PD linked mutation may cause neurodegeneration via different mechanism.
What is Novel Parkinson's disease linked mutation ?A novel mutation in the α-Synuclein (α-Syn) gene "G51D" was recently identified in two familial cases exhibiting features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA)
the G51D mutation significantly attenuates α-Syn aggregation in vitro.it disrupts local helix formation in the presence of SDS, decreases binding to lipid vesicles C-terminal to the site of mutation and severely inhibits helical folding in the presence of acidic vesicles.Learn more about Novel Parkinson's disease here:
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When transporting donated platelet units, what is the maximum amount of time that agitation of platelets can be stopped for
24 hours is the maximum amount of time that agitation of platelets can be stopped.
What are platelets?Platelets are pieces of very large cells in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes. They aid in the formation of blood clots that help wounds heal and to slow or stop bleeding. It can be problematic to have platelets that are too many, too few, or aren't functioning properly.
Platelets' main job is to stop and prevent bleeding. The body sends signals to platelets that direct them to the affected location when a blood artery is damaged. Adults typically have between 150,000 and 450,000 platelets per microliter of blood, which is considered normal. Less than 150,000 platelets per microliter indicate a low platelet count. People with thrombocytopenia have low platelet levels. We can bleed heavily and bruise easily if our platelet counts are low.
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The ________ plate count (SPC) method involves diluting 1.0m of bacterial culture into a series of water blanks, and then taking a sample from the water blanks to add to empty petri plates which will be filled with melted agar.
The standard plate count (SPC) method involves diluting 1.0m of bacterial culture into a series of water blanks, and then taking a sample from the water blanks to add to empty petri plates which will be filled with melted agar.
The standard plate count is a method used in microbiology, which is used to gain an insight to estimate the density of bacterial population which is present in a bacterial culture broth. This is done by plating a small concentration of the culture in a petri-dish and then counting the colonies which form in the petri-plate. This method is used mostly in the food industry, to find the density of mesophilic bacteria in food. This method is extremely essential to determine the primary source of the bacterial contaminant.
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If more water is entering a human red blood cell than exiting it, then the cell is surrounded by a(n) ______ solution
If more water is entering a human red blood cell than exiting it, then the cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution.
What is a hypotonic solution?A hypotonic solution can be defined as any solution or media where the content of solute (eg., glucose molecules, saccharose, etc) is lower than the solute concentration in the cell.
Conversely, a hypertonic solution can be defined as any solution or media where the content of solute is higher than the solute concentration in the cell.
In conclusion, if more water is entering a human red blood cell than exiting it, then the cell is surrounded by a hypotonic solution.
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Developing a Self-Formed Ectodermal Autonomous Multi-Zone Organoid Model Using Human Stem Cells to Examine the Effect of Doxycycline Treatment on Uveal Melanoma
Developing a Self-Formed Ectodermal Autonomous Multi-Zone Organoid Model Using Human Stem Cells to Examine the Effect of Doxycycline Treatment on Uveal Melanoma.
The body's building blocks are stem cells, which are cells that give rise to all other cells with specific roles. Daughter cells are created when stem cells divide properly in the body or a lab to create more cells.
Researchers insert stem cells into the apparatus, either human embryonic stem cells or induced pluripotent stem cells, which can be created from adult cells. Then, the researchers add chemicals to nearby wells that trigger cells to develop essential human embryonic features.
Stem cells are found in a wide variety of organs and tissues throughout the body, including the brain, blood, bone marrow, muscle, skin, heart, and liver tissues. They are dormant in these regions until required to regenerate lost or damaged tissue.
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The ________ is most commonly found in nature.
The wild-type trait is the most commonly found in nature.
What is wild-type trait?Wild-type trait is defined as the type of trait that is mostly the phenotype of an organism that is abundant in nature.
Examples of wild-type trait are:
orange and black tigers are the wild type and albino tigers are the mutant typeBlack and brown rats are the wild type while the albino rats are the mutants.Learn more about mutation here:
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Bacteria, pollen, and transplanted tissue are examples of:_______
Bacteria, pollen, and transplanted tissue are examples of Foreign antigens.
The source of foreign antigens is external to the body. Examples include components of or compounds created by viruses, microorganisms (such as bacteria and protozoa), substances in snake venom, specific proteins in meals, pollens and serum and red blood cell components from other people.T cells only identify foreign antigens that are present on the surfaces of the body's own cells, as opposed to immunoglobulins, which interact with infections and their harmful products in the extracellular spaces of the body. These antigens may come from pathogens that proliferate inside of cells, such as viruses or intracellular bacteria, or they may come from pathogens or their byproducts that cells have ingested through the process of endocytosis.
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The biological species concept emphasizes the ability of individuals to ______________.
The biological species concept emphasizes the ability of two individuals to successfully produce viable, fertile offspring.
The Biological Species Concept defines a species taxon as a group of organisms that can successfully interbreed and produce fertile offspring.
According to that concept, a species' integrity is maintained by interbreeding within a species as well as by reproductive barriers between organisms in different species.
The biological species concept (BSC) was designed to aid understanding of biological diversity, particularly the ubiquitous observation that sexually reproducing organisms exist in more or less distinct phenotypic and genetic clusters rather than in a continuum of forms.
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The idea that neurons in the visual cortex respond to relatively simple stimuli, then send their axons to higher levels of the visual system where signals from many neurons combine and interact is called:
Hierarchical processing involves the combining of information collected by one unit which is at the lower level.
Hierarchical processing
The hierarchical processing allows small stimuli to be combined and form a larger and more complex stimulus. It was first described by Hubel and Wiesel and since their pioneering work, various other hierarchical models have explained the hierarchical systems in the body. Many models explain the processes that occur from small-scale level to system level.
Various stimuli activate the receptor neurons which send the signals to the neighboring neurons which conduct the signals and so on till it reaches the cerebral cortex. Along the way, the signals from various neurons are combined together and produce a complex signal to which the neurons at this level respond. They send signals to higher neurons where it interacts and combines to form even more complex signals. Such a system allows the individual to see complex shapes, structures, motion, etc.
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We used the enzyme, taq polymerase, which is derived from the thermus aquaticus bacterium, in our pcr procedure. Why is this enzyme important for efficiency in pcr?.
Taq polymerase enzyme important for efficiency in PCR because it is thermostable polymerases that remain active at high temperatures (90 -95 degree Celsius) a beyond the denaturation temperature of DNA.
PCR :
Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a laboratory technique for rapidly amplifying millions to billions of copies of a specific segment of DNA, which can then be used for further research.
Taq polymerase is a DNA polymerase derived from bacteria called Thermus aquaticus, which are naturally thermophilic and is a thermostable polymerases that remain active at temperatures higher than the temperature at which DNA is denatured. This allows PCR to be used on DNA samples without the need to add new DNA polymerases after each cycle.
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Sexual reproduction produces ______, while asexual reproduction produces ______.
Answer:
Sexual reproduction produces genetically different offspring from two parents while asexual reproduction produces genetically identical offspring from one parent.
Sexual reproduction will see to the offspring taking half of their genetics from the father (male), while the other half comes from the mother (female). The offspring would further inherit based on whether the traits are dominant or recessive. However, in asexual reproduction, there is only one parent, so all the traits are passed down.
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Many chlorophytes are unicellular, but others are bigger and more complex. The fact that increased size and complexity evolved in different ways indicates ________.
Many chlorophytes are unicellular, but others are bigger and more complex. The fact that increased size and complexity evolved in different ways indicates the chlorophyte group contained extensive genetic variability.
What are chlorophytes?Green algae are known as chlorophytes, and as their name suggests, the chlorophyll in the thylakoid gives them their green color. They also include other pigments including xanthophyll and beta-carotene. They can be unicellular or multicellular depending on the species.
Chlorophyta converts sunlight to starch that is stored in cells as a food reserve. Because of their ability to photosynthesize, chlorophytes are among the ecosystem's most significant producers. As a byproduct of photosynthesis, they are a significant supply of starch and oxygen. Many heterotrophs eat them as food. Numerous chlorophytes interact symbiotically with other types of species.
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Which neurotransmitter is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter?
Glutamate is considered the major excitatory neurotransmitter.
Mechanism of action:
The neurons use neurotransmitters to interact with one other and their target tissues during the synaptic transmission process (neurotransmission). Nerve endings synthesise neurotransmitters, which are then released from them into the synaptic cleft. From there, receptor proteins in the cellular membrane of the target tissue bind to neurotransmitters. As a result, the target tissue is stimulated, blocked, or otherwise functionally altered.
More than 40 neurotransmitters found in the human neurological system, acetylcholine, norepinephrine, dopamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glutamate, serotonin, and histamine are some of the most significant.
Major excitatory neurotransmitter are
Acetylcholine and Glutamate (ACh) Histamine Dopamine (DA) Noradrenaline (NAd), also known as norepinephrine (NE), Adrenaline (Ad), also known as (Epi)To know more about neurotransmitter click here
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A technologist performed a STAT spinal fluid count by pipetting undiluted spinal fluid in a Neubauer Counting Chamber and counting both sides of the chamber (4 large WBC squares on each side). A total of 54 White Cells were counted. How many White Cells would there be per cubic millimeter
The number of white cells is mathematically given as
Avg = 67.5 mm^3
What are White Cells in per cubic millimeter?Generally, the equation for Avg is mathematically given as
Avg =WBC/µL
Where, the addition of the number of squares
x=(4+4)
x= 8
Therefore
Avg =54/ 8x 0.1 uL
Avg = 67.5
In conclusion, the number of white cells White Cells
Avg = 67.5 mm^3
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Identify the function of the highlighted structure. transports urine to the urinary bladder carries fecal matter to the anus transports urine to the exterior
The urethra transports urine to the urinary bladder carries fecal matter to the anus transports urine to the exterior.
How is urine transported into the bladder?
The urinary system's ureters are responsible for filtering blood and producing urine as a waste product. The two tubes are known as ureters transport urine from the kidneys to the bladder. The ureters are between eight and ten inches long. A muscular tube called a ureter empties urine into the bladder. The bladder is the organ where pee is kept before it can be removed. Over time, smooth muscle contractions in the walls of the ureters deliver urine into the bladder in little bursts.
A kidney infection may manifest if urine is allowed to pool or back up. A muscular pouch called the urinary bladder stores urine until it is expelled from the body.
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The y-5 molar morphology is present in?
Answer:
it is presented in chimpanzees
The teeth of some primates, notably great apes and some hominoids, have a y-5 molar morphology.
This phrase describes the arrangement or pattern of cusps on the molar teeth. When viewed from above, the cusps are shaped like the letter "Y", with additional cusps arranged in a "5" shape, hence the name "y-5". The paracone, metacone and hypocone – the three primary cusps present with smaller accessory cusps – define this molar morphology. The Y-5 molar arrangement is considered a fundamental feature of the dentition of hominoids, reflecting their shared heritage.
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A population of 20,000 individuals is surveyed and found to be composed of 9,800 individuals with blond hair and 10,200 with brown hair. The allele for blond hair "b" is recessive to the allele for brown hair "B". Assuming Hardy-Weinberg conditions, the frequency of the Bb genotype in the population is:
A population of 20,000 individuals is surveyed and found to be composed of 9,800 individuals with blond hair and 10,200 with brown hair. The allele for blond hair "b" is recessive to the allele for brown hair "B". Assuming Hardy-Weinberg conditions, the frequency of the Bb genotype in the population is 42%.
What is Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?Hardy Weinberg law states that,
“In a large, random-mating population, the genotype and allele frequencies remain constant in the absence of any evolutionary influences from one to another generation. Influences are inclusive of a choice of mate, natural selection, genetic drift, mutation, sexual selection, gene flow, genetic hitchhiking, founder effect, meiotic drive, population bottleneck, inbreeding and assortative mating.”
Application of Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,
The Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium provides a mathematical criterion of a population that is non-evolving which can be compared to evolving populations. The law offers a prototype which is typically used as a point of origination to study the population genetics of diploid entities, which fulfil the fundamental assumption of random mating, large population, no mutation, migration or selection.Allele frequencies can be detected in the presence of complete dominance when Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium prevails wherein it is not possible to differentiate between two genotypes.To learn more about Hardy Weinberg equilibrium,
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The term ____________________ means the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.
The term Ataxia means the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement.
Poor muscle control that results in awkward voluntary movements is known as ataxia. It might make it difficult to move your eyes, speak, or walk steadily. It might also make it hard to coordinate your hands. Ataxia is typically caused by injury to the cerebellum, which regulates muscular coordination, or its connections.Ataxia is typically brought on by damage to the cerebellum, a region of the brain, although it can also be brought on by injury to the spinal cord or other nerves. The spinal cord, which extends the length of the spine and connects the brain to every other part of the body, is a lengthy bundle of nerves.learn more about Ataxia here: https://brainly.com/question/16031045
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One of the many tests done during urodynamic studies is the sphincter electromyelogram. What does this test study
One of the many tests done during urodynamic studies is the sphincter electromyelogram. This test studies activity of the voluntary muscles of the perineal area.
Patients with urine incontinence or other symptoms of the lower urinary tract can be diagnosed with urodynamic testing. Both men and women take these examinations. Nerve and muscle function are measured by urodynamic testing.Clinically, perineal sphincter electromyography may be helpful in assessing individuals with bowel, urinary, and sexual dysfunction. All patients with a history and clinical examination that point to a central or peripheral sacral neuropathic lesion should be given this option. The pudendal nerve innervates the external sphincter (EAS), which is the best muscle for identifying neuropathic lesions in lower sacral myotomes.learn more about urodynamic studies here: https://brainly.com/question/10448206
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One of the many tests done during urodynamic studies is the sphincter electromyogram. This test studies the activity of the voluntary muscles of the perineal area.
ElectromyographyA method for analyzing and capturing the electrical activity generated by skeletal muscles is called electromyography (EMG). A record known as an electromyogram is created during an EMG using a device called an electromyograph.
SphincterA sphincter is a circular muscle that ordinarily keeps a bodily channel or orifice constricted and releases when necessary for normal physiological function. There are sphincters in many species.
What function does an EMG serve in the treatment of a striated sphincter?Urologists working in a lab with instruments for urodynamic examinations are suitable for helping with EMG of the urethral sphincter. The peripheral nervous system (PNS), central nervous system (CNS), or a mix of both may be damaged, leading to abnormalities of the striated sphincter.
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Paleontologists organize fossils of related species based on their __________________ similarities
Paleontologists organize fossils of related species based on their physical similarities.
Paleontologists discover and examine the remains of extinct organisms to learn about evolution.Any remnant of ancient life preserved in a geologic setting is referred to as a fossil or paleontological resource.
Fossils provide a direct link to the lifestyles, environments, and climatic conditions of the past. They reveal how life, the environment, and the climate have evolved over time and how living things have reacted to those changes. These teachings are especially crucial now that the modern climate is changing more and more.
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what is ribosomes ??
Answer:
Definition. A ribosome is an intercellular structure made of both RNA and protein, and it is the site of protein synthesis in the cell.
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The common atrium is subdivided into a left and right atrium by an interatrial septum, which consists of two parts: the septum and the septum that partially overlap.
The common atrium is subdivided into a left and right atrium by an interatrial septum, which consists of two parts: the septum primum and the septum secundum that partially overlap.
What is septum primum and septum secundum?
The septum primum, which divides the right from the left, is a structure inside the primitive atrium. In the direction of the endocardial cushions, this septum descends. The foramen primum, a hole in this septum, keeps the blood flowing through the heart. The foramen secundum develops as the foramen primum shrinks in size.What is the purpose of septum secundum?
A muscular flap called the septum secundum plays a significant role in heart growth. It has a semi-lunar form and develops from the atrium's upper wall to the right of the septum primum and ostium secundum. It is crucial for the foramen ovale to close after birth.Learn more about septum secundum
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The correct question is -
The common atrium is subdivided into a left and right atrium by an interatrial septum, which consists of two parts: the septum ______ and the septum ______ that partially overlap.
Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in order for the body to function properly are called?
Amino acids that must be obtained from foods in order for the body to function properly are called essential amino acids.
The body is unable to produce essential amino acids. They must therefore originate from food. Organic substances known as amino acids are primarily made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.Twenty distinct amino acids are required by your body for growth and optimal operation. Despite the fact that all 20 of these are crucial for your health, just nine are considered essential.These include valine, tryptophan, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, and threonine.While your body may produce non-essential amino acids, it is unable to produce essential amino acids; therefore, you must obtain them through diet.Animal proteins including meat, eggs, and poultry are the richest providers of necessary amino acids.But some plant meals, such edamame and tofu made from soy, do contain all nine essential amino acids. They are "complete" sources of protein.
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Some ______ are able to metabolize oil and have been used in the cleanup of oil spills.
The bacteria are able to metabolize oil and have been in the cleanup of oil spills.
There are many well-known types of microbes discovered by discovers/researchers, for example- Bacteroidetes, have the potential to degrade hydrocarbons. During an oil spill, these low-abundance microbes sense hydrocarbons and move toward the source where they flourish and reproduce. Some of the microbes use oil as fuel.
It is found that the Bioremediation is used to clean up oil spills or contaminated groundwater. Bioremediation may be done 'in - situ' at the site of the contamination or 'ex - situ' environment.
There is a specie called Pseudomonas putida which is widely used in oil spill bioremediation. It is there to break down many aromatic compounds like hydrocarbons.
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A test cross is a mating of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual that?
A Test cross is mating of an individual with an unknown genotype and an individual with recessive genotype of the same trait.
The test cross is performed to determine the genotype of dominant phenotype plant, whether it is homozygous or heterozygous dominant.
The resulting progeny ratio helps to predict the parent genotype. That is, If all the progenies show dominant phenotype, then the unknown parent is homozygous dominant. If they show a 1:1 ratio, then the parent is heterozygous dominant.
In other terms, homozygous dominant parent (PP) crossing with recessive parent (pp) can only produce progenies with dominant phenotype (PP / Pp), while heterozygous dominant parent (Pp) with recessive parent (pp) can produce both dominant and recessive progenies (PP / Pp / pp).
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What keeps the airways clear?
A. Spiracles near airway openings.
B. Pleural fluid in the thoracic cavity.
C. Mucin secreted by goblet cells in the bronchus.
D. Passage through squamous epithelial cells.
abc or d with a simple explanation
pls be sure of ur answer
What keeps the airways clear are the Spirals near the airway openings.
A. Spirals near airway openings.What keeps your airways open?The walls of the trachea (TRAY-kee-uh) are reinforced by rigid rings of cartilage to keep it open. The trachea is also lined with cilia, which sweep fluid and foreign particles out of the airways so they stay out of the lungs.
What is trachea?The trachea, also known as the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects the larynx to the bronchi of the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-breathing animals with lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. The trachea is formed by a number of horseshoe-shaped rings, joined together vertically by overlying ligaments, and by the trachealis muscle at their ends. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing.
With this information, we can conclude that With this information, we can conclude that the correct answer is A. Spirals near airway openings
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A coral reef is a complex ______ of calcium carbonate shells that are home to microbes, algae, invertebrates, and fishes, and its high productivity helps provide great species richness.
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What causes clouds to condense and form?
Select one:
O a. As cold air sinks, water vapor is released.
O b.
As hot air rises, water vapor is released.
O c.
As winds drive cold air across the Earth's surface, water vapor is released.
O d. As winds drive hot air across the Earth's surface, water vapor is released.
Answer:
C
Explanation:
As winds drive cold air across the Earth's surface, water vapor is released.
Answer:
B
Explanation:
Water is constantly cycling through the atmosphere. Water evaporates from the Earth's surface and rises on warm updrafts into the atmosphere. It condenses into clouds, is blown by the wind, and then falls back to the Earth as rain or snow.
The portion of the large intestine found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity is the colon.
Descending colon is found between the transverse and sigmoid colon on the left side of the abdominal cavity.
What are the components of large intestine?The cecum, colon, rectum, and anus are the components of the large intestine. Mesenteries are tissue folds that hold the colon and rectum in the belly.
Caecum: The colon and ileum (the last part of the small intestine) are connected by a pouch-like channel called the cecum.
Colon: The longest part of the large intestine is the colon. There are 4 sections in the colon-
Ascending colon: The colon begins with the ascending colon. It is located on the abdomen's right side. It continues upward until it reaches the hepatic flexure, a bend in the colon.Transverse colon: Following the ascending colon and hepatic flexure is the transverse colon. The upper portion of the abdomen is where it is located. The splenic flexure, a bend in the colon, marks its conclusion.Descending colon: The transverse colon and splenic flexure are followed by the descending colon. The abdomen's left side is where it is located.Sigmoid colon: The colon's final section, the sigmoid colon, joins to the rectum.Rectum: The lower portion of the large intestine that joins the sigmoid colon is known as the rectum. Its length is roughly 15 cm (6 in). It takes waste from the colon and keeps it there until the anus allows it to leave the body.
Anus: The aperture at the bottom end of the rectum known as the anus is where feces exits the body.
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Which of these is a hazard of commercial fishing?
A. a drop in the water table
B. reduced demand for seafood
C. injury from machinery
D. increased biodiversity
The injury from machinery is a hazard of commercial fishing.
What does commercial fishing mean?Commercial fishing is the activity of catching fish and other seafood for profit, particularly among wild species. It supplies a large amount of food around the world, but those who practice it as an industry sometimes look for long conditions from the ocean's limits, in adversaries.
If any damage to machinery occurs, it will end commercial fishing, causing deaths and oil in the seas.
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