass; we get
0.09 moles of strontium bromide and 0.63 moles of sulfuric acid.
Thus as 1 mole of strontium sulfate is produced thus: 1*0.09*183 = 16.47g
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1.00 mol of calcium hydroxide has how many oxygen atoms? the formula for calcium hydroxide is ca(oh)2.
1.00 mole of calcium hydroxide has 1.20 × [tex]10^{24}[/tex] atoms.
Calcium hydroxide is an odorless white powder. It's utilized in industrial settings, inclusive of sewage treatment, paper production, creation, and food processing. It also has medical and dental makes use of. as an instance, root canal fillings frequently include calcium hydroxide.
Prolonged contact of the pores and skin with calcium hydroxide may motive skin and a vesicular rash, skin ulceration, and corrosion in a few cases. Ingestion of this material has induced intense pain, vomiting, tissue corrosion, perforation, and loss of life.
Calcium hydroxide, also called slaked lime, is obtained by using the motion of water on calcium oxide. While combined with water, a small share of it dissolves, forming an answer referred to as limewater, the relaxation ultimate as a suspension referred to as milk of lime.
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a bomb calorimeter cannot measure the enthalpy of a reaction directly because it operates at constant:
A bomb calorimeter cannot measure the enthalpy of a reaction directly because it operates at constant volume.
The enthalpy changes that accompany combustion reactions are therefore measured using a regular-quantity calorimeter, including the bomb calorimeter is a tool used to degree energy modifications in chemical techniques.
Consistent volume Calorimetry, additionally recognize as bomb calorimetry, is used to measure the heat of a response even as retaining quantity steady and resisting huge amounts of pressure.
The amount of heat transferred inside the method (q) may be calculated from the mass, specific heat, and temperature exchange of the solution. Because the calorimeter is at constant pressure, q is same to ΔH for the method. Created by Jay.
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