Two factors affect the ability of drugs to destroy organisms in a biofilm community; the drug must be able to penetrate the thick sticky extracellular material surrounding the organisms, and the altered phenotypes in biofilm organisms compared to their free-living counterparts must be addressed.
What are the factors affecting drug action?Factors affecting drug action includes:
Drug dosage: effect of drug increases with increased amount of drug up to the POINT OF RECEPTOR SATURATIONNumber of Receptors: receptors may be differentially expressed in one tissue to the next and, therefore, mediate different levels of biological responses.Disease states: disease states can effect drug pharmacologyDrug Efficacy/Intrinsic activity: ability to activate or block a receptor: maximum effect a drug can produce regardless of the doseDrug Potency/Affinity: rate of drug-receptor binding and drug-receptor release: amount of drug needed to produce a particular effect: drug affinity for receptor.Genetic factorsRoute of administration: The drug injected by IV fluid is more effective.Rate and degree of absorption: The drug which is more absorbed is more effective.Effect of other drugsToleranceTo learn more about Drugs,
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What are the ""bruce lees"" of the immune system? why did they compare them to the real bruce lee?
Answer: Iron deficient macrophages are the Bruce Lees of the immune system.
Which of the following options best depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component.
That depicts the flow of information when a gene directs the synthesis of a cellular component is DNA → RNA → protein.
The pathway for the flow of genetic information-
In biological systems, the basic flow of genetic information is sometimes represented with a diagram known as "the central dogma". According to this model, transcription converts DNA information into RNA, which is then translated into proteins.Which of the following best describes the flow of information in cells?
Gene-specific DNA sections are copied to create mRNA. mRNA provides a code that specifies the order of amino acids in a protein, and ribosomes employ this code as instructions.The correct order for the flow of information in cells-
According to the core dogma, the information pattern that occurs in our cells the most commonly is: From existing DNA to produce new DNA (DNA replication) New RNA is created from DNA (transcription) to create new proteins from RNA (translation).
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Blood transport_________ from the lungs to all the cells of the body.
Answer:
Blood transports oxygen from the lungs to all cells of the body.
Explanation:
In the circulatory system , a person breaths in air which is then filtered for oxygen an d the rest of the components are discarded through exhaling .
The oxygen is then taken in by air sacks which later combines blood with oxygen , so hemoglobin which is a blood component takes it to form oxyhemoglobin , which runs through the blood vessels , to the cells for consumption .
The cells will then deposit the deoxygenated blood which returns back tot he heart and then lungs for oxygenation .
A student did an experiment with ice. A beaker of ice was placed on a hot plate for 30 minutes and its temperature was recorded after every 5 minutes. The table below represents how the temperature and state of ice changes with time.
Time from start (in minutes) 0 5 10 15 20 25 30
State of matter in beaker ice water P water Q steam steam
Temperature of matter in beaker (in ° C) 0 0 50 80 100 100 142
What do the labels P and Q most likely represent?
both P and Q represent ice
both P and Q represent water
P represents ice and Q represents steam
P represents steam and Q represents ice
From the table, we can see that P and Q represent water. (Option B)
What does P and Q represent?We know that the liquid range of water is 0 - 100 degrees Celsius. Within this temperature range, water exists as a liquid substance.
Looking at the table we can see that the temperatures of P and Q are 50 and 100 degrees Celsius respectively hence both P and Q represent water.
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People with diseases that result in the malabsorption of which nutrient are at risk for a vitamin d deficiency?
Inadequate dietary vitamin D or its deficiency leads to malabsorption of calcium. Nutritional disorder leads to the rare disease rickets, which causes bones to become soft and bend in children. In adults, vitamin D deficiency leads to osteomalacia, which causes weak bones, bone pain and muscle weakness.
The body needs vitamin D to properly absorb calcium and phosphorus from the diet. However, keeping the right quantities of calcium and phosphorus in bones is challenging when vitamin D levels are low.
The two sources of vitamin D are-
Natural sunlight Foods such as fish oil, Egg yolk and fatty fishes like salmon and mackerelThere are other disease conditions which lead to poor absorption of vitamin D-
Inflammatory bowel diseaseCeliac diseasesKidney problemsTo learn more about Rickets here-
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Which of the following can be used to measure absolute time? Select all that apply.
A. varves
B. tree rings
C. law of superposition
D. ratio of C-12 to C-14 in a bone sample
A tonicity with a high concentration of solutes is said to be _________. isotonic selectively permeable hypertonic hypotonic
A tonicity with a high concentration of solutes is said to be Hypertonic.
Option (c) is correct.
The effective osmotic pressure gradient, or the difference in water potential between two fluids separated by a semi-permeable cell membrane, is measured by tonicity.
The relative concentration of specific, membrane-impermeable solutes across a cell membrane, which controls the direction and magnitude of osmotic flux, is what determines tonicity.
In comparison to other solutions, a hypertonic solution contains a higher concentration of non-permeating solutes.
A hypotonic solution contains fewer solutes than another solution.
When the effective osmole concentration of one solution and another solution match, the two solutions are said to be isotonic.
Hence, A tonicity with a high concentration of solutes is said to be hypertonic.
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Altering Urine Volume Indicate whether each of the following would increase or decrease urine volume.
Would Result in a MORE Dilute Urine.
UrineIn both humans and several other animals, urine is a liquid waste product of metabolism. Urinary bladder is reached by kidney urine traveling through ureters. Through the urethra, the body excretes urine as a result of urination.
Numerous nitrogen-rich waste products produced by cellular metabolism, such as urea, uric acid, and creatinine, must be removed from the bloodstream. Urination, which is the body's major mechanism for excreting water-soluble substances, causes these by-products to be evacuated from the body. Nitrogenous wastes from the mammalian body can be found by performing a urinalysis.
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Which two features present the strongest evidence for establishing evolutionary relationships between species
Answer:
DNA mutation rate and Homologous structures.What structure is found in all cells that encloses the cell to form the outside?
A. Eukaryotic cells are simpler than prokaryotic cells.
B. Prokaryotic cells are larger than eukaryotic cells.
C. Prokaryotic cells lack membrane-bound organelles, and eukaryotic cells contain membrane-bound organelles.
Answer: I think its c?
Explanation:
Humans infected with Brucella species develop ________ characterized by fever, chills, sweating, muscle aches, and headache.
According to the research, humans infected with Brucella species develop brucellosis characterized by fever, muscle aches, and headache.
What is brucellosis?It is a bacterial and infectious disease caused by bacteria of the brucella genus whose reservoir of this bacterium are animals and, mainly, cows, sheep, goats and pigs.
The most frequent is the appearance of general symptoms, among which fever, chills, muscle aches, among others, predominate.
Therefore, we can conclude that according to the research, humans infected with Brucella species develop brucellosis characterized by fever, muscle aches, and headache.
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During gene therapy, bone marrow stem cells are removed from the individual. What must happen to those cells before they are injected back into the individual
During gene therapy, Viruses act as vectors to carry the normal gene into the genome of the stem cells.
Gene therapy uses viruses to implant therapeutic genes into stem cells. Viruses proliferate by injecting their genetic material into living cells. A virus is utilized to implant a healthy version of the ADA gene into the patient's stem cells in order to treat ADA-SCID.
Since stem cells may regenerate on their own, the need for recurrent injections of therapeutic cells may be reduced or perhaps eliminated in cell-based gene therapy. Gene therapy's main objective is to treat illnesses brought on by damaged genes.
Cell treatment is the transfer of cells to a patient, whereas gene therapy involves the transfer of genetic material into the proper cells. The transfer of genetic material during gene therapy often occurs in vector form.
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This disease is caused by strains of streptococcus pyogenes which produce an erythrogenic toxin due to the presence of a lysogenized bacteriophage?
The scarlet fever and types of erythrogenic toxins are produced by the streptococcal strains.
The scarlet fever is a streptococcal disease. The erythrogenic toxins produced by GABHS are the cause of the rash of scarlet fever.
The scarlet fever is also known as "scarlatina" in old literature references.
It is a syndrome which is characterized by exudative pharyngitis ,fever, and bright-red exanthem. The cause of it is streptococcal pyrogenic exotoxins (SPEs) types which are as- A, B, and C produced by group A beta-hemolytic streptococci (GABHS) found in secretions and discharge from the nose, ears, throat, and skin.
Although scarlet fever may follow streptococcal wound infections or burns, as well as upper respiratory tract infections.
Attached with this is the image for Scarlet fever.
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What photon energies are selectively filtered (higher or lower energies) in medical imaging techniques?
The photon energies are selectively filtered in medical imaging techniques is lower energies.
How does X-ray work in physics?X-rays are electromagnetic waves that have the ability to pass through low-density bodies and are absorbed by higher-density materials. The X-ray is a type of electromagnetic radiation with frequencies higher than ultraviolet radiation.
In this case, the correct energy that a photon needs to have for medical imaging techniques is lower energies.
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According to the onandaga creation story, where do the seeds that for the trees, grass, and flowers on earth come from?
The seeds that for the trees, grass, and flowers on earth come from branch of the great tree of Skyland.
What is the Onondaga creation story?
When the Earth grew then the two Swans let the wife rest on the Great Turtle's back. When the wife comes to Earth, she opened her hand and the seeds from the Great Tree fell to the earth. Then from those seeds tress and the grass start growing. Life on Earth had now begun in the form of trees, grass and flowers. from branch of the great tree of Skyland the seeds that for the trees, grass, and flowers on earth come.
So we can conclude that the seeds that for the trees, grass, and flowers on earth come from branch of the great tree of Skyland.
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The cartilage that is located at the end of long bones that closes when growth ceases is called the:_______
The cartilage that is located at the end of long bones that closes when growth ceases is called the Hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage is found in the synovial joints and assists the motion of joints. It is composed of chondrocytes and extracellular matrix. Chondrocytes plays a major role in the organization of extracellular matrix, which is responsible for the biomechanical properties of cartilage tissue. A region of hyaline cartilage remains over the surface of the epiphysis as the articular cartilage and another area of cartilage remains between the epiphysis and diaphysis.
The epiphyseal plate is the area of growth in a long bone. It is a layer of hyaline cartilage where ossification occurs in immature bones. On the epiphyseal side of the epiphyseal plate, cartilage is formed.
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Consider a hypothetical food chain consisting of grass, rabbits, and foxes. The primary productivity of the grass is 200 units. What is the maximum amount of energy that we should expect to be
The maximum amount of energy that we should expect to be recycled from fox trophic level back to the grass trophic level is 0 units.
A food chain describes who eats whom in the wild. Every living thing – from unicellular algae to giant blue whales – needs food to survive. Every food chain is a possible pathway that energy and nutrients can travel through an ecosystem. The primary productivity of the grass is 200 units. There is a 10 fold decrease in the amount of energy units as we move upwards in production chain. So from grass to rabbits we lose energy. The foxes will only really have two units once it's decreased by 10 fold again. The grass does not get any energy from the decaying bodies of foxes, they get the minerals that they need to grow. And so the correct answer to this question is 0 units because when the energy gets recycled from fox trophic level back to the grass trophic level it will be totally reduced.
Note: The question seems to be incomplete. So the complete question is "Consider a hypothetical food chain consisting of grass, rabbits, and foxes. The primary productivity of the grass is 200 units. What is the maximum amount of energy that we should expect to be recycled from the fox trophic level back to the grass trophic level? Answer choices: A) 0 units B) 0.2 units C) 2 units D) 20 units"
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3. Which of the following statements is NOT true about birds?
O All birds breathe using lungs.
O All birds have feathers.
O All birds are endothermic.
All birds are capable of flight.
Answer:
D. All birds are capable of flight
Explanation:
All birds are capable of flight is a false statement.
An example of a bird that cannot fly is an Ostrich.
Hope this helps!
The property rights approach to environmental issues often becomes highly relevant in cases involving __________________. greenhouse gas emissions harmful affects of acid rain endangered species fresh water resources
The property rights approach to environmental issues often becomes highly relevant in cases involving endangered species.
The approach based on property rights postulates that if exclusive property rights are correctly established, the public good of maintaining high environmental quality may be converted into a private good, and the best possible distribution of environmental resources will be accomplished.
The protection of people's property rights is an efficient method for preserving and rehabilitating endangered animals. It is more likely that recovery will occur if these animals are owned by someone who will benefit in some way from their growth. But if endangered species are nothing more than a burden, any kind of financial incentive to preserve them is met with fierce opposition.
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Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is associated with the decreased absorption and utilization of:______
a. protein.
b. glucose.
c. thiamin.
d. riboflavin.
Wernicke-korsakoff syndrome is associated with the decreased absorption and utilization of thiamin. The correct answer is c. thiamin..
The neurological condition Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome is brought on by a lack of vitamin B1 (thiamin). There is no distinction between Korsakoff syndrome and Wernicke encephalopathy. The disease process is the same but at various stages. Both result from brain damage brought on by a deficiency in vitamin B1.
A prevalent deficiency in vitamin B1 is found in patients with alcohol use disorders. Additionally, it frequently affects persons whose bodies do not adequately absorb meals (malabsorption). This can occasionally happen after bariatric surgery or in conjunction with a chronic condition.
Following the disappearance of Wernicke encephalopathy symptoms, Korsakoff syndrome frequently appears. The thalamus and hypothalamus, two lower regions of the brain, are damaged as a result of Wernicke encephalopathy. Memory-related brain regions suffer permanent harm in people with Korsakoff syndrome.
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Type up your dichotomous key and answer the following questions:
Why did you choose the five identifying characteristics you used in your dichotomous key?
Was the person who you gave your key to able to accurately identify the fruit? Explain why or why not.
What two other fruits could your dichotomous key work for?
What other category of items could you create a dichotomous key for?
My dichotomous key are;
Is it fresh.Does it have an even taste.Does it have any seed.Is it soft and fluffy.Are they greenWas the person who you gave your key to able to accurately identify the fruit?Yes, and it is known to be an apple fruit.
What two other fruits could your dichotomous key work for?It could be used for a pear or a straw berry.
What other category of items could you create a dichotomous key for?I can create for a bird and animals.
What is a Dichotomous Key?This is known to be a method used to know a species by answering a number of questions that is set based on some likely features (such as physical characteristics)
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When placed in a hypotonic solution, water moves into the cell through an aquaporin channel. this is an example of?
Water can move into the cell through simple diffusion and through osmosis when the concentration of water outside the cell is lower than inside through aquaporins.
Aquaporins, also known as water channels, are channel proteins that produce pores in the membrane of living cells, primarily aiding the passage of water between cells and known as plumbing systems of the cell. They are part of a wider family of important intrinsic proteins. Aquaporins are proteins that allow water to enter and exit cells more quickly than through the phospholipid bilayer in a range of bacteria, fungal, animal, and plant cell membranes.
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A hanging person meets instant death why??
One or more of the following medical issues, some of which are fatal, may result from a hanging: cerebral hypoxia caused by carotid artery closure.
What is cerebral hypoxia?Cerebral hypoxia is a condition where there is insufficient blood flow to the brain but a reduction in oxygen supply.
Patients who suffer from cerebral hypoxia-induced brain damage can benefit from treatments. However, no one is capable of reviving lost brain tissue or healing a brain damage. The illness may cause permanent brain damage. It can be fatal if it goes on for too long.
A hanging may cause one or more of the following medical conditions, some of which are fatal: Closure of the carotid artery results in cerebral hypoxia.
The jugular veins are sealed along with cervical fracture, which can result in acute spinal cord damage or even unintentional decapitation.
Thus, due to this, hanging person meets instant death.
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Will the real atomic model please stand up?,” describe what Dalton’s theory states about a molecule of water.
According to the Dalton's atomic theory, we can see that there are two atoms that compose the water molecule.
What is the atomic model?The atomic theory states that matter is made up of small particles called atoms. These atoms are capable of independent existence and can take part in chemical reaction.
From the Dalton's atomic theory, we can see that there are two atoms that compose the water molecule. These atoms are hydrogen atom and the oxygen atom.
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Which synapse(s) are specifically responsible for the sensitization of the withdrawal response?
Answer choices:
Sensory neuron to facilitating interneuron
Sensory neuron to excitatory interneuron
Facilitating interneuron to excitatory interneuron
Sensory neuron to inhibitory interneuron
Sensory neuron to motor neuron
Excitatory interneuron to motor neuron
The correct option is (e) sensory neuron to motor neuron, responsible for the sensitization of the withdrawal response.
The central nervous system receives the excitation from a sensory neuron that has been stimulated by its nociceptors. Notably, these fibres deliver excitement to the sensory neuron's cell body, which is located in the spinal cord's dorsal root ganglia. The sensory neuron in the dorsal root ganglion transmits excitatory postsynaptic potentials (EPSPs) to motor neurons and interneurons after receiving the action potential from these fibres.
By releasing neurotransmitters into the central nervous system, the sensory neuron does this. Excited somatic motor neurons contract and depolarize the targeted muscles to complete the withdrawal reflex. The motor neuron, which leaves the spinal cord and enters the peripheral nervous system, is where this depolarization travels.
Therefore, sensory neuron to motor neuron is responsible for the sensitization of the withdrawal response.
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Although A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah is a __________, it uses many elements of __________.
biography . . . fiction
memoir . . . fiction
tall tale . . . nonfiction
poem . . . nonfiction
Although A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah is a memoir, it uses many elements of fiction.
What is a memoir?Memoir is a type of literary genre that constitutes a personal narrative and its most significant feature is the insertion of the writer himself as the main character.
Writing an memoir implies a literary pact and not a historical or documentary one, because sometimes the narrative presents a memorialistic rescue (based on reality) and sometimes it builds the plot with the threads of fiction.
So, in this case, A Long Way Gone by Ishmael Beah is a memoir, it uses many elements of fiction.
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A type of collagen that forms a very fine network of fibers in which the stem cells are interspersed is called
A type of collagen that forms a very fine network of fibers in which the stem cells are interspersed is called Reticulin.
Undifferentiated cells with the capacity to self-renew and specialise into cells more suited to a particular tissue are known as stem cells. These stem cells are available for utilisation by the body at any time.They are located in what is known as the "stem cell niche" of each tissue, where they are encircled by cell-matrix proteins such as reticulin.
Reticulin fibres are produced by fibroblasts and composed of type III collagen found in bone marrow and lymphatic tissues, are the connective tissue.The cords of parenchymal cells are encircled by reticular fibres, which are also visible close to the sinusoidal walls.
Therefore, A type of collagen that forms a very fine network of fibers in which the stem cells are interspersed is called Reticulin.
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five factors affecting self pollination and cross pollination. Give five for each, pls help me ASAP
Two solutions with similar solute concentrations are separated by a membrane that only water can pass through. One solution (B) is of greater volume than the other (A). What do you think will happen over time? Briefly explain your reasoning in 1-2 sentences including the solute concentration (increase/decrease) and final volume level (higher /tower) for A vs. B in your answer
If a container is divided into two compartments by membrane, both compartments are filled with a solution A an B having similar solute concentration, and a solution B is having higher volume. As the solutions are of same concentration there is no osmosis between two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane, they are said to be isotonic.
In this situation, water can freely pass the membrane without affecting the solute concentration on either side. Thus over a time both solution A and B will have no change in solute concentration and the level of solution B will be equilibrated with solution A.
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How is a trophic cascade (top down regulation) different from the traditional trophic pyramid (bottom up regulation)?
Top-down effects imply control through predation, including fishery, while
bottom-up effects imply control through food abundance, often thought to be driven by climate or nutrient load.
What is Top down regulation ?The top-down effect refers to a higher trophic level influences the community structure of a lower trophic level through predation.
What is Bottom up regulation ?The bottom-up effect means that a lower trophic level in the biological network affects the community structure of higher trophic levels by means of resource restriction
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