The table below shows the boiling points of
some halogens.

Explain the trend in the boiling points of the
halogens.

45.0 liters of hydrogen will be produced at STP.

The balanced chemical equation at STP is :

2NH₃  → N₂+3H₂

For every 2 moles of ammonia that take part in the reaction, you get 1 mole of nitrogen gas and 3 moles of hydrogen gas. When all three gases are kept under the same conditions for pressure and temperature, these mole ratios become equivalent to volume ratios, i.e. 1:3 mole ratio.

When both gases are kept under STP conditions, we will have:

[n/v]H₂=[n/v]N₂

v[H₂]=3ₓv[N₂]

Here, v[H₂]=15.0 L

∴ v[H₂]=45.0 L

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Answer:

Things that are negatively charged and things that are positively charged pull on (attract) each other. This makes electrons and protons stick together to form atoms. Things that have the same charge push each other away (they repel each other). This is called the Law of Charges.

Explanation:

According to Coulomb, the electric force for charges at rest has the following properties: Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract. Thus, two negative charges repel one another, while a positive charge attracts a negative charge.

Answer:

Like charges repel each other; unlike charges attract.

Explanation:

Each region has a different environment which can change the chemical composition of the body.

Many of the skeletons have related to age, sex, ancestry, and cause of death. The remains of an individual with biological information are especially valuable. Forensic anthropologists have used skeletons to develop standards for identifying the sex, age, and ancestry of unknown remains of the body. Analyzing the chemical composition of the murder victim's bone, can help to identify the region of the world from which the victim came because each region has a different environment that can change the chemical composition of the body.

So we can conclude that analyzing the chemical composition of the murder victim's bone helps the researcher to identify the victim due to the environment in which the person was exposed.

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Answer: B

Explanation:

B is the correct answer, but this is only because there is no other data to go off of to answer said question. It says "Other potentially dangerous asteroids" meaning that is what they intend to do.

Carbocation rearrangements can be defined “as the movement of the carbocation from an unstable state to a more stable state by making use of different structural reorganizational shifts within the molecule”. Alkyl carbocation is a carbocation comprising an alkyl group.

Carbocation Rearrangement occurs whenever the alcohols are converted into several carbocations and this phenomenon is termed as carbocation rearrangement. In simple carbocation comprises +ve charge in a molecule that is connected to 3 more groups and holds a sextet. Carbocation rearrangement can be carried out to a reaction that does not involve alcohol. There are 2 types of carbocation rearrangements namely Alkyl and Hybrid Shift.

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Answer:

The most vigorous reaction, between two elements for the formation of an ionic compound, in theory, would be between the most electronegative element and the least electronegative element, Fluorine and Francium respectively, according to the Pauling scale. So it would be 2Fr + F2 ->2FrF. But for a more practically reasonable choice, because Francium has a very short half-life, would be Caesium and Fluorine because Caesium is just right above Francium, being in the same group (Group 1 / IA). 2Cs + F2 -> 2CsF. In both cases, the outermost electron of the Caesium/Francium atom will be taken by the Fluorine atom, in the process, releasing a massive amount of energy.

Explanation:

Although chemical reactions can involve any of the other hundred-plus elements on the periodic table, it turns out that most of the familiar energy-releasing reactions involve only hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen. Consider again the reaction, which involves only hydrogen and oxygen atoms. Metals often react with nonmetals to form ionic compounds. These compounds are composed of positive and negative ions formed by adding or subtracting electrons from neutral atoms and molecules. Nonmetals combine with each other to form covalent compounds, which exist as neutral molecules.

The correct statement is " water molecules absorb energy when water vapor condenses to form clouds".

Condensation, which is the opposite of vaporization, would be the transformation of matter from its gaseous state into its liquid state. The water cycle is the most frequent use of the phrase.

One such illustration is the condensation that accumulates on a chilly cup's exterior or on a car's windows on a cool night. Dew, vapor, clouds, and the fog that see it when you exhale on a chilly day are more characteristics of condensation.

Therefore, the correct answer will be option (D).

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The oxidation state of an individual bromine atom in NaBrO₃ .express the oxidation state numerically is + 5.

The given compound is as follows :

NaBrO₃  , the oxidation number of Na is +1. the oxidation state of O is - 2. the compound is neutral means all the oxidation number add is equal to zero.

NaBrO₃ =>  + 1 + Br + ( -2 ) × 3 = 0

Br + 1 - 6 = 0

Br - 5 = 0

Br = + 5

Thus, The oxidation state of an individual bromine atom in NaBrO₃ .express the oxidation state numerically is +5

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In the process of chromatography, the components of the sample are divided according to how evenly they disperse between a stationary phase and a mobile phase. Using using a variable rate of migration in an electric field, sample components are separated by electrophoresis.

The foundation of chromatography is the idea that mixtures of molecules applied to surfaces or solids, and fluid stationary phases (stable phases), separate from one another while moving with the help of a mobile phase.

The fundamental idea behind column chromatography is to use a stationary phase to help adsorb the solution's solutes before further separating the mixture into distinct components.

In gel electrophoresis the separation is by charge is to mass ratio and hence smaller molecules moves faster then larger molecules.

Chromatography generated the most precise results.

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Mo Iron's polarity is calculated. Hydroxide. Thus, we must translate this into moles. One additional F b o H 30 H will get you to Surrey. Over 2.80 L, the molar mass was 5.8 grams.

Working out at 1.40 times 10 to the minus 52.80 times 10 to the minus five. I'll get either 1.1 or 1.1.10 multiplied by 10 to the negative 14. Put the KSP value into action.

A diatomic anion with the chemical formula OH is hydrogen oxide. It has a negative electric charge and is made up of two atoms of oxygen and hydrogen that are bound together by a single covalent bond. It is a crucial yet typically insignificant component of water. It serves as a base, ligand, nucleophile, catalyst, and nucleophile.

If the pOH of the solution is known, it is possible to determine the hydroxide ion concentration in an aqueous solution, [OH-], in mol L-1. The amount of hydroxide ions in the solution decreases as the pOH rises. The amount of hydroxide ions in the solution rises as the pOH drops.

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Heat is chosen to be positive when it enters a system and negative when it exits, represented by the symbol Q and unit Joule. The temperature difference between two bodies causes heat flow.

The amount of heat per unit of temperatures in a system that cannot be used to carry out beneficial work is known as entropy. Entropy is a measure of a system's molecular disorder or unpredictability since work is produced by organized molecular motion.

All spontaneous shifts in an isolated system, according to the entropy principle, occur in the direction of growing entropy. These transformations can be seen in the dispersion of gradients or the evaporation of lots of energy into low-grade energy, which eventually turns into heat energy.

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Option-(b) Phenol and alcohol could be separated by chemically active extraction.

In the chemically active extraction ,the compounds are treated with an acid or a base to alter their chemical structure. There are 3 types of chemical extraction. liquid-liquid, liquid-solid and acid base extraction. Acid-base extraction is known as a chemically active extraction.

A phenol is a weak acid.it can lose hydrogen ion when dissolved in water. alcohol is both acid and a base.it reacts with a strong base. The Oxygen atom makes alcohol a base. phenol and alcohol treated with DNA in the process of active extraction.

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The list of ionic bonds in order of increasing ionic character is as follows:

Ionic bonds are bonds that are formed between two oppositely-charged ions held together by electrostatic forces of attraction.

The ions that are involved are the positive ions called cations and the negative ions called anions.

The strength of an ionic bond increases with an increase in the ionic character of the ions as well as an increase in the difference in the electronegativity of the ions.

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To understand the connection between free energy and the equilibrium constant. The sign of a chemical reaction's standard free energy change G° determines whether the reaction will tend to proceed forward or backward. Similarly, the relative signs of G° and S° determine whether or not temperature affects the spontaneity of a chemical reaction, and if so, how much.

G is only relevant for changes where the temperature and pressure remain constant. Most laboratory reactions are performed under these conditions; the system is usually open to the atmosphere (constant pressure), and the process begins and ends at room temperature (after any heat we have added or which is liberated by the reaction has dissipated.)

The Gibbs function is crucial because it is the single master variable that determines whether a given chemical change is thermodynamically possible.

Thus, if the free energy of the reactants is greater than the free energy of the products, the entropy of the world will increase when the reaction occurs as written, and the reaction will tend to occur spontaneously. In contrast, if the free energy of the products exceeds that of the reactants, the reaction will tend to proceed in the opposite direction rather than the one specified.

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The term that has more potential energy is  bird sitting on the roof of a skyscraper.

Due to its height above the ground, it has potential energy, and because it is moving, it has kinetic energy. Because of this, a bird in flight has both kinetic and potential energy.

Norte that Potential energy in physics is the energy that an item gets to retains as a result of its position in relation to other objects, internal tensions, electric charge, or other elements.

Therefore, Higher objects have more potential energy since they will fall further. The gravitational potential energy is highest for the heavier of two objects at the same height.

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The ionic bond between Na and P has formula unit Na3P.

What is the formula unit?

Formula units is the chemical formula which gives all the ions present in the lowest ratio possible to make it neutral charge of an ionic compound. For example, the formula unit for sodium chloride can be written as NaCl where charge on Na is +1 and charge on Cl is -1. So to make it neutral they can be cancelled and written as NaCl.

In sodium phosphide, the charge on Na (sodium) ion is +1 and the charge on the P (phosphorous) ion is -3. Therefore, make the charges neutral, 3 Na ions need to be added to 1 P ion. Formula units can be used to describe or represent the molecules or the elements which make up a substance.

Hence, Na3P is the formula unit of Na and P in sodium phosphide.

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The structural formula of the compound formed by replacing one hydrogen with the OH group from ethane is Ethanol.

The alkane are the compound in which carbon atoms connected with single bond and carbon and hydrogen single bond . alkanes are called as saturated hydrocarbon. we use prefix eth for the two carbon atom and suffix ane for alkane .the ethane is alkane. The OH group is functional group called as hydroxy group. The suffix use for hydroxy group is ol.

CH₃ - CH₃   + OH ----->    CH₃ - CH₂OH

     ethane                                ethanol

Thus, The structural formula of the compound formed by replacing one hydrogen with the OH group from ethane is Ethanol.

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The mass of 4.54 moles of Na₂SO₄, given that it has a molar mass of 142.04 g/mol is 644.77 grams

We know already that the mole of a substance is related to it's mass and molar mass according to the following equation:

Mole = mass / molar mass

Applying the above formula, we can obtain the mass of 4.54 moles of Na₂SO₄. This is illustrated below:

Mole = mass / molar mass

4.54 = Mass of Na₂SO₄ / 142.02

Cross multiply

Mass of Na₂SO₄ = 4.54 × 142.02

Mass of Na₂SO₄ = 644.77 grams

Thus, the mass of 4.54 moles of Na₂SO₄ is 644.77 grams

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Ceramics are synthetic materials which are corrosion and chemical resistant. Glass is an example of ceramic. Nylon, melamine and cement are not ceramic.

Any of the several tough, fragile, heat- and corrosion-resistant materials created by sculpting and then heating an inorganic, nonmetallic material like clay to a high temperature are known as ceramics. Brick, porcelain, and earthenware are typical examples.

Pottery items or figurines composed of clay, either by itself or when combined with other materials like silica, and then hardened and sintered in fire, were the earliest ceramics produced by humans.

Later, glassy, amorphous ceramic coatings were applied over the crystalline ceramic substrates to reduce porosity, resulting in smooth, colorful surfaces for ceramics.

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The atomic radius becomes larger as move down the group or column in the periodic table because it increases the number of energy levels with each successive period.

As we move down the group, the number of period increases, which means the number of shells in an atom also increases. So, the extra electrons are added in the next shell with each successive period down the group, and the atomic size increases with an increase in atomic number down the group.

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A bomb calorimeter cannot measure the enthalpy of a reaction directly because it operates at constant volume.

The enthalpy changes that accompany combustion reactions are therefore measured using a regular-quantity calorimeter, including the bomb calorimeter is a tool used to degree energy modifications in chemical techniques.

Consistent volume Calorimetry, additionally recognize as bomb calorimetry, is used to measure the heat of a response even as retaining quantity steady and resisting huge amounts of pressure.

The amount of heat transferred inside the method (q) may be calculated from the mass, specific heat, and temperature exchange of the solution. Because the calorimeter is at constant pressure, q is same to ΔH for the method. Created by Jay.

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For atleast 15 mins

Lab safety

For small liquid spill or splash that affects only a small area of skin, you should immediately flush skin with flowing water for at least 15 minutes (30 minutes for bases).

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The temperature of ethanol is 354 ⁰C if the standard enthalpy of vaporization is 39 kjmol⁻¹ and the standard entropy of vaporization is 110 j/k

The change in entropy is  calculated as:

ΔS = ΔH/T

Here,

ΔS is change in entropy

ΔH is the enthalpy

T is the temperature

We have,

ΔS = 110 j/k

ΔH = 39 kjmol⁻¹ = 39000 jmol⁻¹

Therefore,

T = ΔH/ΔS

T = 39000/110

Hence, the temperature of ethanol is T = 354 ⁰C

Entropy is the amount of available energy equal to the thermal energy of a system per unit temperature. Evaporative entropy is the ratio of the heat of vaporization to the heat of boiling. The standard entropy of vaporization of ethanol is +115 J/mol.K.

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To make 2.00 l of 2.00 m HCl solution by dilution with water, the volume of 10.0 m HCl needed is 0.4 l.

Dilution is defined as the process in which the concentration of a sample is decreased by adding more solvent. The dilution formula is given below.

C₁V₁ = C₂V₂

where C₁ = initial concentration of sample = 10.0 m

V₁ = initial volume of sample

C₂ = final concentration after dilution = 2.00 m

V₂ = total final volume after dilution = 2.00 l

Plug in the values to the formula and solve for the volume of the solution needed.

V₁ = C₂V₂/C₁

V₁ = (2.00 m)(2.00 l)/(10.0 m)

V₁ = 0.4 l

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The valence electrons and oxidation number and the total no. of dot is given below.:

a) Ca -    2       0      2

b) Ca⁺² -      0    + 2     0

c) Cl             7       0     7

c) Cl⁻            8       -1    8

d) Li               1       0    1

e) Al³⁺            3     +3    0

             Valence electrons      Oxidation number     total number of dots

a) Ca                     2                                   0                                 2

b) Ca⁺²                   0                                  + 2                             0

c) Cl                        7                                   0                                 7

c) Cl⁻                      8                                    -1                                8

d) Li                        1                                      0                               1

e) Al³⁺                     3                                    +3                               0

Thus, the total number of valence electron , oxidation number and the total number of dots is given as:

a) a) Ca -    2       0      2

b) Ca⁺² -      0    + 2     0

c) Cl             7       0     7

c) Cl⁻            8       -1    8

d) Li               1       0    1

e) Al³⁺            3     +3    0

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Answer:

pressure is the correct answer bud

Answer:  6.022 x 10²³ units

Explanation:

1.00 mole of calcium hydroxide has 1.20 × [tex]10^{24}[/tex] atoms.

Calcium hydroxide is an odorless white powder. It's utilized in industrial settings, inclusive of sewage treatment, paper production, creation, and food processing. It also has medical and dental makes use of. as an instance, root canal fillings frequently include calcium hydroxide.

Prolonged contact of the pores and skin with calcium hydroxide may motive skin and a vesicular rash, skin ulceration, and corrosion in a few cases. Ingestion of this material has induced intense pain, vomiting, tissue corrosion, perforation, and loss of life.

Calcium hydroxide, also called slaked lime, is obtained by using the motion of water on calcium oxide. While combined with water, a small share of it dissolves, forming an answer referred to as limewater, the relaxation ultimate as a suspension referred to as milk of lime.

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