The type and amount of melanin produced by melanocytes is determined by genes. Eumelanin is a dark brown to black pigment that is responsible for brown and black hair colors. Pheomelanin is a reddish-brown pigment that is responsible for red and blonde hair colors.
What are eumelanin and pheomelanin?
A dark pigment called eumelanin is the main component of black and brunette hair. The pigment eumelanin comes in two varieties (brown eumelanin and black eumelanin). Blond hair is reportedly caused by a minor amount of brown eumelanin in the absence of other pigments. The redder parts of the skin, such as the lips, are concentrated with pheomelanin, a lighter pigment that is present in red hair. People with red hair typically have fairly pale skin that burns rapidly when exposed to the sun because they are less able to produce the dark eumelanin pigment.
The amount of a pigment called melanin in hair determines hair color. People with black or brown hair have high levels of eumelanin, one kind of melanin. Red hair is caused by an excess of pheomelanin, another pigment.
Hence, eumelanin and pheomelanin are responsible for hair color.
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Describe the characteristics and significance of the carbon atom ( organic chemistry )
Answer:
Carbon has an exceptional ability to bind with a wide variety of other elements. Carbon makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form multiple stable bonds with other small atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Explanation:
Carbon has an exceptional ability to bind with a wide variety of other elements. Carbon makes four electrons available to form covalent chemical bonds, allowing carbon atoms to form multiple stable bonds with other small atoms, including hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
Plants in different environments have challenges that only they have. For example, the growth of a plant in a rainforest (e.g., an orchid) might be more affected by different things than a plant in a desert (e.g., a succulent). In three to five sentences, compare environmental challenges that could affect the photosynthetic process of a rainforest plant versus a desert plant.
Explanation:
a rainforest plant will have a great number of large green leaves in order to capture the most amount of sunlight that is able to pass through to the lower levels in the rainforest. Also due to the humidity and low wind speed there isn't a high rate of transpiration.
whereas a desert plant where there is high temperatures, low humidity and high wind speed, plants such as cacti have torn as leaves which blocks the stomata in most cases to prevent water loss and to ward off predators, the cacti has roots that allow it to absorb water before it can evaporate
What is the effect of a nucleotide-pair substitution that results in a nonsense mutation in a gene?.
A nonsense mutation will cause the mRNA to end prematurely by adding a stop codon.
A base substitution known as a nonsense mutation results in the codon changing from an in-frame codon to a stop codon. Such a mutation causes translation to end prematurely, which can negatively impact how proteins are made. A DNA change called a nonsense mutation, also known as a stop mutation, results in a protein's premature termination of translation. In both humans and other animals, this type of mutation frequently results in the expression of a truncated or dysfunctional protein.
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For 201, after reading the lesson, choose and complete one of the labs on pg 8. Be sure to take any and all safety precautions and fill out the entire Lab Report.
Use this link for the Teacher-made Template & Video Walkthrough.
Understanding Energy Transfer & Properties of Water video (she speaks slow, so feel free to increase the speed)
Remember:
Unequally shared Covalent Bonds between the 1 Oxygen and the 2 Hydrogen atoms within a single water molecule create the partially Negative Oxygen side and the partially Positive Hydrogen side. This is how water is a Polar Molecule, which accounts for how the Hydrogen Bonds form between different water molecules, giving water the ability of Cohesion & Surface Tension, while also allowing those charges to tear apart other molecules making water a Universal Solvent.
Important tips:
When writing a Hypothesis, try to turn it into an "If..., then..." statement. It shows that you're making a testable prediction.
Variables. Here's a trick to remembering Independent vs Dependent and what they do since we need to say which is which:Use “DRY MIX”
DRY: D = Dependent, R= Response (what is/ has changed), Y = Y-axis of the graph
MIX: M = Manipulated (What I change as the scientist),I = Independent, X = X-axis
Conclusion: When writing a conclusion, take any question prompts you are given and turn the answers into a paragraph. Note: Always refer back to specific Data.
Answer:
Option (A) is Right Answer
Explanation:
(A) A strong attraction between hydrogen and another atom
A hydrogen bond is a strong attracted between the hydrogen and another atom
A hydrogen bond is an incomplete partial inter molecular bonding between a solitary pair on an electron-rich donor molecule, especially the second-row elements nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), or fluorine (F), and the anti bonding orbital of a bond between hydrogen (H) and a progressively electronegative
Hydrogen holding is caused by the tendency of certain items in particles to pull in electrons more than their going with molecule
It gives the atom a changeless dipole moment
speciation is the divergence of two populations from a common ancestor. how does it contribute to biological diversity?
The diversity we observe today is the result of new adaptations emerging in the survivors of the extinction. The separation of two populations from a common ancestor is known as speciation. Biodiversity is increased by speciation.
Diversity is increased by speciation. The diversity of organisms within an ecosystem is known as biodiversity. It boosts biodiversity because speciation leads to the creation of new species.
The amount of biological diversity is directly inversely correlated with the pace of speciation. This implies that the diversity of a species will increase as speciation increases. Understanding the evolutionary tendency of any species and re-establishing the different bio-diversities already present on earth are both made possible by speciation.
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Compared to human cells, there are about _______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.
Answer:
Compared to human cells, there are about _ 10 to 100 times as many______ bacterial and archaeal cells inhabiting our bodies.
Explanation:
Hope this helps! Have a nice day^^
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what type of genetic traits do you think are important to study and predict? give an example of a genetic trait that is carefully monitored when two parents are creating an offspring and why it would be important to monitor. bold italic underline
The type of genetic traits that are important to study and predict are those having high heritability such as for example height which is a quantitative trait whose importance is central and they are monitored in breeding programs.
What is a genetic trait having a high level of heritability?A genetic trait having a high level of heritability is those whose variation is mainly due to genetic factors (i.e. genes) instead of environmental factors.
In this regard, it has been shown that height in animals is a quantitative trait mainly affected by genetic conditions rather than environment, thereby it is ideal to be monitored in a breeding program.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that genetic traits have different levels of heritability and the better traits are those with high heritability levels such as height and weight which are key traits in breeding.
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a fish that has been salt cured develops a reddish slime on its skin. you discover its a species of bacteria decompsong the fish. how could you of bacteria
Numerous bacterial illnesses, including Flavobacterium Columnare, Aeromonas, and Pseudomonas, frequently cause fin rot.
What is the cause of fin rot?One of the most avoidable illnesses in aquarium fish is fin and tail rot. Poor water quality is always the main contributor to Fin Rot, but fish stress is also a role. Fish are more prone to Fin and Tail Rot when handled, moved, crowded, or kept alongside fish that are more hostile.
Flavobacterium Columnare: what is its cause?Both overcrowding and cage abrasions are blamed for it. Aquaculture species, particularly catfish, trout, salmon, carp, tilapia, perch, and many aquarium species, as well as wild and ornamental fish, are all affected by the columnaris disease.
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A student wants to know how many days it takes for different plant seeds to germinate. What is the student's independent variable?
Answer:
The independent variable is the pH. Dependent variable is the rate of germination. Controlled variables are light, temperature, soil, moisture, seed specification such as moisture, size, etc.. The independent variable is the temperature.
Explanation:
In an experiment for determining the time required for the seed germination the independent variable will be pH and temperature and the dependent variable will be rate of germination.
What is seed germination?Seed germination can be defined as the sum total of all the events which begin with the hydration of the seeds and culmination in the emergence of the embryonic axis (the radicle) from the seed coat.
In an experiment for determining the time required for seed germination, the independent variable is the pH. Here, the dependent variable will be the rate of germination. The controlled variables are light, temperature, soil, moisture, seed specification such as moisture, size, etc which will be kept constant during the experiment. The independent variable is the temperature which does not depend on any other factor.
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which is not a sympathetic ganglion? which is not a sympathetic ganglion? superior mesenteric otic inferior mesenteric celiac sacral chain
Not a sympathetic ganglion, celiac disease.
What does being compassionate mean?Used to indicate someone who demonstrates their understanding and concern for the pain of others, especially by their words: Since he also has back issues, he was quite understanding of my situation.
How can you tell if you have sympathy?One can experience anxiety, panic attacks, anxiousness, insomnia, breathing difficulty, palpitations, an inability to relax, an inability to sit still, a jumpy or jittery feeling, poor digestion, afraid, high blood pressure, but instead heart problems, to name a few symptoms of an overactive or dominant the sympathetic nervous system.
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phenotypes that are influenced by the combined effects of both genetic and environmental factors are called
Phenotypic plasticity is the effect of both genetic and environmental factors.
What is Phenotypic plasticity?
It is basically defined as the ability of single genotypes to make different phenotypes when they are exposed to various environmental factors. It permits species to keep up with environmental changes (global changes) due to its environmental variability response mechanism.
Phenotypic plasticity is particularly crucial for plants, whose life style requires them to deal with constant ambient changes.
For example: water flea(daphnia) clones which are genetically identical, can have different morphologies depending on whether they were grown in presence or absence of predator.
Therefore, Phenotypic plasticity is the effect of both genetic and environmental factors
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why would the home-canned green beans rather than the tomato-beef stew be a possible source of c. botulinum?
Vegetative Clostridium botulinum cells would probably not thrive because of the tomato-beef stew's acidic pH.
Foods that are likely to contain Clostridium botulinum include which of the following?A number of foods have been linked to the botulinum toxin, including low-acid preserved vegetables like green beans, spinach, mushrooms, and beets, fish like canned tuna, fermented, salted, and smoked fish, and meat products like ham and sausage.
How may botulism be avoided by boiling home canned food right before serving?The toxin that the botulinum spores create, which is what kills you, may be destroyed by boiling water, which has a temperature of 100 C (212 F).
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a(n) is a neuron that carries infromation from the external environment or from the body, back to the central nervous system
A sensory neuron is a neuron that carries information from the external environment or from the body, back to the central nervous system.
When you contact a hot surface with your fingertips, your sensory neurons will fire and transmit messages to the rest of your nervous system about the information they have just received. Sensory neurons are the nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment. The brain obtains information from sensory neurons thus allowing us to sense, touch, see, smell. The brain interprets the information and sends the instruction back to the muscled using motor neurons and thus allowing us to act accordingly.
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In 3 to 5 sentences, describe the relationship between a glucose molecule and the products it makes during cellular respiratio
PLEASE HELP I NEED IT
Answer:
Explanation:
During Cellular Respiration, glucose is broken down into many different pieces turning into pyruvate and releasing electrons. During cellular respiration, this is a process known as glycolysis and takes place in the cytoplasm. The pyruvate then oxidizes (meaning it loses the electrons which produce energy) and turns into acetyl CoA which is used in the Krebs/citric acid cycle.
What is one major difference between Semaeostome and Rhizostome jellyfish?
One significant distinction between Semaeostome and Rhizostome jellyfish is the medusa shape of the various rhizostome.
what is Medusa form?One of the two main body forms seen in members of the invertebrate animal phylum Cnidaria is the medusa in zoology. It is the jellyfish's usual shape. The bell- or umbrella-shaped medusoid body. The manubrium, a stalk-like structure with the mouth at its apex, hangs downward from the center.
Describe invertebrate?An creature without a backbone is called an invertebrate. In fact, invertebrates lack all skeletal structure. You could be familiar with invertebrates such as spider, worms, snails, lobsters, and butterflies. However, vertebrates include people and other creatures with backbones.
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How can you use the different states of matter to your advantage when designing a device that lifts a car? What different solids, liquids,and gas might you use in your design?
Answer:
Explanation:
the key difference between solids, liquids, and gas is that solids have a definite shape, liquids have a definite volume but no fixed shape, and gases have neither a definite shape nor volume. Article Sources Author
Anything that has mass is made up of matter – an all-encompassing word for atoms and molecules that make up our physical world. We describe this matter as existing in states (sometimes referred to as phases). Most people are familiar with three states of matter – solids, liquids and gases – but there are two more that are less commonly known but just as important – plasmas and Bose-Einstein condensates.
Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC)
To understand a Bose-Einstein condensate (BEC), you must first know a bit about temperature.
There is a temperature at which molecular motion (therefore everything) stops, this is called absolute zero (0K or around -273°C). Just a fraction above this temperature – and only for some elements – a BEC occurs. The atoms start behaving like little waves and start overlapping one another until they eventually act like one wave and essentially become a superatom. They are not bonded or mixed – they have become indistinguishable from one another, having the same qualities and existing in the same place.
Daniel Kleppner from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology has a great description. He says the “particles have lost their identity – they all think they are everywhere”. One atom can’t tell itself from another.
Changing states
It is important to understand that matter exists in all states and that matter can also change states. It does this by either using or releasing energy, and it is usually associated with changes in temperature and pressure.
A simple example is water. If you have a block of ice, you have solid water. Add heat (a form of energy) and the ice melts into liquid water that you could drink (it has reached its melting point). Continue to apply heat, and the water will evaporate and turn into steam, which is water in a gaseous state (it has reached boiling point). This works backwards, too. Gas can cool down (by losing energy) and condense back into liquid water and cool down further into a solid. There is even a process called sublimation where a solid can turn straight into a gas when heat is applied.
Gas can also change state to a plasma or BEC:
In plasma TVs, little pockets of gas are excited with electricity disrupting the normal balance of atoms so there are lots of free ions and electrons, turning them into plasma, which creates a light.
If you super cool gas, you get a BEC superatom wave. Warm it up, and the wave will return to a gas.
over 90% of urinary tract infections (utis) are caused by escherichia coli strains. utis are 14 times more common in women than in men. why do you think this is
Urinary tract infections are 14 times more common in women than men because a women's urethra is shorter than a man's. So bacteria can easily enter the urinary bladder.
What are urinary tract infections?
It is an infection that occurs in any part of the urinary system including the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra. These are mostly caused by bacteria that enter the urethra and bladder which causes inflammation and infection.
Most of the urinary tract infections occur in the lower urinary tract- the bladder and the urethra.
Symptoms of urinary tract infections include:
A strong urge to urinate that doesn't go awayA burning feeling when urinatingUrinating often and small amountsUrine looks cloudyUrine appears red, bright pink that gives signs of blood in urineStrong-smelling urinePelvic pain in womenDrinking plenty of liquids mostly water leads to urinating more often and allowing bacteria to be flushed from the urinary tract before an infection can begin.
Hence due to the shorter urethra in women than men, Women are at greater risk of infection than men.
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Unlike birds and mammals, fish and reptiles grow their entire lives. What feature of their bone development is different from that of humans?
Answer:
I think their tail and fins
9. a scientist is trying to classify a new organism. she observes that the organism is a microorganism. it is prokaryotic, and reproduces through binary fission. it was found living in a hydrothermal vent. what is the best classification for the organism?
The organism that is categorized by scientists is called Archaea. Asexual reproduction is the function of binary fission in prokaryotes. The straightforward method by which prokaryotes divide and multiply is known as binary fission.
The earliest single-celled microbes on Earth are prokaryotic cells. Bacteria and archaea are prokaryotes. Cyanobacteria are among the prokaryotes that carry out photosynthesis. Since a prokaryotic cell only has one membrane, all processes take place in the cytoplasm.
Numerous factors, including general similarities, colors, ecological roles, etc., can be used to categories organisms. But it is generally acknowledged that classifying organisms based on their shared evolutionary history provides scientists with the most helpful way to organize biological variety.
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2. Some students used these dialysis tubing bags as models of human red blood cells. The students observed the changes in the bags when they were placed in different solutions and recorded the mass of each setup in the table below. (0 R Dialysis tubing Which statement best describes the role of the cell membrane in this model?
The cell membrane allows the solute to enter the cell which causes the cell to shrink is the statement that best describes the role of the cell membrane in this model.
The semipermeable cell membrane provides for the selective entry and exit of solutes, water, salts, and other substances. The concentration of the solute inside the cell was raised when it entered the cell membrane.
Water began to migrate outside of the cell membrane as the water gradient outside the cell wall diminished, which caused the cell to contract.
Cell membranes act as boundaries and checkpoints. Because of their semi-permeability, some molecules can diffuse across the lipid bilayer but not others. Gases like oxygen and carbon dioxide, as well as small hydrophobic compounds, quickly traverse membranes.
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why is it important to understand that human racial categories (based on skin color) are created from perceptions of phenotypic features and not genotypes?
Race is socially manufactured rather than physiologically determined for this reason. C. Because skeleton measurements, particularly those of the cranium, should be used to identify race D.
What is race to anthropologists?The majority of anthropologists think that racial classification of human populations lacks any biological foundation. 16. The majority of anthropologists think that there is no genetic foundation for racial classification of human groupings.
Why is it difficult to divide humans into races using biological traits?There is no connection between characteristics used to classify people into races (such skin colour) and the preconceptions that go along with them. Geographical and environmental factors gradually affect human populations' genetic makeup through natural selection.
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what are the four major groups of mollusks? give examples of each group. which one is distinctly different than the others?
Mollusca is the second-largest animal phylum.
Lives in all freshwater and marine environments.
examples - clams, snails, slugs, and squid.
General features of Mollusca -
1. body has 3 parts- head, foot and visceral mass
2. unsegmented body
3. radula for rasping
4. mantle for shell secretions
5. have larva ( marine forms) - trochophore.
The 4 classes of Mollusca are-
1. Polyplacophora
they are elongate or oval, dorsoventrally flattened, bilaterally symmetrical, marine.
mantle-edge stiffened (called the girdle)
e.g. - chitons, limpets.
2. Gastropoda
muscular foot which is used for "creeping" locomotion
largest group in Mollusca
shell is spiral in shape
e.g.- Haliotis, Pila
3. Bivalvia
Animal with soft body which is protected by a limestone shell.
e.g. - scallops (Pectinidae), oysters (Ostraeidae), pearl oysters
4. Cephalopoda
Are molluscs with large heads, large eyes with grasping tentacles
e.g. - squid, cuttlefish,octopus etc.
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during hdn, the newborn develops hyperbilirubinemia after birth, but not in utero because: a. excretion of unconjugated bilirubin through the placenta into the mother's circulation is no longer possible. b. the liver of the fetus is too immature to conjugate bilirubin from a lipid-soluble to water-soluble form. c. the destruction of erythrocytes producing bilirubin is greater after birth. d. hemoglobin does not break down into bilirubin in the intrauterine environment.
During HDN, the newborn develops hyperbilirubinemia after birth, but not in utero because of the reason: (a) excretion of unconjugated bilirubin through the placenta into the mother's circulation is not possible.
Hyperbilirubinemia is the condition of excessive bilirubin present in the neonate's blood. Bilirubin is formed inside the body when the RBCs break down. The common causes resulting in the condition are: fetal-maternal blood group incompatibility, prematurity, or a previously affected sibling.
Placenta is a tissue formed in the mother's uterus after fertilization. It is the source of providing food and nutrients to the fetus. It is also involved in the removal of wastes.
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Which group of components is common to the circulatory systems of most living animals?.
The group of components common to the circulatory systems of most living animals is: (B) vessels, heart, circulating fluid.
Vessels are the blood vessels that function to transport blood to the whole body. There are three types of blood vessels in human body. These are: arteries, veins and capillaries. Arteries carry blood from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart whereas capillaries are the fine network of vessels that mediate the exchange of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood near the organ.
Heart is the main circulatory organ that pumps blood constantly to the whole body. The heart is made up of cardiac muscles that maintain their movement involuntarily.
The given question is incomplete, the complete question is:
Which three components are common to the circulatory systems of most living animals?
A. arteries, veins, capillaries
B. vessels, heart, circulating fluid
C. aorta, ventricles, atria
D. blood, heart, cavities
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in most animlas, a three-chamber heart would be very inefficient. why does it work well for amphibians
A three-chambered heart works well for amphibians because two atria in the amphibian heart pump blood into the single ventricle at different times, resulting in very little blood mixing.
An amphibian's heart, like the heart of a frog, contains three chambers: one ventricle and two atria. The body receives oxygenated blood from the ventricle as it goes to the lungs, skin, and other organs. Before leaving the heart, blood that has been deoxygenated and blood that has been oxygenated are combined in the ventricle. Compared to the mammalian heart, this is an extremely ineffective mechanism.
However, since amphibians have slower metabolisms, they need less oxygen. Less oxygen consumption reduces the demand on the heart to pump highly oxygenated blood. In light of the fact that amphibians could also take in oxygen through their moist skin, a heart with three chambers is ideal for their needs.
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when observing the reactions within eukaryotic transcription you find there is a greater energy expenditure and several more enzymes and transcription factors than within prokaryotic transcription. the best explanation for this is that
The best explanation for when we observe the reactions within eukaryotic transcription as there is a greater energy expenditure and several more enzymes and transcription factors than within prokaryotic transcription.
Transcriptional elements in eukaryotes can be found far from the transcription start site because DNA is complex with chromatin in these organisms. Because transcription and translation occur at different physical locations, eukaryotic gene expression is more complex than that of prokaryotes. Eukaryotic cells can control the expression of genes at a variety of levels.
Translation starts off while the mRNA is still being created in a prokaryotic cell because transcription and translation are coupled. Although eukaryotes have a membrane-bound nucleus, prokaryotes and eukaryotes carry out transcription in essentially the same way.
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. the medium ground finch (geospiza fortis) and the cactus finch (geospiza scandens) are similar in size and appearance. a. which physical trait varies the most between these two species? b. the medium ground finch and the cactus finch are adapted to consume different types of foods. can you think of a situation in which the medium ground finches would have a survival advantage over the cactus finches? a disadvantage?
Cactus finches have longer beaks than medium ground finches, which is the physical difference between these two species that differs the most.
What species of ground finch are associated to huge cacti?Taxonomy. Darwin's finches, a group of closely related birds that developed on the Galápagos Islands, includes the Espanola cactus finch. The Tiaras grassquits, which may be found in South America and the Caribbean, are linked to the group.
What became of the medium-sized finches?Due of low population sizes, there has been an inbreeding depression in the medium ground finch population. When fitness declines as a result of people mating with genetic relatives, it is known as inbreeding depression. Normal outcomes include a decrease in heterozygosity and a loss of genetic diversity.
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The Opossum, which eats small snakes and berries alike, can fall under which categories within the food web feeding levels? Check all that apply.
A. Producer
B. Primary Consumer
C. Secondary Consumer
D. Tertiary Consumer
explain the role of the descending arm of the loop of henle in relationship to the filtrate. how does this result of descening affect the function of the ascending arm?
The answers include the following below:
The role of the descending arm of the loop of henle in relationship to the filtrate is that it reabsorbs the filtrate from the fluid in the tubular lumen into the blood.The result of descening will affect the function of the ascending arm by a decrease in the level of the urine drained into the distal convoluted tubule.What is Loop of henle?This is referred to as a U-shaped portion of the tubule which conducts urine within each nephron of the kidney and ensures that water and salts are extracted from urine so as to maintain homeostasis.
The loop of henle has a sodium-potassium-chloride cotransporter which aids the reabsorption of minerals and water from the fluid in the tubular lumen into the bloodstream.
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amniocentesis chorionic villus sampling, and multiple marker screening provide important information about the health of the letus to the parents. this knowledge can help parents prepare for the possible birth of a child with a genetic disorder.
A) why are older women more likely to have these tests performed?
B) do you think there should be any restrictions on their use?
Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis show increased risks in older women because it increases the risks of suffering mutations (a) and this procedure may increase the risk of spontaneous abortion (b).
What are chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis?Chorionic villus sampling (or abbreviated as CVS) and amniocentesis are medical procedures used to determine the risk of genetic disorders in a developing embryo, which is associated with the presence of mutations and therefore they have increased risks in older women who are more prone to have mutations.
It is important to highlight that these procedures (Chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis) may increase the risk of abortion.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis are diagnostic procedures used to determine the presence of genetic disorders in the developing embryos and they can affect the rate of spontaneous abortion.
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