Under anaerobic circumstances, yeast cells may metabolize glucose to produce atp.
Even under aerobic settings, Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast prefers glucose as a carbon source, and ferment is the main mechanism for energy generation. Anaerobic processes in yeast produce alcohol, whereas they produce lactic acid in your muscles. An anaerobic process called fermentation allows glucose to release energy even in the absence of oxygen. In addition to yeast cells, bacteria and animal muscle cells also undergo some sort of fermentation. When exposed to osmotic stress and ethanol as a carbon source, yeast cells accumulate dihydrate rather than glycerol. Two distinct wild type cultures, W303-1A and BY4741, were cultivated in shake-flasks throughout time to observe internal glycerol and trehalose buildup.
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explain how erosion and deposition of a river's material over time, as the water flows down through, made the old stream look the way it does.
Erosion and deposition occurs by slow flowing rivers creates broad floodplains and meanders.
How do erosion and deposition occur?Rivers and bourn deposit sediment where the speed of the water current decreases. In rivers, toppling occurs along the inside bank of the river bend. This "area" is where water flows slower while erosion happens along the outside bank of the bend, where the water flows a lot faster. Most river erosion happens close to the mouth of a river. On a river bend, the longest sharp side has slower moving water. Here deposits build up. On the narrowest sharpest side of the curve, there is faster-moving water so this side tends to crumble away mostly.
So we can conclude that land use and stream oversight can also trigger erosion responses.
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as a teaching assistant, you must gather examples of deuterostomes from a large, unorganized selection of animals. which specimens should you select? (check all that apply.)
Echinoderms, ray-finned fishes, and tetrapod are the vertebrate groupings with the largest species diversity among the deuterostome lineages.
Specimens you should select :
1. Echinoderms (sea stars and sea urchins)
2. Hemichordates ("acorn worms that burrow in marine sands or mud)
3. Xenoturbellids
4. Chordata
These animals make up the Bilaterian, a collection of creatures with bilateral symmetry and three germ layers, together with Protostome and its outgroup Xenacoelomorphia.
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someone please solve this how doi find the mean mass
The mean mass of a single primary consumer is 1.67 * 10⁻⁴ g.
What is the mean mass of a single primary consumer?A primary consumer is a consumer that depends primarily on the producer for its nutrition.
The mean mass of a single primary consumer is obtained using the formula below:
Mean mass of a single primary consumer = total biomass in g per m² / number of individuals per m²The total biomass in g per m² = 2.5
The number of individuals per m² = 1.5 * 10⁴
Mean mass = 2.5 / 1.5 * 10⁴
mean mass = 1.67 * 10⁻⁴ g
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Compared to human cells, there are about _______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.
Compared to human cells, there are about 10 to 100 times as many bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.
Bacteria and archea, both, are unicellular, prokaryotic organisms. They are this very simple organisms consisting of only one cell. On the contrary, human is a complex organism that has millions of cells in his body. Therefore, we can say that our bodies contain between 10 and 100 times more bacterial and archaeal cells than human cells.
Cells make up organisms, which are highly organised structures. It's amazing how intricate even extremely basic, single-celled organisms are. Molecules are made up of atoms inside each cell. Organelles or cell components are created from these. In comparison to single-celled animals, multicellular organisms, have an advantage since their cells can be specialised to fulfil particular functions and even sacrificed in some circumstances for the benefit of the organism as a whole.
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retroviruses multiple choice produce protein directly from dna. only invade plants. contain dna. produce rna from dna. contain the enzyme reverse transcriptase.
Direct protein synthesis from DNA occurs in retroviruses. comprise DNA. from DNA, make RNA. simply plants invading. contain reverse transcriptase as an enzyme.
Why do you use the term "retrovirus"?(REH-troh-VY-rus) A category of virus whose genetic material is RNA rather than DNA. Reverse transcriptase is an enzyme that is used to integrate into the DNA of the host cells. This enables the virus to replicate often in the host cells.
What makes retroviruses unique?Because they multiply by reversibly encoding their genes into host cells, retroviruses are special. The most well-known retrovirus to infect people is HIV. Different species have been found to contract other retroviruses.
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What is the advantage of viewing a specimen at 40x as opposed to at 400x magnification?.
The benefit of viewing a specimen at 40x in preference to at 400x magnification is accelerated discipline of view and offer extra information about the specimen.
Specimen is described as a unmarried plant or animal this is investigated through professionals as an instance of a particular species or type.
It also can be described as a issue or character used to symbolize an entire mass or number; a feature plant, mineral, issue, animal, etc. a part of a chemical or fabric for checking out or research: a tissue sample; a urine sample. a particular or strange form of character.
Thus, the benefit of viewing a specimen at 40x in preference to at 400x magnification is accelerated discipline of view and offer extra information about the specimen.
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which of the following is not a cytopathic effect of viruses? which of the following is not a cytopathic effect of viruses? inclusion bodies forming in the cytoplasm or nucleus host cells fusing to form multinucleated syncytia toxin production cell death increased cell growth
Cytopathic effects are alterations in cell morphology brought on by an infecting virus (CPE). The rounding of the infected cell, the fusing of the infected cell with neighboring cells to produce syncytia (prokaryotes), and the formation of nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies are typical examples.
Absolute destruction The most severe cytopathic effect is this one. Complete Destruction The glass surface is seeded with a monolayer of host cells, and a viral infection that causes focal degeneration is then introduced. Syncytium, inclusion bodies, foamy degeneration, swelling and clumpingCytopathic effect (CPE), structural alterations brought on by viral infection in a host cell. CPE happens when the infecting virus causes the host cell to lyse (dissolve), or when the cell dies without lysing because it cannot divide.To know more about Cytopathic
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which fcr inhibits naive b lymphocyte antigen activation when preexisting antibody to that antigen is present?
CD4+ T cell fcr inhibits naive b lymphocyte antigen activation when preexisting antibody to that antigen is present.
What is B Lymphocyte ?white blood cells of a certain type that produce antibodies. The immune system's B lymphocytes are created from stem cells in the bone marrow. also known as a B cell.
T lymphocytes are necessary for cell-mediated immunity, while B lymphocytes are in charge of humoral immunity. The role of the natural killer cell is in cell-mediated and cytotoxic immunity.
Transitional, naïve, plasma, and memory B cells are the four primary types of B cells, and each has a distinct function in the maturation process.
What is Antigen ?An antigen in immunology is a molecule, molecular structure, foreign particle, pollen grain, etc. that can attach to a particular antibody or T-cell receptor. An immunological reaction may be brought on by the presence of antigens in the body.
Any substance that triggers the production of antibodies by your immune system is referred to as an antigen. This indicates that your immune system is attempting to combat the chemical because it does not recognize it. A substance from the environment, such as chemicals, germs, viruses, or pollen, can
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the desire to eat is stimulated by: a. cocaine- and amphetamine-regulated transcript (cart). b. alpha-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (a-msh). c. peptide yy (pyy). d. agouti-related protein (agrp).
The desire to eat is increased by agouti-related protein (agrp). Protein makes up the majority of the body's organs, tissues, and body parts, including muscle, bone, skin, and hair.
Which benefits of eating protein stand out the most?Protein is used to build your muscles. Therefore, eating enough protein while strength training helps you maintain and build new muscle. Numerous studies have shown that eating more protein leads to gains in strength and muscle mass.
When your body doesn't have enough protein, what happens?A severe protein deficiency can lead to edema, fatty liver, aging skin, deterioration of diseases, and stunted growth in children. In wealthy countries, true insufficiency is rare, although inadequate intake can cause muscle atrophy and an increased risk of fractures.
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describe the events that occur at the neuromusclar junction and how the action potential is generated
An action potential travels down the axon upon depolarization, causing voltage-gated calcium channels to open, resulting in an influx of calcium ions into the nerve terminal.
A neuromuscular junction (NMJ), also known as a myoneural junction, connects motor neurons to muscle fibers. This is the location where the neuron sends a signal from the brain to the muscle fiber, causing it to contract.
The nerve fiber can send a signal to the muscle fiber at the neuromuscular junction by releasing ACh (and other substances), causing muscle contraction.
When the nervous system sends signals to the muscles, they either contract or relax. The signal exchange takes place at the neuromuscular junction.
The membrane depolarizes above the threshold voltage at each node, and the influx of sodium ions initiates the action potential via Nav once more.
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What do genes regulate?
A. only the senses
B. all processes of the body
C. when a hormone is released
D. only physical traits
Answer:d
Explanation:they make your physical traits
Describe how you could measure the rate of photosynthesis using bromothymol blue
The rate of photosynthesis can be measured using bromothymol blue by measuring the pH of the solution.
What is Photosynthesis?This is defined as the process in which green plants manufacture food in the presence of sunlight and other compounds. This is therefore the reason why plants are regarded as primary producers in the ecosystem.
Carbon dioxide is used during the process and we are aware that it is an acidic gas. Bromothymol blue is an indicator which reacts with an acid to change color from blue to yellow which is therefore how it can be used to measure the rate of photosynthesis.
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because each old strand of the parent molecule serves as a(n) for and is present in each new daughter strand, the process of dna replication can be described as .
Because every vintage strand of the determine molecule serves as a template for and is found in every new daughter strand, the process of DNA replication may be described as semiconservative.
Every newly synthesized DNA strand is made with the aid of adding complementary nucleotides to the original DNA strand. thus, DNA replication is semi-conservative. that is, one determine strand is continually exceeded on to her DNA daughter helix.
DNA bases are linked to each other via hydrogen bonds. Adenine and thymine are connected by means of two hydrogen bonds, and cytosine and guanine are related by means of 3 hydrogen bonds.
these bases make up the rungs of the twisted ladder that is DNA. Seals a DNA sequence into consecutive double strands.
DNA replication results in DNA molecules which include a brand new strand of nucleotides and an antique strand of nucleotides. A DNA strand complementary to the parental DNA strand is constantly synthesized inside the direction of the replication fork permitting the polymerase to feature nucleotides in that route.
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which brain structure maintains homeostasis and influences blood pressure, heart rate, digestive activity, breathing rate, and other important physiological functions in the body?
The hypothalamus regulates homeostasis and affects body temperature, blood pressure, heart rate, digestive activity, and breathing rate.
A section of the forebrain located beneath the thalamus. The central nervous system's control and coordination are the hypothalamus' primary responsibilities. The hypothalamus aids in maintaining homeostasis, or body balance.
The major hormones secreted from the hypothalamus include thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH). The brain's deep structures serve as the body's intelligent control and coordination hub. Its major job is to maintain homeostasis, a constant state of equilibrium in your body. It carries out its function through controlling hormones or by directly affecting your autonomic nervous system.
Thus, the hypothalamus regulates homeostasis, blood pressure, heart rate, digestive activity, breathing rate, and body temperature.
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which of the following statements is true? question 2 options: a. atoms exist within molecules, molecules exist within macromolecules, macromolecules exist within organelles, organelles exist within cells. b. organelles exist within cells, which exist within macromolecules c. macromolecules exist within molecules, molecules exist within cells, cells exist within tissues. d. tissues exist within organelles, organelles exist within organs, organs exist within organisms. e. molecules exist within atoms, atoms exist within organelles, organelles exist within cells, cells exist within tissues.
Of the options provided, only option an is accurate. This is so because only Option A displays the correct organizational hierarchy.
Because an atom is the smallest structural and functional unit and because molecules are made up of many atoms, option a's claim that atoms exist within molecules is true. Similar to how molecules join to make macromolecules, organelles are made of macromolecules. Macromolecules are so found inside organelles. Finally, organelles are found inside cells.
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during meiosis, if the parent cell starts with six chromosomes, how many chromosomes will be found in the cell at metaphase i and anaphase i? how many in metaphase ii and anaphase ii?
These chromatids are divided during anaphase and attracted to the opposite poles of the cell. This division produces 92 distinct chromatids in the cell, which are regarded as 92 chromosomes.
In the cell at anaphase 1, how many chromosomes are there?
chromosomes with 46 in total. From from point on, we will refer to these divided sister chromatids as daughter chromosomes. Each end of the cell has an identical and full set of 46 chromosomes, or 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes, at the end of anaphase; they are still diploid.
Metaphase 1 has how many chromosomes?
chromosomes with 46 in total. In metaphase I, there are a total of 46 chromosomes, each of which is made up of two sister chromatids. There are 23 homologous pairs with two full chromosomes in each. throughout telophase I.
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which statement about evolution is false? group of answer choices evolution is possible in the absence of natural selection. evolutionary change requires genetic change. individuals evolve. developmental change occurs within an individual.
Answer:
evolution is possible in the absence of natural selection
Explanation:
Evolutionary processes depend on both changes in genetic variability and changes in allele frequencies over time. while Natural selection is the process through which populations of living organisms adapt and change. The common conception of evolution focuses on change due to natural selection.
Which functional region of the cerebellum is implicated in planning the sequence and timing of complex movements?.
The part of the brain involved in the sequence and timing of complex movements is the cerebrocerebellum.
The cerebellum is the largest part of the brain that initiates and coordinates movement and regulates temperature.
The brain is divided into 3 functional areas which are;
cerebrocerebellum spinocerebellum vestibulocerebellumcerebrocerebellum communicates with the cerebral cortex and is thought to be involved with planning and initiating movement it receives inputs from the cerebral cortex and pontine nuclei and sends inputs sends the outputs to the thalamus and red nucleus
spinocerebellum this part of the cerebellum is involved in regulating body movements by allowing for error correction
vestibulocerebellum gives signals which detect the head movement and send signals through the cerebellum to the head rotation and maintain a stable center of gaze.
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In tomato plants, having yellow fruit and dwarf vines is the recessive condition. Having red fruit and long vines is the dominant condition. A cross was done between two plants that were heterozygous for both traits.
What is the probability the offspring will have yellow fruit and dwarf vines?
Answer:
25% of offspring will have yellow fruit and dwarf vines
Explanation:
denoting that:
D - red fruit, long vines (dominant)
r - yellow fruit, dwarf vines (recessive)
parental phenotype: Red fruit 》 Red fruit
parental genotype: Dr 》 Dr
gametes: (D) (r) 》 (D) (r)
random fertilization: punnet square
D r
D DD Dr
r Dr rr
F1 generation phenotype: Red fruit 》 yellow fruit
F1 generation genotype: DD, Dr, Dr 》 rr
ratio: 3 : 1
percentage: 75% 》 25%
[ the symbol " 》" is used simply as a divider as if all the information were in a table]
sea urchins are deuterostomes, which exhibit indeterminate cleavage in their development. if during growth of the embryo, one cell were to separate from the rest of the embryo, what would be it's fate?
Since sea urchins being deuterostomes, possess indeterminate cleavage, the separation of one cell from rest of the embryo will result in its growth into genetically identical embryo.
Deuterostomes are those species in which the formation of anus occurs before the formation of their mouth. The anus is formed from the blastopore in them. Deuterostome literally means second mouth. Example of such animals is: starfish, sea urchin, sea lily, sea cucumber, etc.
Indeterminate cleavage is the one where the cells of embryo possess the ability to give rise to complete embryo is they are separated from the actual embryo. Therefore, the cells are said to be totipotent.
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homoserine is: a) a precursor of both methionine and threonine. b) a precursor of serine. c) derived from homocysteine. d) derived from serine. e) derived from threonine
Homoserine is considered to be a precursor of both methionine and threonine.
So, the correct option is A.
Homoserine, or its lactone form, is produced when cyanogen bromide cleaves a peptide caused by methionine breakdown. Methionine, threonine, an isomer of homoserine, and isoleucine are the three necessary amino acids that are produced during the production of homoserine. Homoserine, a precursor of threonine and methionine, inhibits the activity of glutamate dehydrogenase, an enzyme that catalyzes the first process in the absorption of ammonia. This impact is supported by physiological and biochemical data.
Methionine, threonine, an isomer of homoserine, and isoleucine are the three necessary amino acids that are produced during the production of homoserine. Glycolysis, tricarboxylic acid (TCA), and the citric acid cycle are all components of the whole metabolic route.
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During meiosis, non-sister chromatids may exchange sections of dna leading to genetic diversity. What is this process called?.
During meiosis, non-sister chromatids may exchange sections of DNA leading to genetic diversity due to (A) crossing over process.
The earliest source of genetic diversity in the meiotic nucleus comes from crossover events. A paternal chromosome and a maternal chromosome swap comparable DNA in response to a single crossover event between homologous non-sister chromatids. Now, that sister chromatid will contain some DNA from one parent of the person and some DNA from the other parent when it is inserted into a gamete cell. A combination of maternal and paternal genes that didn't exist before the crossover can be found in the sister recombinant chromatid. The result of multiple crossovers in a chromosomal arm is the same—exchanging DNA fragments to produce recombinant chromosomes.
There is a chromatid crossover between homologous chromosomes' non-sister chromatids. The genetic material exchange between homologous chromosomes is the outcome.
The complete question is:
During meiosis, non-sister chromatids may exchange sections of DNA leading to genetic diversity. What is this process called?
o crossing-over
o nondisjunction
o karyotypes
o independent assortment
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Which axis indirectly shows the relative amount of dna per cell? by what relationship?.
The x-axis indirectly shows the relative amount of DNA per cell. As the DNA was stained, there is a relationship between fluorescence and DNA content.
The x-axis does not show the relative amount of DNA per cell directly. It can be seen through a special type of graph known as a histogram. If we look at it, peaks and dips can be seen as similar to fluorescence.
This indirectly shows the relative amount of DNA per cell. This confirms the relationship between the fluorescence and the relative amount of DNA in the cell.
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which cell is indicated by the arrow? identifying cells of the nervous system which cell is indicated by the arrow? identifying cells of the nervous system microglial neuron astrocyte oligodendrocyte
The arrow points to an oligodendrocyte cell, which is one of the central nervous system's myelinating cells (CNS).
What role does the oligodendrocyte cell play?In the CNS, neurons are wrapped in specialized glial cells called oligodendrocytes. The major task of oligodendrocytes is to produce and maintain the myelin coating that envelops axons. Additionally, they take involved in the shaping of higher order neural systems and axonal control.
What components make up oligodendrocytes?They originated from the mesenchyme cells in the embryonic neural tube. These cells develop into glial cells, which create the progenitor cells for oligodendrocytes. The spinal cord and the brain then undergo oligodendrocyte maturation from these cells.
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Which type of earths crust caused these layers to be higher in the background than they are in the foreground
A. Uplift
B. Vibration
C. Shearing
D. Compression
Answer:
the correct answer is objective A
Is movement of carbon from living organisms to the atmosphere decreased
No, Carbon dioxide is increasing, as the combustion of fossil fuels for energy has led to an increase in the amount of carbon dioxide in the earth’s atmosphere.
What are fossil fuels?The components of fossil fuels are decaying plants and animals. These fuels may be burned to provide energy and can be found in the crust of the Earth. An example of a fossil fuel is coal, as well as oil and natural gas. Coal is a substance that is typically found in sedimentary rock formations, which are collections of rock, dead plant and animal materials, and layers of silt.
A chunk of coal must contain more than 50% fossilized plant material. Shale is one sedimentary rock type that contains oil in its native form. The thick oil that can be used to make gasoline is created by heating this substance. Typically, pockets of natural gas can be found atop oil deposits.
Gasoline has the chemical formula C8H18. It appears like this when you combine it with oxygen, or when you burn it: 2(C8H18) + 25(O2) = 16(CO2) + 18 (H2O). That’s a significant amount of CO2.
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process of assembeling a protein on the basis of the information in an rna molecule
Answer:
translation.
Explanation:
translation assembles amino acids to form the polypeptide chain in ribosomes.
grapefruit juice inhibits the cytochrome p450 cyp3a4 drug-metabolizing enzyme and inhibits p-glycoprotein in the intestines for days after ingestion. the nurse will teach patients that are taking a drug impacted by grapefruit juice that it can cause which problem?
When some medications are taken by a person who also consumes grapefruit juice, the drug concentration and risk of adverse effects may both increase.
The harmful substance in grapefruit does not directly interact with your medication. Instead, it binds to the CYP3A4 enzyme, which lessens the absorption of several drugs, in the digestive system. When grapefruit juice inhibits the enzyme, it is simpler for the medication to enter your bloodstream from your gut. Blood levels will rise more quickly and significantly above normal levels, and in some circumstances, these dangerously high levels may occur.
Examples of drugs that are affected by grapefruit juice are : Statins. Calcium channel blockers, anticoagulants, antiplatelet medications, cylosporin and immunosuppressants, Entocort, and cytotoxic medications are all examples of statins, which are medications that decrease cholesterol.
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A child is born with cystic fibrosis.
Which statement best describes the alleles possessed by the parents?
Answer:
A (both parents possess at least one recessive allele...)
Explanation:
because cystic fibrosis is a recessive gene generally, it would be best to assume that each parent has passed on the recessive gene.
ANALYZE Old-growth forests have remained undisturbed for hundreds of years or more. From what you see in the photo, what are some characteristics of a stable ecosystem?
Defining traits of a stable ecosystem:
If an ecosystem has the propensity to return to its equilibrium following a disturbance or perturbation, it is said to be stable or in equilibrium.
When the organisms in an ecosystem are interdependent, an ecosystem can be stable.
What traits distinguish an old-growth forest?They have large, old trees from long-lived species that are past the age of conventional rotation (harvest). Other characteristics of high-quality old growth forests include a complex stand structure (including snags and woody debris), high stand mortality, and a lack of invasive species.
An ecosystem's inhabitants all depend on one another for their survival and continued existence, which is known as interdependence.
Plants and animals are interdependent, whether directly or indirectly.
Just as snakes eat rats and rats eat plants and grains, an eagle will eventually consume this snake. The interdependence of the food chains of animals and plants is the cause of all of this.
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