The researcher in the virtual lab was using waste from a fish farm to provide nutrients for the algae. Algal growth utilizes carbon-di-oxide (CO₂) and converts it into useful byproducts thereby reducing CO₂ levels in the environment.
Feeding algae with the waste from the fish farm would enhance algal growth. Algae come under the group of organisms that are capable of performing photosynthesis.
Algae utilize CO₂ from the environment for photosynthesis and convert it into biomass and oxygen (O₂). This biomass produced can be used as an eco-friendly source of biofuel in the city.
Therefore, algae growth is utilized to trap CO₂ and replace it with O₂ in the environment.
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How dose skin protect the body from pathogens ?
Answer:
The epidermis, which serves as the body's primary defense against water and infection, and the dermis, which effectively links the epidermis to the rest of the body, are the two major layers that make up the skin.
The stratum germinativum, the bottommost layer, produces layers of cells that make up the epidermis. Cell division is in its active phase at this point. The cells gradually go up into the various levels, where they make associations with neighboring cells based on whatever layer they are in. The skin's waterproofing and ability to withstand infection by pathogens are both a result of the migration and bonding of keratin proteins and lipids.
The stratum is the highest layer that the cells reach.
How does the body identify a pathogen?To start with, your immune system has several kinds of cells as well as other stuff like proteins floating around. There are two major types of immunity: innate and adaptive and they work together to help you identify and fight infection. Of the different types of white blood cells we have, there are a specific subgroup called lymphocytes that are involved specifically in adaptive immunity.
So the first step in innate immunity is physical barriers. Your skin and your intestines (which are technically 'outside' of your body - think of us as an elongated donut where our guts are the hole of the donut) are examples of such barriers. We're all good with having lots of bacteria on the outside (meaning on our skin and in our digestive tract). Problems happen when the outside stuff gets inside.
So then the next question is how to identify something foreign coming in. Turns out that structurally most living cells (and viruses) have proteins on their outsides. Some of these are receptors, others are structural, and yet others are covered in sugars etc. The thing is, these proteins and sugars are different between different things. So bacteria will have chemicals on them that are different than any chemical we have in our own body. When lymphocytes are growing up in the thymus, they are basically exposed to our normal proteins, sugars, and other molecules so they know to ignore them. If this process doesn't happen properly you can run into problems with things like autoimmune diseases.
Now you mentioned antibodies. Antibodies are actually made in a very fascinating way. Antibodies are essentially proteins with a certain part that can hook onto other molecules that fit the correct shape. Think of the analogy of a bunch of different shapes floating around and having the antibodies have holes for specific shapes, so they can only really attach to that specific shape (or antigen). But you ask, how do they know what shapes to try to attach to or recognize? Well, proteins are coded for by DNA and what happens in B-cells, the makers of antibodies is that there's tons of genetic recombination. We basically scramble DNA in different B-cells to be able to make up completely new and novel protein types that can then attach to other things that we have never been exposed to before.
So innately, we have the ability to recognize almost anything that's small enough and has some kind of outside texture or shapes to hook on to. Each B-cell makes a specific antibody to one shape and we specifically kill the cells that recognize shapes that are present in our own body. Furthermore, those peripheral cells that recognized general features common to many pathogens such as weird sugars or capsules swallow and chew up the things they encounter and present the little bits to immune cells like B-cells to see if they match the right shape for the type of cell. If they do, that cell now starts dividing and making tons of that type of antibody so that you get a good antibody response.
And finally, to remember that you've been exposed to a certain antigen, you have T-cells which basically serve to coordinate this whole process with hormones such as interleukins. When they see something they recognize, they also divide, but the cool thing about T-cells is that they basically live your entire life. Once they've seen something, those T-cells stick around pretty much forever, which is why things like vaccines work.
There are also other parts of our innate immune system, including compounds and proteins in our blood called the complement system. It can be a completely non-cellular method of killing bacteria based purely on antibodies and other proteins.
Cindy collects 20 insects for her biology class, all of which are spiders, dragonflies, and cicadas. (Note that a spider has 8 legs and no wings, a dragonfly has 6 legs and 4 wings, and a cicada has 6 legs and 2 wings.) She counts 138 legs and 36 wings altogether. How many cicadas does Cindy collect in total
Cindy collects 4 cicadas in total.
Let,
D represent the number of dragonflies
C represent the number of cicadas
S represent the number of spiders
Since the total number of insects is 20:
Equation 1
D+C+S=20
A spider has 8 legs, a dragonfly has 6 legs, and a cicada has 6 legs. Since the total number of legs is 138:
Equation 2
6D+6C+8S=138
A spider has 0 wings, a dragonfly has 4 wings, and a cicada has 2 wings. Since the total number of wings is 36:
Equation 3
4D+2C+0S=36
Multiplying equation 1 with 6 and subtracting it from equation 2:
6D+6C+8S-6(D+C+S)=138-6(20)
2S=18
S=9
Multiplying equation 1 with 4 and subtracting it from equation 3:
4D+2C+0S-4(D+C+S)=36-4(20)
-2C-4S=-44
Substituting S with 9:
-2C-4(9)=-44
-2C=-8
C=4
Thus, Cindy collects 4 cicadas in total.
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Why must the formulas of hydrates have the number of water molecules as whole number integers?
The formula for hydrate indicates the number of water molecules that are attached to each formula unit of the compound. Forexample, nickel (II) sulfate hexahydrate is a green/blue solid that has six water molecules included in the crystal foreach Ni2+and each SO42-ion.Many common minerals are
What is a hydrate ?Any compound containing water in the form of H2O molecules, usually, but not always, with a definite content of water by weight.
The best-known hydrates are crystalline solids that lose their fundamental structures upon removal of the bound water.Hydrates are formed when water and light end natural gases come into contact at certain temperature and pressure conditionsLearn more about Hydrates here:
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Explain why the plant height at 50 mL is not consistent with the rest of the data. What evidence can you use from the regression analysis to make this point?
The plant height of not persistent with the rest of the data due to probably the wrong amount of gibberellic acid added to the plant at that step.
What is regression analysis?Regression analysis can be defined as the method that is used to compare an independent variable with a dependent variable.
When a graph is plotted between Independent variable (gibberellic acid) and the Dependent variable (plant height) it is scattered because 50ml data.
This is so due to probably the wrong amount of gibberellic acid added to the plant at that step.
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A sprinter would experience muscle fatigue sooner than a marathon runner due to?
Muscle fatigue sooner due to anaerobic metabolism in the muscles of the sprinter.
Anaerobic metabolism creates energy by burning carbohydrates in the absence of oxygen. This happens when your lungs can't put sufficient oxygen into the bloodstream to keep up with the demands of your muscular tissues for energy. Anaerobic metabolism, which can be described as ATP production without oxygen (or in the absence of oxygen), occurs by direct phosphate transfer from phosphorylated intermediates, together with glycolytic intermediates or creatine phosphate (CRP), to ADP forming ATP.
Anaerobic metabolism at the cellular stage occurs when oxygen transport and tissue oxygenation are compromised. this can be a result of hypoxemia, anemia, inadequate systemic blood waft, or a mixture of these factors.
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3) Organic compounds A) always contain nitrogen. B) are synthesized only by animal cells. C) always contain carbon. D) always contain oxygen.
Always contain Carbon
The majority of organic compounds contain carbon, hydrogen, and occasionally other elements such as nitrogen, sulfur, oxygen, or phosphorus.
What are Organic compounds ?Organic compound, any of a large class of chemical compounds in which one or more atoms of carbon are covalently linked to atoms of other elements, most commonly hydrogen, oxygen, or nitrogen.
The few carbon-containing compounds not classified as organic include carbides, carbonates, and cyanides.Carbon is the key element because it has four electrons in an outer electron shell that can hold eight electronsLearn more about Organic compounds here:
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____________________ theory is the theory that proposes that chloroplasts and mitochondria evolved from certain types of bacteria that eukaryotic cells engulfed.
The endosymbiotic theory proposed that the mitochondria and the chloroplast evolve from some types of bacteria which the eukaryotic cells engulfed.
The endosymbiotic theory tries to explain how the eukaryotic cells came into existence from prokaryotic cells. According to this theory, the eukaryotic organelles like the mitochondria and the chloroplasts were actually free living prokaryotes and were taken in one after the other via endosymbiosis.
This theory has been backed by evidences which establish the phylogenetic similarity between mitochondria and bacteria and also between chloroplast and cyanobacteria. The evidences include the presence of circular DNA in both chloroplast as well as the mitochondria and also the fact they divide by binary fission like bacteria.
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Which specific b vitamin is critical for energy metabolism and nerve cell membranes? deficiency in this vitamin leads to beriberi.
Thiamin deficiency in this vitamin leads to beriberi.
ThiaminVitamin B1 (thiamin), often known as thiamin, is a water-soluble vitamin that can be obtained as a dietary supplement or naturally in some foods. The growth and operation of different cells depend heavily on thiamin. There is a daily requirement for thiamin because only trace amounts are kept in the liver. However, it wasn't until the late 19th century that the symptoms of thiamin shortage were linked to nutrition. The symptoms of thiamin deficiency were originally noted in ancient literature of Chinese medicine. Japanese sailors who consumed a restricted diet of just rice for months at sea in 1884 were found to have unusually high rates of disease and mortality, according to a Japanese physician.
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Oceans are a source of food with approximately _____________________ pounds of fish and shellfish caught annually.
Oceans are a source of food with approximately 200 billion pounds of fish and shellfish caught annually.
The provisioning service of food from capture fisheries and culturing activities is one of the primary services offered by the oceans to human societies. Fish, invertebrates, plants, and, in some cultures, marine animals and seabirds for direct eating or as food for aquaculture or agriculture are all included in this.
The ocean makes a much less overall contribution to the world's food supply. Despite making up 71 percent of Earth's area, the oceans only provide 2 percent of the world's caloric food supply. Without counting the billions of fish raised in aquaculture, it has been estimated that between 0.97 and 2.7 trillion fish are killed each year around the world when they are taken in the wild.
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Which other body areas would if tested prove to have a high density of sweat glands?
Soles of feet, palms, underarms, forehead will have a high density of sweat glands when tested.
Increased friction on bare feet is a fourth potential benefit of sweating on the soles. This is believed to have aided our ancestors in gaining a firmer footing when fleeing from predators or any other danger. All over the body, sweat glands are responsible for producing sweat.Your hypothalamus, a tiny part of your brain, signals to the eccrine sweat glands dispersed throughout your body that it is time to start cooling you down by creating sweat as soon as your body's internal temperature starts to rise. However, cooling off is more difficult than having your perspiration simply drip off of you.learn more about sweat glands here: https://brainly.com/question/19763172
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All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separate the cytoplasm from the:_________
All cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
The plasma membrane, a double layer of lipids that divides the inside of the cell from the outside environment, is present in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
Phospholipids, a type of specialized lipid, make up the majority of this double layer.
A phospholipid is composed up of two hydrophobic, water-fearing fatty acid tails and a hydrophilic, water-loving phosphate head.
The hydrophobic tails of phospholipids naturally arrange themselves in a double-layered arrangement with their hydrophilic heads facing outward.
Numerous biological membranes include this phospholipid bilayer, a two-layer structure that is energetically advantageous.
Hence, all cells are surrounded by cell membranes, also called plasma membranes, that separates the cytoplasm from the outside environment.
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A selectively permeable membrane sac filled with water and large molecules of starch is suspended in a beaker of distilled water. what will happen?
A selective permeable membrane sac filled with water and large molecules of starch is suspended in a break of distilled water then water will enter into the sack and it will swell.
This is the process of osmosis in which movement of water molecules form a solution with high concentration to lower concentration till the equilibrium attain. Starch does not pass through thee selectively permeable membrane.Water moves from outside if the cell to the inside leading to swelling of cells.
Small molecules diffuse faster than larger molecules through a membrane. The movement of water across a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute.
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True or false: sensitivity differences during light and dark adaptation result, at least in part, from the difference in bleaching and regeneration rates of photopsin and rhodopsin.
True, photopsin and rhodopsin are the photoreceptor proteins found in the cones of the retina and are the basis of color vision.
What is the function of rhodopsin?The retina contains a chemical compound called rhodopsin. It is responsible for converting light into electrical impulses that the brain interprets as vision. Nerve fibers from the retina come together at the back of the eye and form the optic nerve, which carries electrical impulses to the brain.
What is the function of the retina?The function of the Retina is to capture light through the cornea, pupil and lens, and, through the optic nerve, convert it into neural signals and send them to the brain, which transforms it into visual recognition.
With this information, we can conclude that A very thin layer of light-sensitive tissue, located at the back of the eye, the retina is formed by millions of photoreceptor cells, which capture, record, decode light waves and, through the optic nerve, send them to the brain, where the vision.
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A sequence of dna that codes for a specific, detectable product, such as a protein or rna is called a _________. microtubule gene genetic variation homologous chromosome
A sequence of dna that codes for a specific, detectable product, such as a protein or rna is called a gene and is therefore denoted as option B in this scenario.
What is a Gene?This is referred as the basic unit of hereditary and is usually passed from the parent to the offspring. it also contains information which helps in the coding of certain substances such as protein.
The gene which comprises of DNA which is referred to as deoxyribonucleic acid ensures that certain types of traits are passed to the offspring thereby resulting in genetic variation. This is a function of the type of cell division known as meiosis which gives rise to four unique daughter cells.
This is therefore the reason why gene was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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The part of the brain stem that regulates vital activities such as heartbeat, breathing, and digestion is the:_____.
The part of the brain stem that regulates vital activities such as heartbeat,breathing and digestion is the Medulla oblongata. The bottom part of brain which regulate your breathing,heart rhythms,blood pressure and swallowing.
The respiratory center is located in the medulla oblongata and is involved in the minute-to-minute control of breathing.It's locate where the brain and spiral cord connect, it help in control vital processes like our heartbeat, breathing and blood pressure.
This also responsible for reflexes of the face and throat like - coughing,sneezing,gagging. It can lead to respiratory failure, loss of sensation, paralysis,it causes 'brain death" and person can not survive.
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What two environmental factors influence the shape of a proteins?
What is the term called when the shape of a protein is changed?
What impact does this change in shape have on the proteins ability to function or job?
Make sure to use complete sentences, and write a sentence to answer each question.
The shape of proteins are affected by temperature and pH.
The change of shape of proteins is known as denaturation.
Denaturation of a protein will make it unable to function.
What factors affect protein functions?Proteins are large molecules which are found in living organisms.
The shape of proteins are affected by temperature and pH of their environment.
The change of shape of proteins is known as denaturation.
Denaturation of a protein will make it unable to function since protein function depends on its shape.
In conclusion, protein denaturation affects its function.
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One cup of oatmeal has approximately 25 grams of carbohydrates. How many calories are coming from the carbohydrates in the oatmeal
Explanation:
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In photosynthesis, the light reactions ________ while the calvin cycle ________
In photosynthesis, the light reactions captures solar energy while the calvin cycle converts the captured energy into chemical energy
What is photosynthesis?Photosynthesis can be defined as the process whereby green plants manufacture their food from carbon dioxide, water and chlorophyll using the energy gotten from sunlight
So therefore, in photosynthesis, the light reactions captures solar energy while the calvin cycle converts the captured energy into chemical energy
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Which structure is highlighted?
a. anterior cavity
b. pupil
c. posterior cavity
d. iris lens
Option (c) Posterior cavity is the highlighted structure.
The area behind the lens that extends to the retina's location on the back side of the internal eyeball is known as the posterior cavity. The vitreous humor, a more viscous fluid, fills the posterior cavity.
The posterior chamber is a crucial component in the creation and movement of aqueous humor.
The posterior chamber receives the aqueous humor secreted by the ciliary body's epithelium, which then flows through the pupil and into the anterior chamber.
The anterior hyaloid membrane and all of the optical components behind it, including the vitreous humor, retina, choroid, and optic nerve, are located in the posterior segment, also known as the posterior cavity, which makes up the back two-thirds of the eye.
Hence, Posterior cavity is the highlighted structure.
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In a hardy-weinberg population, 16% of individuals display the homozygous recessive phenotype. What proportion of the population will be heterozygous carriers of the recessive allele?.
Proportion of the population will be heterozygous is 0.48
Let's start with the basic Hardy-Weinberg equations first.
p + q = 1 and p^2 + 2pq + q^2 = 1
With "p" being the dominant allele and "q" being the recessive allele
We know that 16% (or 0.16) show the recessive trait. This means that the fraction of the population with the recessive trait, q^2 is 0.16
With the value for q^2, q can be calculated
What follows is that q = 0.4
With this knowledge "p" can be calculated 1 - q= p
which results in "p" being 0.6
This 0.6 is the frequency at which the dominant allele is present in the population
heterozygous = 2pq = 2 (0.6 x 0.4) = 0.48
Hence, proportion of the population will be heterozygous is 0.48
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15) naturally occurring variations within a species are mainly the result of
a) dynamic equilibrium and sexual reproduction b) sexual reproduction and competition
c) sexual reproduction and mutations
d) mutations and competition
Answer:
d mutations and competition
On each side of the skull, the __________ suture joins the parietal bone with the temporal bone.
On each side of the skull, the Squamosal suture joins the parietal bone with the temporal bone.
The squamosal or squamous suture is the cranial suture between the temporal and parietal bones bilaterally. From the pterion, it extends posteriorly, curves inferiorly and continues as the parietotemporal suture. The squamous suture is the connecting joint in the skull between the parietal bone and the lower portion of the temporal bone called the par squamosa. Edges of the squamous suture overlap in a scale-like formation. It is located just above the ears on both sides of the head. The squamous suture forms the joint of the skull between the squamous part of the temporal bone and the inferior aspect of the parietal bone.
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When a molecule regulates the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site outside of the active site, it is known as a/an
By allosteric regulation an enzyme might be activated or inhibited. When a molecule regulates the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site outside of the active site, it is known as an allosteric molecule.
What is an allosteric molecule?Allosteric regulation occurs when molecules bind to the enzyme on another side, which is not the binding site. This is the allosteric site, and molecules binding to these sites are the allosteric molecules.
Allosteric molecules can be either,
Allosteric inhibitors → inhibit the enzyme activity by not letting the substrate get attached to the enzyme.Allosteric inhibition is non-competitive inhibition because the allosteric molecule does not compete directly with the substrate.
It attaches to the enzyme at another site, impeding the substrate to bind the enzyme and turning off its function.
Allosteric activators → change the active site and make it more efficient to bind the substrate.Allosteric activation is a cooperative process in which the enzyme function is enhanced. Some substrates can even work as allosteric activators for other active binding sites.
Allosteric enzymes can change their conformation, exhibiting active and inactive conformations as a result of substrate binding at the activated center and regulatory molecules at other binding sites -allosteric centers-.
According to this framework, When a molecule regulates the activity of an enzyme by binding to a site outside of the active site, it is known as an allosteric molecule.
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This functional group is a nitrogen with two hydrogens attached to it. It is found in proteins and functions as a base.
Amino group
The term "amino acid" refers to an amino acid with an amino group immediately linked to the -carbon. These contain the secondary amines proline and hydroxyproline. They were previously frequently referred to as amino acids, which is incorrect because they lack the imine grouping HN=C. The archaic phrase is still used often.
The building blocks of proteins are amino acids, which are the chemical compounds that come together to make proteins. These biomolecules are essential for human growth and development and are engaged in a number of biological and chemical processes in the body. In nature, there are around 300 amino acids.
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the black plague, the epidemic that devastated the european continent during the 1300's is an example of :
What can you conclude from the fact that DNA analysis of all chloroplasts reveals that they are monophyletic
The conclusion drawn from the fact that DNA analysis of all chloroplasts reveals that they are monophyletic is Endosymbiosis of the same species of cyanobacteria occurred multiple times in cells that evolved into red, green, and brown algae.
Most scientists agree that non-photosynthetic eukaryotic hosts originally acquired photosynthetic prokaryotic endosymbionts, which led to the formation of plastids. It is also acknowledged that non-photosynthetic eukaryote hosts frequently took on photosynthetic eukaryotes as endosymbionts in order to create secondary plastids.
It is shown that primordial plastids had a single, or "monophyletic," genesis. The red, green, and glaucophyte plastids are thought to belong to a single group, either as a subgroup of oxygenic photosynthetic prokaryotes or as a sister group, according to the monophyletic hypothesis of plastid genesis.
Therefore,Endosymbiosis of the same species of cyanobacteria occurred multiple times in cells that evolved into red, green, and brown algae.
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Identify the epoch or epochs in which scientists believe the first primates may have evolved. There may be more than one correct answer.
During 66 mya in the Paleocene scientists believe the first primates may have evolved.
Evolution of PrimatesMost likely, a small, nocturnal, insectivorous animal that gave rise to the first primates. The closest extant cousins of primates are tree shrews and colugos, also referred to as flying lemurs. The tree shrew is cited as a living example of what the ancestors of primates, or the earliest primates, would have looked like.The most ancient ape discovered by reliable fossil evidence is Dryomomys. Only isolated teeth and jaw fragments from Purgatorius, the earliest known primate, which dates back 65 million years, are known.In the primate suborder Strepsirhini, the Eocene primates split into two groups at an early stage: the omomyids and the adapids, collectively known as the prosimians.To learn more about the Evolution of Primates refer to:
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is the division of the nervous system that innervates the digestive tract, and ___________ is also called autonomic nervous system
Enteric nervous system is the division of the nervous system that innervates the digestive tract, and vegetative nervous system is also called autonomic nervous system.
The peripheral nervous system's autonomic nervous system controls physiological functions that are carried out automatically, such as digestion, blood pressure, respiration, and sexual desire. There are three physically separate divisions in it: enteric, parasympathetic, and sympathetic.The enteric nervous system (ENS), a partially autonomous component of the nervous system, is made up of a number of neuronal circuits that regulate immunological and endocrine activity as well as motor and local blood flow.The enteric nervous system, which makes up the third division of the autonomic system, is made up of a number of neurons that are integrated into the gastrointestinal tract's and its derivatives' wall. This system regulates the secretion and motility of the digestive tract.learn more about Enteric nervous system here: https://brainly.com/question/11223058
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You are studying two species of dung beetles, one of which rolls its dung balls during the day and rests at night. The other rolls its dung balls at night and rests during the day. These species will not breed because of
one of which rolls its dung balls during the day and rests at night. The other rolls its dung balls at night and rests during the day. These species will not breed because of Temporal isolation.
When two species are divided based on when they operate, it results in the phenomena of temporal isolation. The difference in their mating seasons or the time of day they are active could be the reason for this divergence. This type of isolation reduces the likelihood of interbreeding between the two species, which may eventually lead to speciation.Because two species of beetles in the provided question are active at separate times of the day and do not cross-pollinate, it can be said that these species are exhibiting a temporal form of isolation.learn more about Temporal isolation here: https://brainly.com/question/469933
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Sari and Jon disagree over who needs more calories (proportionately) per day to survive a three-month-old baby or a
grown adult San argues that a grown adult is bigger and needs more calories per pound of body weight Jon believes
the baby would require more calories per pound of body weight
he is most likely conect and why?
San, because it takes more energy to move the larger muscles that adults have, so they need more calories
Jon, because babies grow at a much berate than adults and require more cabries to support this growth
Jah, because babies are more active than grown adults and need more energy from calories
San because adults have more to do during the day and need more calories to sustain their activities
Answer:
Jon, because babies grow at a much [faster rate] than adults and require more [calories] to support this growth
Explanation:
Adults need 13 calories per pound of body weight while babies need 35 to 50 calories per pound of body weight.
Answer:
b
Explanation: