Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
There are quite some benefits of adding non-QuickBooks Online clients to your Client List in QuickBooks Online Accountant, in which three amongst them are:
1. It gives the opportunity to keep all the clients' data, including documents in a specific place together
2. It gives the user a chance to easily transfer to clients, the saved documents in QuickBooks Online Accountant
3. A user can easily create projects and tasks for non-QuickBooks Online clients in the work tab in order to meet some crucial clients deadlines.
Your firm is contemplating the purchase of a new $684,500 computer-based order entry system. The system will be depreciated straight-line to zero over its 5-year life. It will be worth $66,600 at the end of that time. You will be able to reduce working capital by $92,500 (this is a one-time reduction). The tax rate is 21 percent and your required return on the project is 21 percent and your pretax cost savings are $203,750 per year. At what level of pretax cost savings would you be indifferent between accepting the project and not accepting it?
Answer:
total pretax annual savings = $210,941.06
Explanation:
initial outlay (year 0) = -$684,500 (cost of computer system) + $92,500 (reduction of net working capital) = -$592,000
depreciation expense per year = $684,500 / 5 = $136,900
net after tax cash value = $66,600 x (1 - 21%) = $52,614
net cash flows years 1 - 4 = [($203,750 - $136,900) x 79%] + $136,900 = $189,711.50
net cash flow year 5 = $189,711.50 + $52,614 = $242,325.50
using a 21% discount rate, the NPV = -$16,622.15
Since the NPV is negative, that means that the annual cost savings are not high enough to accept the project.
the point where the company would be indifferent between accepting or rejecting the project is when NPV = 0
this means that net cash flows must increase by $16,622.15 / 2.92595 (PV annuity factor, 21%, 5 periods) = $5,680.94
this is an after tax number, but a pretax annual cost saving = $5,608.94 / 0.79 = $7,191.06
total pretax annual savings = $203,750 + $7,191.06 = $210,941.06
net cash flows years 1 - 4 = [($210,941.06 - $136,900) x 79%] + $136,900 = $195,392.44
net cash flow year 5 = $195,392.44 + $52,614 = $248,006.44
NPV = 0
which benefit is often associated with the command of economies and most likely achieved in a mixed economy?
Answer: The establishment of social welfare programs
Answer:
The establishment of social welfare programs.
Explanation:
This is the answer for Ap3x.
Pinterest allows users to save and share images they find online, building their own collections. This type of site is populated through a _________________ search. a. Social bookmarking b. Image optimization c. Social specialty d. Intellectual property
Answer:
b. Image optimization
Explanation:
Find the amount of each payment to be made into a sinking fund so that enough will be present to accumulate the following amount. Payments are made at the end of each period. The interest rate given is per period.$91,000; money earns 5% compounded quarterly for 4 3/4 years.A) $4,272.95B) $1,949.47C) $887.26D) $1,885.50
Answer:
A) $4,272.95
Explanation:
The computation of the amount of each payment made into a sinking fund is shown below:
= (Payment × interest rate) ÷ (1 + interest rate)^time - 1
where,
Interest rate is
= 5% ÷ 4
= 0.0125
And, the time is
= 19 ÷ 4 × 4
= 19
Now place these values to the above formula
So,
= ($91,000 × 0.0125) ÷ (1 + 0.0125)^19 - 1
= $4,272.95
hence, the correct option is A.
A high earning individual can open and contribute to which of the following accounts?
A. UGMA account
B. ROtH IRA
C. Coverdell ESA
What capability of SuperGroup would be considered costly to imitate?
a. The Superdry brand
b. Expertise of senior management
c. Its owner-entrepreneurial style of management
d. Its rate of expansion
Answer:
The capability of SuperGroup that would be considered costly to imitate is:
a. The Superdry brand
Explanation:
According to SuperGroup “the Superdry brand is at the heart of the business.” The brand targets discerning customers who seek to purchase “stylish clothing that is uniquely designed and well made.” The brand has “wide appeal, capturing elements of ‘urban’ and ‘streetwear’ designs with subtle combinations of vintage Americana, Japanese imagery, and British tailoring, all with strong attention to detail.” Historically, the brand targets "customer—teens and those in their early twenties." Customers love the Superdry products as well as the “theatre and personality” of the stores in which they are sold. The brand is sold with “personalized shopping experiences that enhance the brand rather than just selling clothes.”
If Indiana Ink, Inc. has net sales of $400,000 and cost of goods sold of $300,000, Indiana Ink's gross profit rate is:
Answer:
Gross profit rate= 0.25
Explanation:
Giving the following information:
Indiana Ink, Inc. has net sales of $400,000 and the cost of goods sold of $300,000.
To calculate the gross profit rate, we need to use the following formula:
Gross profit rate= gross profit / sales
Gross profit= sales - COGS
Gross profit rate= 100,000/400,000
Gross profit rate= 0.25
When recommending domestic corporate long-term debt instruments to a customer, which of the following risks is the LEAST important consideration? A. Inflation (purchasing power) risk B. Market risk C. Credit risk D. Currency exchange risk
Answer:
D. Currency exchange risk
Explanation:
If you must deal with only domestic long term investments, then you should not worry about the currency exchange risk. The currency exchange risk is extremely relevant and important when you are dealing with investments in foreign countries. The currency exchange risk refers to risks associated with the US dollar depreciating or appreciating against other foreign currencies.
Prezas Company's balance sheet showed total current assets of $4,401, all of which were required in operations. Its current liabilities consisted of $975 of accounts payable, $600 of 6% short-term notes payable to the bank, and $250 of accrued wages and taxes. What was its net operating working capital (NOWC)
Answer:
$3,176
Explanation:
Computation of net operating working capital
Using this formula
Net operating working capital=Current assets less ( Current liabilities less Notes payable)
Where,
Current assets=$4,401
Current liabilities =($975+$600+$250=$1,825)
Notes payable =$600
Let plug in the formula
Net operating working capital=$4,401-($1,825-$600)
Net operating working capital=$4,401-$1,225
Net operating working capita=$3,176
Therefore the Net operating working capital or NOWC will be the amount of $3,176
4 pounds raisins $4.56 per pound, 3 pounds peanuts $4.43 per pound, 5 pounds chocolate chips for $2.68 pound. Determine the cost per pound trail mix.
Answer:
$3.74 per pound
Explanation:
the total mix will weigh 4 + 3 + 5 = 12 pounds (assuming there is no loss in the mixing process)
total cost of ingredients:
raisins = 4 x $4.56 = $18.24
peanuts = 3 x $4.43 = $13.29
chocolate chips = 5 x $2.68 = $13.40
total materials cost = $44.93
materials cost per pound = $44.93 / 12 pounds = $3.7442 = $3.74
f the Fed wishes to increase the money supply, it can: Multiple Choice sell a bond to bank, and take the money it receives in exchange out of circulation in the economy. buy bonds from a bank, giving the bank cash in return, which it can then lend out. sell a bond to a bank, and take the money it receives and lend it out to someone else. buy a bond from a bank, requiring the bank to hold the money it receives as excess reserves.
Answer:
buy bonds from a bank, giving the bank cash in return, which it can then lend out.
Explanation:
The above option is the way in which the Feds can increase money supply in the country. For example, if a bank advertise #30 billion worth of bond to the public, the Fed could buy $28 billion worth of bond thereby offering the bank enough liquidity and cash to lend out to those in need of it.
Steeze Co. makes snowboards and uses the total cost approach in setting product prices. Its costs for producing 10,000 units follow. The company targets a profit of $300,000 on this product.
Variable Costs per Unit Fixed Costs
Direct materials $ 100 Overhead $ 470,000
Direct labor 25 Selling 105,000
Overhead 20 Administrative 325,000
Selling 5
1. Compute the total cost per unit.
2. Compute the markup percentage on total cost. (Round your final percentage answer to 1 decimal place.)
3. Compute the product's selling price using the total cost method.
1 Total cost per unit
2 Markup percentage
3 Selling price
Answer:
1. $240
2. 12.5%
3. $168.75
Explanation:
1. Total cost per unit = Variable cost per unit + Fixed cost Per unit
= $150 + $90
= $240
Where ;
Variable costs per unit = Direct material +Direct labor + Overhead + Selling
= $100 + $25 + $20 + $5
= $150 per unit
Fixed costs per unit = Total fixed cost / Number of units produced
= ($470,000 + $105,000 + $325,000) / 10,000 units
= $900,000 / 10,000
= $90 per unit
2. Mark up percentage on Total cost = Mark-up / Total cost *100
= $300,000 / $2,400,000 * 100
= 12.5%
Where;
Total cost = Total cost per unit * Number of units produced
= $240 * 10,000 units
= $2,400,000
3. Selling price = Total cost per unit + Mark up
= $150 + ($150 * 12.5%)
= $150 + $18.75
= $168.75
. Question 6 Booth & Co. took out a 5-year, 8%, $100,000 loan on April 1, 2018. Interest payments are due to the bank every March 31st. Assume Booth & Co. uses an annual accounting period and the current accounting period ends on December 31, 2018. What would be the effect on Booth & Co.’s Assets, Liabilities, and Stockholders’ Equity if it did not record the adjusting entry on December 31, 2018 related to the interest on this bank loan?
Answer:
the interest expense using a 360 day year = $100,000 x 8% x 9/12 = $6,000
This unrecorded interest expense will result in an overstatement of net income, which in turn overstates retained earnings (part of stockholders' equity). It will also understate liabilities since interest payable is a current liability. Assets would not be affected by this mistake.
Which of the following is not something that is part of the leadership challenge in making?
A. Deciding when corrective adjustments are needed.
B. Accurate analysis of the circumstances causing unacceptable performance (correcting a flawed strategy calls for different actions than correcting weak or flawed strategy execution).
C. Deciding what adjustments to make.
D. Choosing talented company personnel to get the causes of poor performance fixed quickly and then making sure they are generously rewarded for their success.
E. Good implementation of the corrective actions that are initiated.
Answer:
D. Choosing talented company personnel to get the causes of poor performance fixed quickly and then making sure they are generously rewarded for their success.
Explanation:
Leadership is an essential function for a company to be well positioned in the market and achieve its objectives and goals.
According to Fayol, the role of a leader is to plan, organize, command, coordinate and control, so these functions correspond to all alternatives in the text, except D, because the function of quickly resolving the causes of poor performance at work is the leader and not an employee even if the leader believes that the employee has the capacity for such a task.
econ301 2. What advantages do franchise business offer nonprofit that seek side business to generate revenues to support their causes
Explanation:
A franchise business is one that allows another business (or non-profit) to carry out certain commercial activities, in a sense acting as an agent for the company.
Consider the following advantages:
1. Capital
The franchisor (the company that grants permission) may provide all the capital required to open and operate the non-profit.
2. Better-quality management. The years of experience accumulated by the franchisor may be of benefit to the non-profit. Thus, improving the quality of operations.
Other benefits include;
increase their speed of Growth increased Profitability reduced RiskSuppose a firm produces x and y, the firm earns revenues from x=$50000 and revenues from y equal to $ 30000. the own price elasticity of demand for x is -2 and the cross price elasticity of demand between x and y is -0.6. if the firm lowers the price of product x by 1%, the change in the total revenues will be $?
Answer:
If the firm lowers the price of product x by 1%, the change in the total revenues will be $680.
Explanation:
Own price elasticity of demand of a commodity is the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of the commodity to a change in its own price. This is given as -2 for commodity x in the question.
The cross price elasticity of demand between any two commodities is the degree of responsiveness of quantity demanded of the first commodity to a change in the price of the second commodity. This is given as -0.6 for between commodity x and y in the question.
Given the information in the question, the change in the total revenues if the firm lowers the price of product x by 1% can be calculated using the following formula:
ΔTR = [(rx * (1 + ex)) + (ry * cexy)] * Δpx ..................... (1)
ΔTR = Change in the total revenues = ?
rx = revenues from x = $50,000
ex = own price elasticity of demand for x is = -2
ry = revenues from y = $30,000
cexy = cross price elasticity of demand between x and y = -0.6
Δp = Change in the price of product x = -1%
Substituting the values into equation (1), we have:
ΔTR = [(50,000 * (1 + (-2))) + (30,000 * (-0.6)] * (-1%)
ΔTR = [(50,000 - 100,000) - 18,000] * (-1%)
ΔTR = [-50,000 - 18,000] * (-1%)
ΔTR = -68,000 * (-1%)
ΔTR = $680
Therefore, if the firm lowers the price of product x by 1%, the change in the total revenues will be $680.
g The crowding out effect refers to the ________ from ________ in the government's budget deficit.
Answer:
The crowding out effect refers to the decrease in investment from an increase in the government's budget deficit.
Explanation:
The crowding-out effect refers to an expansionary fiscal policy or an increase in government spending that result in an offsetting falls in spending in the private sector.
The increase in government spending is usually inanced by government borrowing from the public and this sometimes bring about an increase in interest rate that dicourages investors from borrowing and therefore causes a fall in the spending by investors.
Therefore, crowding out effect is a situation whereby government hijacked fund that is supposed to be used by investors and the eventual result will be an increase in the government's budget deficit and decrease in investment.
Therefore, the crowding out effect refers to the decrease in investment from an increase in the government's budget deficit.
Which of the following describes a situation in which a third party, outside the transaction, suffers from a market transaction?
a) An efficient market.
b) a negative externality
c) a public good.
d) a positive externality.
Answer:
The correct answer is:
a negative externality (b)
Explanation:
Externalities occur in an economy when the production or consumption of a specific good or service impacts a third party that is not directly related to the production or consumption of that good or service. An externality does not affect the entity that causes the externality. Externalities can be both positive or negative. Let us look at an example of each case:
Negative externality: for example, if a private cement company causes pollution in a community river, there will be a public health impact on the citizens of that community if they consume from the water.
Positive externality: If in establishing a company, that requires a large quantity of power supply, the company sets up a large power generation station that supplies power to a whole community
If a chart indicates that both the Dow Jones Industrial Average and the advance/decline line have been increasing since January, and the advance/decline line continues to rise, the market should
Answer:
B. Continue to rise
Explanation:
Since if the chart represents the DJIA and the line of advance or decline rises since the month of January and still it continues to be rise so the market should considered that the more and more stocks are increasing in terms of price rather than dropping
Therefore the correct option is B. continue to rise
Jervis sells $4,400 of its accounts receivable to Northern Bank in order to obtain necessary cash. Northern Bank charges a 4% factoring fee. What entry should Jervis make on to record the transaction?
a. Debit Accounts Receivable $4,400; credit Cash $4,400.
b. Debit Cash $4,400; credit Accounts Receivable $4,400.
c. Debit Cash $4,576; credit Factoring Fee Expense $176; credit Accounts Receivable $4,400.
d. Debit Cash $4,224; debit Factoring Fee Expense $176; credit Accounts Receivable $4,400.
e. Credit Cash $4,224; credit Factoring Fee Expense $176; debit Accounts Receivable $4,400.
Answer:
Option D is the right answer.
Explanation:
The selling of debt or factoring of debt means selling of the claims to accounts receivables to a third party in return for instant cash. The factoring firm charges a certain factoring fee and only pay a certain percentage of cash to the selling company.
The amount of cash that will be received is,
Cash = 4400 * 0.96 = 4224
Factoring fee expense = 4400 * 0.04 = 176
Thus, the entry to record such a transaction for the firm which is selling its accounts receivable claims is,
Cash 4224 Dr
Factoring Fee expense 176 Dr
Accounts Receivable 4400 Cr
Which of the following is NOT one of the appeals of diversifying into unrelated businesses?
a) The relative ease of growing shareholder value by capturing cross-business financial synergies that will quickly drive the company's overall financial performance to higher levels.
b) The ability to employ company's financial resources to maximum advantage by (1) investing in whatever industries offer the best profit prospects and (2) diverting cash flows from company businesses with lower growth and profit prospects to acquiring businesses with higher growth and profit potentials.
c) The potential to better stabilize company profitability over the course of economic upswings and downswings (because market downtrends in some of the company's businesses may be partially offset by cyclical upswings in its other businesses, thus producing somewhat less earnings volatility).
d) The ability to grow shareholder value by exploiting the business acumen of corporate executives in spotting bargain-priced companies with big upside profit potential or in quickly turning around distressed businesses with infusions of cash and superior managerial know- how. and expanding
e) The merits of scattering business risk over a set of truly diverse industries (as opposed to only owning businesses with related value chain activities).
Answer:
a) The relative ease of growing shareholder value by capturing cross-business financial synergies that will quickly drive the company's overall financial performance to higher levels.
Explanation:
The first option is not a benefit of entering/diversifying into an unrelated business because growing shareholder value in this way is not easy. Entering a totally unrelated business(like a product in another industry for example) to the business the company is currently in may very well diversify anD spread out the risks but isn't easily achievable in the sense that it is not easy to succeed since this is a new business that the company is venturing into and would have to work towards securing it's space in the market. Therefore growing shareholder value in this way won't be easy as shareholders may also retract
A firm with high operating leverage has:_____.
a. high fixed costs in its production process.
b. high variable costs in its production process.
c. high costs per unit. low fixed costs in its production process.
d. low costs per unit.
Answer:
a. high fixed costs in its production process
Explanation:
Operating leverage is used to compare fixed cost and variable cost of producing a good.
High operations leverage occurs when fixed cost is high and variable cost is low.
This means the production process uses more of fixed assets.
Also high operations leverage are characterised by high product margin an low variable cost. So the higher the revenue the higher the operational income.
This implies that companies make high profit from each additional unit since variable cost is low.
Answer:
c. high costs per unit. low fixed costs in its production process.
Explanation:
Operating leverage is a cost-accounting formula that helps in the measurement of the degree to which a firm or project can increase operating income by increasing revenue. For example, a business that generates sales with a high gross margin and low variable costs has high operating leverage.
Describe some strategic differences between these firms. What type of trade-off decisions have these firms made
Please find full question attached
Answer and Explanation:
I will use Apple and HP in this comparison.Here I would compare Apple's laptop to that of Hewlet Packard as this is where they meet in the industry. Apple employs a strategy of differentiation and standing out in competition through their products. They aim to create products that are quite different and unique/innovative from other products in the market, and yet what the customer wants. In doing this, Apple has a trade-off for cost as they charge alot higher for their products than their competitors. HP on the other hand focus on making the best possible products that get the job done/meet the needs of customers while also being affordable. HP is more focused on affordable devices for their market and therefore have a different market segment for laptops from that of Apple. There is a trade-off for cost and market segment in this comparison
) A company determines that its marginal revenue per day is given by R'(t) = 100et , R(0) = 0, where R(t) = the revenue, in dollars, on the tth day. The company's marginal cost per day is given by C'(t) = 140 - 0.3t, C(0) = 0, where C(t) = the cost, in dollars, on the tth day. Find the total profit from t = 0 to t = 5 (the first 5 days). Round to the nearest dollar. Note: P(T) = R(T) - C(T) = T 0 ∫ [R'(t) - C'(t)] dt.
Answer:
The answer is below
Explanation:
The marginal revenue R'(t) = [tex]100e^t[/tex] and the marginal cost C'(t) = 140 - 0.3t.
The total profit is the difference between the total revenue and total cost of a product, it is given by:
Profit = Revenue - Cost
P(T) = R(T) - C(T)
P(T) = ∫ R'(T) - C'(T)
Hence the total profit from 0 to 5 days is given as
[tex]P(T) = \int\limits^0_5 {(R'(T)-C'(T))} \, dt= \int\limits^0_5 {(100e^t-(140-0.3t))} \, dt\\ \\P(T)= \int\limits^0_5 {(100e^t-140+0.3t))} \, dt\\\\P(T)= \int\limits^0_5 {100e^t} \, dt- \int\limits^0_5 {140} \, dt+ \int\limits^0_5 {0.3t} \, dt\\\\P(T)=100\int\limits^0_5 {e^t} \, dt- 140\int\limits^0_5 {1} \, dt+0.3 \int\limits^0_5 {t} \, dt\\\\P(T)=100[e^t]_0^5-140[t]_0^5+0.3[\frac{t^2}{2} ]_0^5\\\\P(T)=100(147.41)-140(5)+0.3(12.5)=14741-700+3.75\\\\P(T)=14045[/tex]
Refer to the following selected financial information from our company. Compute the company's profit margin for Year 2.
Year 2 Year 1
Net sales $478,500 $426,250
Cost of goods sold 276,300 250,120
Interest expense 9,700 10,700
Net income before tax 67,250 52,680
Net income after tax 46,050 39,900
Total assets 317,100 288,000
Total liabilities 181,400 167,300
Total equity 135,700 120,700
a. 14.1%.
b. 11.7%.
c. 9.6%.
d. 16.7%.
e. 33.9%
Answer:
a. 14.1%
Explanation:
Year 2
Net Profit Margin = Earnings Before Tax / Sales × 100
= $ 67,250 / $478,500 × 100
= 14.05 or 14.1 %
What was the weighted average interest rate Colgate faced on its short-term borrowings in 2013? Enter with 1 decimal place and with % sign (Ex: 9.9%)
Answer:
The weighted average interest rate that Colgate faced on its short-term borrowings in 2013 was:
2.2%.
Explanation:
Colgate Palmolive reported on page 62 of its 10-K annual report for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013, that "the weighted-average interest rate on short-term borrowings of $13 in 2013 and $54 in 2012 included in Notes and loans payable in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2013 and 2012 was 2.2% and 1.0% respectively."
The weighted average interest rate is a product of the different interest rates on its short-term borrowings with their proportional weights. The weights help in determining the average interest rate given their proportional sizes to the total interest expense.
In the framework of a Lorenz curve, the final entry in the cumulative income column needs to be _________.
Answer:
100%
Explanation:
The Lorenz curve was developed by Lorenz max in 1905. It measures inequalities in wealth or income. In the Lorenz curve it shows a graph where the the cumulative percentage of total national income on one side against cumulative percentage of population on another side. The final entry in the income column needs to be a 100 percent.
One problem with the learning strategy for minimizing resistance to change is that it:_____.
a. tends to change people too quickly.
b. leads to long-term antagonism with the change agent.
c. creates compliance but not commitment to the change process.
d. is potentially costly and may not benefit employees at large.
e. attempts to change the drives instead of reducing the restraining forces.
Answer:
c. creates compliance but not commitment to the change process.
Explanation:
Changes occur throughout the organization determined by internal or external factors, but always so that the organization can continue to operate effectively and achieve its objectives. Therefore, when there are changes, there may also be resistance from a large part of the collaborators, due to the fact that the changes can generate insecurity of what is unknown.
It is ideal that there is a process of minimizing resistance to change that aggregates different strategies, in the case of the above question, the learning strategy is beneficial for reducing resistance to change, but if used as a single strategy it can create conformity, but not compromise with the change process.
Ideally, there are different strategies for reducing resistance, such as communicating change in an assertive way, clearly informing the pros and cons of a change, in addition to resolving conflicts, opening up to feedback and doubts, the monitoring and tracking change, learning, etc.
Answer:
D. is potentially costly and may not benefit employees at large.
Explanation:
Directly from Organization Behavior -
Learning - Employees learn how to work in teams as company adopts a
team-based structure.
When applied: When employees need to break old routines and adopt new role patterns.
Problems: Time-consuming, potentially costly, and some employees might not be able to learn the new skills.
Choose the action that does NOT reflect U.S. involvement in Vietnam during the Lyndon Johnson administration. A. The president was unwilling to de-escalate or withdraw from Vietnam because he feared being painted as "soft" on Communism. B. Increased military spending in Vietnam imperiled the administration's domestic agenda and led to a growing federal deficit. C. The United States participated in negotiations to establish national elections that would reunify North and South Vietnam. D. The Gulf of Tonkin Resolution gave the president authority to use military force without a formal declaration of war.
Answer: C. The United States participated in negotiations to establish national elections that would reunify North and South Vietnam.
Explanation:
The Geneva Accords as they were known, were created after negotiations in Geneva where the representatives of 8 countries including the United States, met to forge a path towards the reunification of North and South Vietnam.
It was agreed during the negotiations that, an election to unify the two nations would be held in 1956, 2 years after the negotiations which occurred between May to July 21, 1954.
As President Lyndon Johnson only became president in 1963, this was not done under his administration.
"refinance" Alpha Corporation, a publicly held company, had issued a "25 year bonds" worth $80 million at interest rate of 10% five years ago. Alpha had paid $5 million in floating cost. Alpha’s CFO is thinking of refinancing their debt since interest rates have declined considerably. To issue new bonds, they have to call the old bonds which have a call premium of 10%. The investments banks will charge $4 million for the floatation cost of the new issue. Alpha will have to issue new bonds one month before the old bonds are called, and the proceeds will be invested for one month in short term securities which pays 3% per year. Alpha’s tax rate is 40%. Should Alpha refinance its old debt
Answer:
Since the present value of the expenses of issuing new debt is lower than the present value of keeping the old bonds, then the company should issue the new bonds and redeem the old ones.
Explanation:
First of all, we can assume that Alpha is amortizing the flotation costs of the first issuance:
flotation costs = $5,000,000 / 25 years = $200,000 per year and since 5 years have passed, remaining balance of unamortized flotation costs = $4,000,000
when the company redeems its old bonds, it will incur in a $8 (call premium) + $4 (unamortized flotation costs)= $12 million loss
this will yield a tax shield = $12,000,000 x 40% = $4,800,000
total after tax loss = $12,000,000 - $4,800,000 = $7,200,000
current after tax interest + amortization expense = $8,200,000 x (1 - 40%) = $4,920,000
if the company is able to issue 20 year bonds at 8%, its after tax interest + amortization expense (same flotation costs amortization expense) = $6,600,000 x (1 - 40%) = $3,960,000
expenses under current debt:
PV of debt expenses = -$4,920,000 per year x 9.8181 (PV annuity factor, 8%, 20 periods) = -$48,305,052
net expenses if new bonds are issued:
net after tax losses associated to redemption of old bonds = -$7,200,000
PV of debt expenses = $3,960,000 per year x 9.8181 (PV annuity factor, 8%, 20 periods) = -$38,879,676
net proceeds gained from investing $76 million for one month = $76,000,000 x 3% x 1/12 x (1 - 40%) = $114,000
total expenses if new bonds are issued = -$45,965,676
Since the present value of the expenses of issuing new debt is lower than the present value of keeping the old bonds, then the company should issue the new bonds and redeem the old ones.