An allele is a member of a gene pair that determines a specific trait and diploid organisms have two alleles for each genetic locus.
What is a genetic allele or variant of a given locus?A genetic allele or variant of a given locus is any expressed gene sequence that may contribute to the expression of a train of a phenotypic feature.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that a genetic allele or variant of a given locus is part of a pair for each localization in the genome and determines traits.
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What is the function of messenger RNA Mcq?
Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a type of RNA that plays a crucial role in the process of protein synthesis in cells. The function of mRNA is to carry the genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the ribosomes in the cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs.
The process by which mRNA is synthesized is called transcription. During transcription, a specific segment of DNA is copied into a complementary RNA molecule. The mRNA molecule that is produced in this process contains all the information necessary for the synthesis of a specific protein. This information is encoded in the sequence of nucleotides that make up the mRNA molecule, which is read by the ribosomes in groups of three nucleotides, known as codons.
After transcription, the mRNA molecule travels out of the nucleus and into the cytoplasm, where it binds to a ribosome. The ribosome reads the sequence of codons on the mRNA and uses this information to synthesize a specific protein. This process is called translation.
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Which statement best describes the relationship of the kidneys and the liver to the circulatory system?
A. The kidneys and the liver pump blood.
B. The kidneys and the liver produce blood cells.
C. The kidneys and the liver remove wastes from blood.
D. The kidneys and the liver make blood-clotting proteins.
function?
Answer:
C
Explanation:
The kidneys and the liver remove wastes from blood.
no In some ecosystems. wolves have been eliminated due to their threats to humans. How can the reintroduction of wolves benefit the ecosystem? It can eliminate the most hit animals among the prey population, which will cause an increase in the birthrates of the prey, it can cause the prey population to better blend in with their environment. It can cause the prey population to migrate to other areas, resulting in more hit prey It can eliminate weak animals from a prey population thereby decreasing competition for natural resources
It has the ability to eliminate weak animals from a prey population, reducing competition for natural resources.
An ecosystem (or ecological system) is made up of all the organisms that interact with their physical environment. These biotic and abiotic elements are linked by nutrient cycles and energy flows.
Photosynthesis introduces energy into the system, which is then incorporated into plant tissue. Animals play an important role in the movement of matter and energy through the system by feeding on plants and on one another. They also have an impact on the amount of plant and microbial biomass present.
Decomposers release carbon back into the atmosphere while also facilitating nutrient cycling by converting nutrients stored in dead biomass back to a form that plants and microbes can use.
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Q9. A person who is heterozygous for the cystic fibrosis allele moves to a small, isolated community where no one previously carried the allele. If the cystic fibrosis allele protects against tuberculosis the same way the sickle-cell allele protects against malaria, what should happen to the frequency of the cystic fibrosis allele in the community over time, and why? The cystic fibrosis allele should disappear from the population, because a single individual with the allele is not enough for it to proliferate. The cystic fibrosis allele should increase to a relatively high frequency, because heterozygotes with the allele will be more likely to survive than others. The cystic fibrosis allele should become fixed in the population, due to genetic drift. The cystic fibrosis allele should either disappear or increase in frequency, depending on chance as well as on tuberculosis prevalence and death rate. Use the following additional passage to answer the next question. Suppose you travel to the future, to a time when neither cystic fibrosis nor tuberculosis have caused any deaths for many generations. In all of these future populations, the cystic fibrosis allele still exists at a low frequency. Q10. You visit a huge city with millions of people. If you were to start sampling the cystic fibrosis allele from one generation to the next, what should happen to its frequency over the next few generations, and why? The allele frequency should change a lot from one generation to the next due to random genetic drift. The allele frequency should not change much from one generation to the next because the population is large. The allele frequency should steadily increase due to natural selection. The allele frequency should steadily decrease due to natural selection.
The cystic fibrosis allele should grow more prevalent because heterozygotes bearing the gene will live longer than other heterozygotes.
Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disorder caused by mutations in the CFTR gene, which affects the function of cells that produce mucus, sweat, and digestive juices.
Heterozygotes with one copy of the CFTR allele are generally healthy and don't show symptoms of the disease, but those with two copies of the allele will develop cystic fibrosis.
The passage states that the cystic fibrosis allele protects against tuberculosis, which means that heterozygotes with one copy of the allele will be more resistant to the disease and more likely to survive and reproduce than others. This will increase the frequency of the cystic fibrosis allele in the population over time.
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most basic unit of life, considered building block of human body is the meaning of ___
The most basic unit of life, considered the building block of the human body, is the cell.
Cells are the basic structural and functional units of all living organisms. They are the building blocks of the human body, and all living organisms are composed of one or more cells.
Cells have the ability to divide and multiply, respond to their environment, convert energy from food, and grow and repair themselves. They also have the ability to differentiate, to take on specific roles and functions within the body.
In humans, there are two main types of cells: eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells. Eukaryotic cells, such as those that make up the human body, have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles, while prokaryotic cells do not have a membrane-bound nucleus and organelles.
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an endemic species is one that is found nowhere else..
suggest reasons for such a high number of endemic species in Movile cave
The Movile cave ecosystem is abundant and diverse than other ecosystems. More than 50 species of the cave are adapted invertebrates, among them leeches, spiders, and water scorpions have been found inside the cave, of which only 37 are endemic and are found nowhere else.
What are endemic species?Endemism is a term which is used in biology to talk about the distribution of a taxon which is often limited to a small geographic area and which can therefore be found naturally in that place. In consequence, the endemic species are those species which live in a limited geographical area, such as a mountain range, lake, or island, among other regions.
The theories suggest from the entering of the new species in the Movile Cave by their choice or accidental falls, which is followed by the adaptation to this specific cave habitat as the insects which are believed to have approached the cave during the Miocene Epoch time period.
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fungus that contains the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin; been used for thousands of years as a hallucinogen
The term "magic mushroom" refers to a type of fungus that contains the hallucinogenic substances psilocybin and psilocin and has been used as a hallucinogen for thousands of years.
Psilocybin-containing mushrooms, which include species from the genera Conocybe, Gymnopilus, Panaeolus, Pluteus, and Stropharia, are classified as hallucinogenic mushrooms. The serotonergic hallucinogen psilocybin is found in these "magic," hallucinogenic fungus. Due to the widespread use of hallucinogens, these mushrooms have a significant level of toxicity. Psilocybin and its main metabolite, psilocin, resemble lysergic acid diethylamide. Within 0.5–1 hours of intake, these hallucinogens start to influence the central nervous system, causing ataxia, hyperkinesis, and hallucinations.
Psilocybin and psilocin, which are hallucinogens and Class I banned narcotics, are found in magic mushrooms (psychoactive fungus) that are grown in the United States, Mexico, South America, and many other regions of the world. You can consume magic mushrooms uncooked, prepared with other foods, or dried. These mushrooms may be mistaken for non-hallucinogenic varieties or even for harmful varieties like the Amanita Class.
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The complete question is:
Which fungus that contains the psychedelic compounds psilocybin and psilocin has been used for thousands of years as a hallucinogen?
Put the things in the correct order to form a food chain fungus fish organic matter and shrimp
Answer: Organic Matter ---> Shrimp ---> Fish ---> Fungus
Explanation:
Organic matter is consumed by the Shrimp. The shrimp is consumed by the fish. When the fish dies, it is decomposed by the fungus.
Why do scientists know very little about life in the Precambrian eon? (1 point) There was no life on Earth during that eon. There are few fossils from that time. All of these forms of life are now extinct. The eon started with a mass extinction
WILL MARK. BRAINLEYEST
Scientists have very little knowledge about the Precambrian eon because there are very few fossils from that time.
The Eon in the Precambrian means "before the Cambrian era." It is used to define the entire period of the Earth's history which existed before the discovery of the oldest rocks which have identifiable fossils in them.
The organisms which existed during the Pre-Cambrian eon were basically soft-bodied and therefore there very few animals of that time which had bones, skeletons, or hard shells and so an existence of very less number of fossils have been found from that time. The time period was so long ago that the natural activity on earth like subduction of continental plates, volcanic action, erosion, etc. washed out the most of what was then the Earth's crust.
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the portions of the nervous system outside the central nervous system.
Nerves connect the brain and spinal cord to the peripheral nervous system, which refers to nerve tissue that is not part of the central nervous system. It is divided into two parts: the autonomic and somatic nervous systems.
The central nervous system (CNS) is the portion of the nervous system that includes the brain and spinal cord. Because the brain integrates incoming information and coordinates and regulates the activity of all parts of the bodies of bilaterally symmetric and triploblastic animals—that is, all multicellular organisms save sponges and diploblasts—it is dubbed the CNS.
It is a structure made up of nerve tissue that runs from the rostral (nose end) to the caudal (tail end) axis of the body, with an expanded part at the rostral end that is a brain.
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identify at least two factors that can affect respiratory rate and describe how they affect it.
Two factors that can affect the respiratory rate are oxygen concentration, salt concentration, and temperature.
One of the most important vital signs of the human body is the respiratory rate. It's about how many breaths you take in a minute.
Temperature, oxygen, carbon dioxide, salts, water, hormones, light, inhibitors, age, injury or disease, and other factors all affect respiration rate. The rate of respiration increases with temperature. As the concentration of oxygen rises, so does the rate of respiration. As the salt concentration rises, the respiration rate decreases.
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The CO2 concentration has been steadily increasing since 1880, but it took a sharp turn in 1940. The burning of fossil fuels for energy and the increase in demand for energy (cars, factories, manufacturing) could have contributed to the change.
The carbon dioxide concentration in the environment has been found to be increasing at a very fast pace because of the pollution, deforestation, and the destruction of the environment due to human activities.
What factors are responsible for carbon dioxide increase in atmosphere?Carbon dioxide is a gas which is responsible for the global warming and needs to be removed. However, the concentration of carbon dioxide has been found to be increasing day by day. Carbon dioxide concentrations are rising mostly due to the fossil fuels which people are burning for the production of energy. Fossil fuels like coal and oil which contain carbon that plants pulled out of the atmosphere through the process of photosynthesis over the time of many millions of years.
Carbon dioxide gas is added to the atmosphere naturally when the organisms respire or decompose, carbonate rocks are weathered, forest fires occur in the ecosystem, and volcanoes erupt. Carbon dioxide is also added to the atmosphere through the human activities, such as burning of fossil fuels and forests and the production of cement as well.
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Which of these cell parts store genetic instructions for the entire organism and transfer those instructions from one generation to the next?chloroplastsmitochondriaDNA moleculesnuclear membranes
DNA molecules store genetic instructions for the entire organism and transfer those instructions from one generation to the next.
Peer-reviewed journal GENETICS releases twelve issues online each year. The Genetics Society of America publishes GENETICS through Oxford University Press (OUP).
There are fees associated with papers in genetics. Please see the section below regarding manuscript charges.
The accepted manuscript will be published online by GENETICS within a week of the final files being sent and the work being accepted. When the paper is finished, a copyedited and proofed edition will take the place of this preliminary article.
Please take the time to carefully read and adhere to these directions. Manuscripts that do not adhere to these guidelines may be returned by the Editors without examination.
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What are structural and storage polysaccharides in plants and animals?
Storage polysaccharides, such as starch and glycogen, are employed as food storage or reserve energy. Structural polysaccharides are polysaccharides that primarily contribute to the formation of cell structural components such as cell walls, including such cellulose, hemicellulose, as well as lignin.
Polysaccharides are important types of biomolecules. They are lengthy chains of carbohydrate molecules made up of several smaller monosaccharides. These intricate bio-macromolecules serve as a major energy source in animal cells and as a structural component in plant cells. Depending on the kind of monosaccharide, it might be a homopolysaccharide or even a heteropolysaccharide. Polysaccharides can be either a straight chain of monosaccharides referred to as linear polysaccharides or a branched polysaccharide.
Polysaccharides serve as energy storage in organisms. Water cannot enter the molecules due to the existence of numerous hydrogen bonds, making them hydrophobic. They allow for variations in the concentration gradient, which regulates food and water intake by cells. Many polysaccharides generate glycolic.
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Which of the following processes involves the production of RNA from the DNA information of a single gene?
Answer:
Transcription is the first step in gene expression. It involves copying a gene's DNA sequence to make an RNA molecule.
during telophase what is happening to the genetic material of the cell
During telophase, the genetic material is being evenly divided and packaged into two new nuclei.
What do you mean by Telophase?
Telophase is the final stage of cell division in which the newly formed daughter cells separate. During this stage, the chromosomes that have been replicated in the previous stages of the cell cycle move to opposite poles of the cell. The nuclear envelope reforms, and the spindle fibers that have been used to separate the chromosomes begin to degrade. Telophase marks the completion of mitosis and the beginning of cytokinesis.
The chromosomes are replicating and the nuclear envelope is reforming around each set of chromosomes. The spindle fibers dissolve and the cytoplasm divides into two distinct cells.
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Which structure of the female reproductive system is composed of fat deposits that surround the entrance to the vagina?
a. Ovary
b. Labia Majora
c. Menstruation
d. Urethra
The vulva is the collective name for the exterior female reproductive structures. And over pubic bone in the anterior region, there is a fat pad called the mons pubis. Once a person reaches puberty, it grows pubic hair.
The uterus is connected to the exterior of the body by a tube called the vagina. The vagina's opening is located outside the body. The term for it is the vaginal opening. The vulva is the collective name for the exterior female reproductive structures. The termination of the ovaries include extensions that resemble fingers that catch the egg as it is released (a practice called as ovulation) (fimbriae). The egg is swept into the ovary by the fimbriae. Cervix. between both the bladder and rectum is the lower, narrower portion of the uterus (womb). It creates a canal that emerges into the vaginal, which connects the body to the outside. The female uterus is moulded like a positive side pear and has some of the greatest muscles in the body. It has a thick lining & muscular walls.
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What does bone density depend on?
Bone density is primarily dependent on the amount and quality of the bone tissue that is present in the body. Factors such as age, sex, genetics, nutrition, and physical activity can all affect bone density.
Adequate calcium intake and regular weight-bearing exercise are important for maintaining healthy bone density. Additionally, certain hormones, such as estrogen and testosterone, play an important role in bone health.
Bone density is a key factor in bone health. Bone density refers to the amount of bone tissue in a given area. The higher the level of bone density, the stronger and healthier the bone.
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Bone density depends on a variety of factors, including: Genetics, Hormones, Nutrition, Exercise, Lifestyle factors, Age, Medications, and Medical conditions.
Bone density is a measure of the amount of bone mineral, mainly calcium, per unit of bone tissue. It is used to assess the strength and health of bones, and is an important factor in the diagnosis and treatment of bone-related conditions such as osteoporosis. Bone density is typically measured using a test called dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA or DEXA). The test uses a small amount of ionizing radiation to create detailed images of the bones and measure the bone mineral density.
Normal bone density is considered to be around 1.0 grams per cubic centimeter. A person with a bone density that is lower than 1.0 is considered to have osteopenia, which is a condition characterized by lower than normal bone density. A person with a bone density that is lower than 0.8 is considered to have osteoporosis, a condition characterized by weak and brittle bones that are more likely to fracture.
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If you were mapping out a recessive sex-linked trait, which of the following genotypes would have the certain trait in their phenotype?
a) X^RX^R
b) X^RY
c) X^rY
d) X^RX^r
6. Which bonds could a single carbon atom have?
Which phase is responsible for variation in gametes?
The phase that is responsible for variation in gametes is Specifically, meiosis creates new mixtures of genetic material in every of the 4 daughter cells.
These new mixtures end result from the change of DNA among paired chromosomes. Such change manner that the gametes produced via meiosis show off an exceptional variety of genetic variant. Pachytene is the level at which crossing over takes place. Crossing over is answerable for the change of genetic facts among the non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes. This change of genetic facts is answerable for the genetic variant that takes place throughout generations. It takes place in the course of the crossing over procedure in prophase 1 of meiosis. Here, homologous chromosomes pair up and change random genetic facts for variant.
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There are necessary conditions that must be met for natural selection to occur. The first is there must be variation in characteristics. Different individuals in a population must have different traits. What is the different trait the surviving cactus has?
Please help its due in an hour...
The data pattern shows variation in the spine number trait, which affects survival supports the claim that natural selection could occur for this spiny cactus population.
What is Natural selection?
This involves the process in which organisms become more suited to their environment thereby leading to an increase in reproduction which reduces risk of extinction.
Organisms adapt to their environment by developing changes in their body parts which in this case is the variation of the spine number trait, thereby boosting survival.
Therefore, The data pattern shows variation in the spine number trait, which affects survival supports the claim that natural selection could occur for this spiny cactus population.
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the cells of all organisms are separated from the outside by a
The plasma membrane, which would be a bilayer of phospholipids & related proteins, is located inside the cell wall. The plasma membrane effectively separates the interior of the cell from its surrounding environment, in contrast to the porous and easily permeable cell wall.
The membrane that divides that interior of the cell from of the external environment is known as the plasma membrane, sometimes known as the cell membrane, and it is present in all cells. Four essential parts are present in all cells: The cell membrane is an exterior layer that divides the inside of the cell from its surroundings. Target cells are isolated from heterogeneous mixtures using the technique known as immunomagnetic cell separation. In order to achieve this, antibodies, enzymes, lectins, as well as streptavidin are used to bind the magnetic particles to particular key proteins on the target cells. plasma lining. The cell's outer layer is known as the plasma membrane. It keeps the cell isolated from its surroundings while allowing materials to enter or leave the cell.
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portion of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle is called
Portion of the nervous system that controls smooth muscle is called autonomic nervous system
The autonomic nervous system is a peripheral nervous system component that controls involuntary physiologic functions such as heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, digestion, and sexual arousal. It is divided into three anatomical divisions: sympathetic, parasympathetic, and enteric.
The component of the nervous system that regulates the muscles of internal organs and glands (such as the heart, blood vessels, lungs, stomach, and intestines) (such as salivary glands and sweat glands).
All "automatic" physiological activities, such as breathing, heart rate, blood pressure, sweating, mouth-watering (salivating), and food transit through the bowels, are controlled by the autonomic nerve system (peristalsis).
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How many chromatids in each chromosome at the end of cytokinesis?
At the end of cytokinesis number of chromatids present in each chromosome is 46.
During mitosis, the sister chromatids isolate to inverse sides of the phone. Cytokinesis isolates the cell into two little girl cells, each containing a total arrangement of every one of the 46 chromosomes. Mitosis is the sort of cell division that outcomes in two girl cells that are hereditarily indistinguishable from each other. As per this inquiry, human cells have 46 chromosomes, what partitions during mitosis into girl chromosomes called chromatids..
Cytokinesis is the last phase of cell division in eukaryotes as well as prokaryotes. During cytokinesis, the cytoplasm parts in two and the phone separates. The cycle is different in plant and creature cells.
In creature cells, the plasma layer of the parent cell squeezes internal along the cell's equator until two girl cells structure. In the plant cells, a cell plate structures along the equator of the parent cell. Then, at that point, another plasma film and cell wall structure along each side of the cell plate.
Hence,46 chromatids are present in each chromosome.
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telomerase adds six deoxynucleotides to the end of a dna strand using a built-in rna template. explain why the templating region of the rna includes one and a half repeats of the telomeric sequence
A chromosome's end contains a stretch of repeating DNA sequences known as a telomere. Telomeres prevent the ends of chromosomes from fraying or tangling.
Are telomeres formed of RNA?Telomerase RNA component, also known as TR, TER, or TERC, is a ncRNA present in eukaryotes that is a part of telomerase, the enzyme that extends telomeres. For telomere replication (reverse transcription) by telomerase, TERC acts as a template.One strand of telomeric DNA is synthesized from scratch by the eukaryotic ribonucleoprotein (RNP) telomerase through the action of its specialized reverse transcriptase.A chromosome's end contains a stretch of repeating DNA sequences known as a telomere. Telomeres prevent the ends of chromosomes from fraying or tangling. The telomeres get a little bit shorter each time a cell divides.To learn more about telomere refer to:
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is it possible to confine spsy-470 topic 1 benchmark: models of abnormality matrixpecific membrane proteins to domains within the lipid bilayer?
The answer to "Is it possible to confine membrane proteins to domains within the lipid bilayer?" is "Yes, it is possible. Mаny cells hаve wаys of confining membrаne proteins to specific domаins in а continuous lipid bilаyer."
Membrаnes аre two-dimensionаl fluids wаs а mаjor аdvаnce in understаnding membrаne structure аnd function. It hаs become cleаr, however, thаt the picture of а membrаne аs а lipid seа in which аll proteins floаt freely is greаtly oversimplified. Mаny cells hаve wаys of confining membrаne proteins to specific domаins in а continuous lipid bilаyer.
In epitheliаl cells, such аs those thаt line the gut or the tubules of the kidney, certаin plаsmа membrаne enzymes аnd trаnsport proteins аre confined to the аpicаl surfаce of the cells, whereаs others аre confined to the bаsаl аnd lаterаl surfаces. This аsymmetric distribution of membrаne proteins is often essentiаl for the function of the epithelium. The lipid compositions of these two membrаne domаins аre аlso different, demonstrаting thаt epitheliаl cells cаn prevent the diffusion of lipid аs well аs protein molecules between the domаins.
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Matching. Select the organism that preform this type of asexual reproduction
Answer:
Sexual Reproduction - C. requires 2 parents and produces offspring genetically diverse from either parentRegeneration - A. growing back a missing partVegetative Propagation - D. part of a plant is separated from the parent and grows into a new identical plant.Binary Fission - E. a single-celled organism divides into two daughter cells with identical DNA in each new organism.Budding - F. section of an organism grows and seperates from the original parentAsexual Reproduction - B. requires only 1 parent and produces offspring with genes uniform to the parent.Hope it helps.
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Why are some mutations called frameshift mutations?
A frameshift mutation is a type of genetic variation that occurs when one or more nucleotides are inserted or deleted from the DNA sequence.
These mutations cause a change in the reading frame, which is the grouping of nucleotides into codons, the sequence of three nucleotides that code for a specific amino acid. This change in the reading frame leads to a shift in the way the entire sequence of codons is read, and can result in a completely altered amino acid sequence for the rest of the protein.
The genetic code is read in groups of three nucleotides, called codons, and each codon codes for a specific amino acid. The sequence of codons determines the sequence of amino acids that make up a protein. Insertion or deletion of one or more nucleotides can disrupt the reading frame and cause a shift in the way the entire sequence of codons is read.
For example, let's say the normal DNA sequence is ATGAGGCTAG, which codes for the amino acid sequence Methionine-Arginine-Leucine. If a G is inserted in the second position, the sequence becomes AGTGAGGCTAG. The reading frame is shifted, and the new sequence of codons is AGT-GAG-GC-TAG, which codes for the amino acid sequence Serine-Aspartic Acid-Alanine-Stop.
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suppose that a geneticist discovers a new mutation in drosophila melanogaster that causes the flies to shake and quiver. she calls this mutation quiver, qu, and determines that it is due to an autosomal recessive gene. she wants to determine whether the gene encoding quiver is linked to the recessive gene for vestigial wings, vg. she crosses a fly homozygous for quiver and vestigial traits with a fly homozygous for the wild-type traits, and then uses the resulting f1 females in a testcross. she obtains the flies from this testcross.
A test cross is a cross in which a purebred recessive was crossed with a suspected heterozygous species to determine the genotype of the suspected species.
1. Given that there is less than 50% recombination, it is safe to assume that the species for vestigial wins & quiver mutations are connected.
2. By separating the two loci, the independent assortment test may be performed.
Check for residual wings by:
Using the values we obtain:
The number of freedoms equals n - 1.
Where,
There are two phenotypic classes, or
Thus, degree of freedom equals 1.
We are aware that P has a value between 0.7 and 0.8. Therefore, the projected 1:1 segregation is not deviated by these data.
Last but not least, we assess independent assortment in cases when phenotypic ratios
(A geneticist discovers a new mutation in Drosophila melanogaster that causes the flies to shake and quiver. She calls this mutation quiver (qu) and determines that it is due to an autosomal recessive gene. She wants to determine if the gene encoding quiver is linked to the recessive gene for vestigial wings (vg). She crosses a fly homozygous for quiver and vestigial traits with a fly homozygous for the wild-type traits and then uses the resulting F1 females in a testcross. She obtains the following flies from this testcross.
vg+ sps+ 230
vg sps 224
vg sps+ 97
vg+ sps 99
total 650
1. Are the genes that cause vestigial wings and the spastic mutation linked?
2. Do a chi- square test of independence to determine if it is likely that the genes have assorted independently.
3. List the chi-square value, degree of freedom, P value, and whether you accept or reject the hypothesis of independent assortment.)
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