The advantage of having the autonomic nervous system (ans) neuron that exits the cord synapse onto a second neuron before the target cell shows regulation.
A synapse is in charge of allowing a chemical or electrical signal to travel from one neuron to another or to the intended cell. Synapses are essential for tying together sensory organs, particularly those that track down and send pain or touch inputs to the brain. Chemical and electrical synapses are two different kinds of synapses.
Through the synapse on the second neuron, the autonomic nervous system (ANS) is able to regulate the physiological functions of other systems. This implies that every component of the physiological processes can be separately controlled by the ANS.
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It can take ____ for the body to process the alcohol in one standard drink (0.6 ounces).
It can take one hour for the body to process the alcohol in one standard drink which is equals to 0.6 ounces.
How much time take by the body to process the alcohol?Our liver can process one ounce of alcohol of standard drink which is equals to 0.6 ounces in one hour. If a person consume more than this amount, the body becomes saturated and the extra alcohol will accumulate in the blood and tissues until it can be metabolized by the body. Alcohol is bad for our health because our senses do not work properly so the consumption of alcohol must be stopped.
So we can conclude that It can take one hour for the body to process the alcohol in one standard drink.
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What evidence exists that humans evolved in africa?
Fossil record of the first possible bipeds is the evidence exists that state humans are evolved in Africa. Modern humans arose in Africa at least 250,000 to 300,000 years ago, fossils and DNA are the evidence that reveals. Scientists have been unable to pinpoint a more specific homeland because the earliest Homo sapiens fossils are found all across Africa.
Humans first evolved in Africa, and much of human evolution occurred on that continent. The fossils of early humans who lived between 6 and 2 million years ago come entirely from Africa. Most scientists currently recognize some 15 to 20 different species of early humans found from Africa.
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Which three endocrine glands are affected by hormones from the anterior pituitary?
There re three glands which affected by hormones from the anterior pituitary - Thyroid gland , Adrenal glands, Gonads.
Pituitary gland secrete hormones which control metabolism, growth, sexual maturation, reproduction, blood pressure ,etc. It secretes cortisol hormones ( stress hormones) which affects endocrine glands. And hypothalamus can control the anterior pituitary functions by production peptide hormones which transfer the signal to brain.
Endocrine glands are the organs which makes hormone for the body that are release directly into the blood then it travels through body tissues and reaches the organs of body . Pituitary gland is divided into two parts - anterior and posterior gland .Anterior pituitary is produced several hormones .
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The receiving chambers of the heart include the ________. The receiving chambers of the heart include the ________. right and left atria right atrium and ventricle left atrium and ventricle right and left ventricles
The receiving chambers of the heart are the right and left atria.
What are the atria?The atria can be defined as two different heart chambers, which are found in the upper area of this organ.
The atria have critical roles during the cardiac cycle by allowing the storage of blood during systole and conduit it in the diastole.
In conclusion, the receiving chambers of the heart include the right and left atria.
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Describing the shape of a spider web observed during an investigation of
living and non-living things in your backyard is an example of *blank*
measurement.
Describing the shape of a spider web observed is an example of nominal measurement.
What is Nominal measurement?This is a type of measurement in which the data or variables are named without any specific order unlike ordinal measurement.
The shape of the web was described without any emphasis on the order which is why it was chosen as the most appropriate choice.
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In a muscle contraction, the force that shortens the sarcomeres comes from the myosin cross-bridges pulling on the?
In a muscle contraction, the force that shortens the sarcomeres comes from the myosin cross-bridges pulling on the actin filaments.
A myosin head essentially functions like a cocked spring that bends and delivers a power stroke when it binds to an actin filament. A single sarcomere is forced to contract and shortens as a result of the power stroke's actin filament sliding past the myosin.
If there is enough ATP and the myosin-binding sites are exposed, myosin binds to actin to start the cross-bridge cycling process. The muscle contracts as the sarcomere shortens. Since this binding cannot take place without calcium, free calcium is a crucial regulator of muscle contraction.
Therefore,In a muscle contraction, the force that shortens the sarcomeres comes from the myosin cross-bridges pulling on the actin filaments.
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Restriction enzymes (endonucleases) are produced by bacteria as a means of protection against which infectious agent?
Restriction endonucleases are components of the bacterial "immune system,". Bacteria cleave unmethylated infecting viral or bacteriophage DNAs at specific locations, inactivating the virus and limiting viral infection. They also methylate their own DNA at specific sites for which they generate a restriction enzyme, protecting it from their own restriction enzymes.
A restriction enzyme is a protein derived from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific places, Depending on how many cutting sites for that particular restriction enzyme is present in the DNA, creating DNA fragments with a known sequence at each end.
For several laboratory techniques, such as genetic engineering and recombinant DNA technologies, restriction enzymes are essential.
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Why can the researches of Robert Hooke and Anton van Leeuwenhoek be considered the beginnings of microscopy and microbiology
Answer:
Biology is the study of living things and their processes of life. Both Hooke and Van Leeuwenhoek made major, early contributions to biology.
Robert Hooke
Robert Hooke is best known for the discovery of the cell. Using a microscope, Hooke looked at the makeup of a piece of cork. Through the microscope, he saw box-like structures. What he saw would later be known as cell walls. He discovered that these structures were cells, the building blocks of all life.
His discovery and future research contributed greatly to the cell theory.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
Leeuwenhoek made his discovery after Hooke, but it was still important. He is best known for the discovery of bacteria. Unlike Hooke, Leeuwenhoek did not study plant cells; instead, he focused on protists (like amoebas) and prokaryotes (like bacteria). For his work with unicellular organisms, he is often called the "Father of Microbiology."
A student set up an experiment to show the effect of light color on photosynthesis in Elodea plants. She filled two test tubes with distilled water and placed a piece of Elodea in each of the tubes. She added a drop of phenol red, which turns red in a basic solution and yellow in an acidic solution. She blew in each tube before placing the volumeters on the top of the tube. Why did she blow into the tube
A student set up an experiment to show the effect of light color on photosynthesis in Elodea plants. She filled two test tubes with distilled water and placed a piece of Elodea in each of the tubes. She added a drop of phenol red, which turns red in a basic solution and yellow in an acidic solution. She blew in each tube before placing the volumeters on the top of the tube to add carbon di oxide.
She blew in the test tubes to add the carbon di oxide to the tube which caused the distilled water to become more acidic so the phenol red turned yellow, and when she exposes the tubes to different set of color lights. So, in the presence of light it turn the water into red color, which shows the process of photosynthesis depending on the wavelength of different color.
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Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full question was…
A student set up an experiment to show the effect of light color on photosynthesis in Elodea plants. She filled two test tubes with distilled water and placed a piece of Elodea in each of the tubes. She added a drop of phenol red, which turns red in a basic solution and yellow in an acidic solution. She blew in each tube before placing the volumeters on the top of the tube. Why did she blow into the tube? Multiple Choice
1) to add oxygen to the tube
2) to add carbon dioxide to the tube
3) to add carbohydrates to the tube
4) to add sodium bicarbonate to the tube
Pulmonary Artery Enlargement on Routine Staging 18F-Fluodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography/CT for Lung and Oesophageal Cancer
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is an underdiagnosed condition associated with poor survival and increased post-operative mortality in lung cancer.
What is pulmonary hypertension?A form of high blood pressure known as pulmonary hypertension affects the arteries in the lungs and the right side of the heart.
Blood arteries in the lungs are constricted, obstructed, or damaged in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), one kind of pulmonary hypertension. Due to the injury, blood pressure in the arteries of the lungs increases and blood flow through the lungs is slowed. Blood must be pumped through the lungs more forcefully by the heart. The increased strain eventually weakens and fails the cardiac muscle.
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What is magmatic differentiation? how might this process lead to the formation of several different igneous rocks from a single magma?
Magmatic differentiation entails approaches by the way in which chemically one-of-a-kind igneous rocks, along with basalt and granite, can shape from the same initial magma excessive-temperature minerals can crystallize and settle out, causing the ultimate molten fabric to be focused with components that may later form rock enriched in low-temperature minerals (along with granite).
The technique by means of which chemically specific igneous rocks, such as basalt and granite, can shape from the equal initial magma.
Magmatic differentiation can arise by way of the chemical response between the magma and the first crystals to solidify out of it, or by the physical separation of the first crystals that shape from the ultimate magma, both thru settling to the bottom of a magma chamber or thru crustal deformations that purpose the remaining magma to be squeezed out to cool in veins.
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Our metabolism, the rate at which food is converted to energy, is controlled by a hormone released by the _____
Thyroid gland
Our body turns the food and liquid you consume into energy through a process known as metabolism. This intricate process releases the energy your body requires to function by combining calories from food and beverages with oxygen.
Anabolism is the process of constructing new body tissues and energy reserves, while catabolism refers to the process of destroying existing body structures and energy reserves to get additional fuel for bodily operations (called catabolism). The thyroid gland produces and secretes a hormone that is crucial in controlling how quickly or slowly the body's chemical reactions for metabolism move. A crucial hormone gland, the thyroid gland is important for the growth, development, and metabolism of the human body. By continuously releasing a regular amount of thyroid hormones into the bloodstream, it aids in the regulation of numerous bodily processes.
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What are the phases of mitosis?
For revision notes
Answer:
Interphase: The first phase in mitosis can be split up into G (growth) and S (synthesis) phases. In the first G phase, the cell increases in size. DNA is synthesized here (to synthesize is to produce a substance by a chemical reaction). Once this happens, the cell undergoes the G2 phase where there is more cell growth and proteins are produced.
Prophase.
1) Preprophase:
In plant cells only, the cell remains where it is and the nucleus moves around the cell before the start of mitosis through the formation of a phragmosome. In this formation, pre-prophase is the formation of microtubules ring and pre-prophase band under the plasma membrane.
2) Prophase:
A lot of things happen here. The DNA, RNA and proteins combined together - chromatin - merge into chromosomes which are held together by a centromere. Spindle fibers as well as microtubles are then formed in the cytoplasm and the cells organelles eventually migrate to opposite sides of the cell. As prophase continues, the cell nucleus membrane breaks up and the chromosomes move towards the center of the cell.
3. Prometaphase:
This is the end of prophase and an early stage of metaphase. The nuclear membrane breaks up. In addition, the microtubules occupy the nuclear space. Each chromosome forms two kinetochores.
Metaphase
During metaphase the chromosomes line up at the center of the cell along a metaphase plate, exactly in the middle of the cell where it is equidistant from each spindle pole. The chromosomes line up at the metaphase plate randomly until they eventually attach to each other.
Anaphase
The attached chromosomes break apart and move to the opposite ends of the cell. Once there, the “daughter” chromosomes split apart forming single chromatids again.
Telophase
In telophase, the chromosomes then become sectioned off into new nuclei and daughter cells. These nuclei develop nuclear envelopes and mitosis is basically complete with two new daughter cells. The daughter cells are formed with genetic information passed on from the parent cell.
Cytokinesis
The final step, cytokinesis actually takes place near the end of telophase where the two daughter cells now formed split apart into individual cells.
This is a separate process from telophase that begins at the same time as the telophase.
Hope this makes sense. Feel free to ask further for any info.
- profparis
Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called ________, in which tiny atoms attached themselves to the outside of a gene.
Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called methylation.
What does methylation do in the body?The methylation cycle is a type of cycle that helps us to do function of both physically and mentally. Many different functions in the body use this methylation process such as nervous, cardiovascular and immune system activity, energy production, heavy-metal detoxification and hormone balance. There are certain genes which become turned on or off when we do exercise, this process is known as methylation.
So we can conclude that Scientists have found that certain genes become turned on or off as a result of exercise mainly through a process called methylation.
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A multicellular organism that has a mouth and lives in an animal host is a(n) Group of answer choices Alga. Bacterium. Fungus. Helminth. Virus.
A multicellular organism with a mouth that lives in an animal host will be a Helminth. The correct option is the third option.
What are Helminthes?They are are group of invertebrate animals known as flatworms.
They are characterized by elongated, roud, or flat bodies. They live mostly as parasites of animals.
They usually have attachment organs that enable them to attach themselves to hosts.
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im in need of help someone someone help me with the question in the picture
Moonlight is sunlight reflected. A star of our Sun's size is typical. The galaxy that houses our Solar System is called the Milky Way.
In the Milky Way Galaxy, which has hundreds of billions of stars, our Sun is but one common star. Electromagnetic radiation from the sun, both visible and invisible, includes heat. Due to the moon's low degree of reflection, very little of the incident "light" that hit the moon is reflected back to the earth. Because we refer to anything connected to our star by the adjective "solar," which comes from the Latin word "solis," our planetary system is known as "the solar system." Our solar system is situated in the Milky Way galaxy's outer spiral arm.
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Proinflammatory cytokines differentially regulate adipocyte mitochondrial metabolism, oxidative stress, and dynamics
Different proinflammatory cytokines control the dynamics, oxidative stress, and metabolism of adipocyte mitochondria.
Insulin resistance, the precursor of type 2 diabetes mellitus, has been mechanistically related to macrophage infiltration of adipose tissue and continuous low-grade generation of inflammatory cytokines. In this investigation, we used the 3T3-L1 model cell system to assess the long-term effects of TNF, IL-6, and IL-1 on adipocyte mitochondrial metabolism and morphology. An increase in proton leak, a decrease in membrane potential, an increase in basal respiration, and a decrease in ATP turnover were all caused by the TNF treatment of cultured adipocytes. While IL-6 and IL-1 lowered maximum respiratory capacity, they exhibited different impacts on ATP turnover, proton leak, and baseline respiration and had no effect on membrane potential.
Only TNF treatment increased oxidative stress (as indicated by protein carbonylation and superoxide anion generation) and C16 ceramide formation in 3T3-L1 cells. When 3T3-L1 adipocytes were treated with cytokines, the mRNA expression of several important transcription factors and regulatory proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, including PGC1 and eNOS, as well as COXIV and Cyt CCyt C, was reduced. TNF solely caused mitochondrial fragmentation, lowered the total level of Opa1 while increased Opa1 cleavage, and had no influence on the expression of levels of mitofusin 2, DRP1, or mitofilin. Each cytokine had effects on the expression of mitochondrial markers. Overall, our findings show that inflammatory cytokines affect adipocyte metabolism differently and specifically, although they all result in reduced mitochondrial activity and a re-programming of fat cell biology.
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The ________ valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure.
The Aortic valve opens when left ventricular pressure exceeds aortic blood pressure.
The pulmonary valve and aortic valve, two one-way valves that divide the ventricles from the main arteries, are known as semilunar valves. The pulmonary valve divides the right ventricle from the pulmonary artery, while the aortic valve divides the left ventricle from the aorta.
when the semilunar valves open and the ventricular pressure surpasses the arterial pressure, they are injected into the major arteries. However, arterial pressure rises when the ventricles relax.
The semilunar valves close due to ventricular pressure. Because of the increased pressures in the seal semilunar valve, the aorta, and the pulmonary artery force the flow back toward the ventricles.
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Match each word to it's correct meaning.
1. chlorophyll
2. chloroplast
3. palisade layer
4. photosynthesis
small oval bodies containing
chlorophyll
layer of cells near the top surface of
the leaf that contains the chloroplasts
green chemical that performs
photosynthesis
food-making process in green
plants
Number and laminar distribution of neurons in a thalamocortical projection column of rat vibrissal cortex.
The quantity and arrangement of NeuN-positive neurons in the C2, D2, and D3 TC projection columns in the P27 rat somatosensory barrel cortex based on a thorough identification of neurons in a thalamocortical projection column of rat vibrissal cortex.
The main sources of cortical activity in sensory areas5 and associative brain areas, like the frontal cortex10–12, are thalamocortical projections. There are approximately 40 nuclei in the thalamus4,13,14, and each one innervates a unique combination of cortical regions.
Thalamocortical radiations, also known as thalamocortical fibers, serve as functional relays transmitting sensory or motor information from the thalamus to various regions of the cerebral cortex. Thalamocortical radiations are parallel channels that connect particular thalamic nuclei with particular cortical regions. In individuals with psychosis, there are two unique patterns of thalamocortical connection.
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The _____ maps patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption in the brain.
Answer: PET scan, positron-emission tomography
The PET scan, positron-emission tomography maps patterns of blood flow, oxygen use, and glucose consumption in the brain.
An imaging test called a positron emission tomography (PET) scan enables your doctor to look for disorders inside your body. A specific dye with radioactive tracers is used during the scan. Depending on the area of the body being investigated, these tracers may be ingested, breathed, or administered via injection into a vein in your arm.PET scans are used to find early indications of heart disease, cancer, and brain issues. Infected cells are discovered using an injectable radioactive tracer. A PET-CT combo scan generates 3D pictures for a more precise diagnosis.Measure essential processes like blood flow, oxygen consumption, and blood sugar (glucose) metabolism with a PET scan. Find the organs and tissues that aren't functioning properly. To determine the extent of the cancer, find malignant tumor cells.learn more about PET scan here: https://brainly.com/question/7436350
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Underestimation of blood pressure will occur if the blood pressure cuff's width covers?
In adult blood pressure cuff size is 181 from 25 to 7 year old, which is allocated to random sequence that the measurement of blood pressure using a cuff .
systolic and diastolic blood pressure is underestimated from 3 to 5 mm Hg in men and 1 to 3 mm Hg in women's .Blood pressure cuff is a monitor which used to measure the blood pressure. Its is composed of inflatable cuff to collapse and release the artery under the process.
Mercury and anterior used to measure the blood pressure . The cuff is wrapped around your arms in upper side and inflated to stop the flow of blood in arteries.
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Rudolph the Reindeer has a red nose (n), which is a recessive trait. Betsy the Reindeer has a black nose (N), which is a dominant trait, and she does not carry the recessive allele. Assume the rules of human genetics also apply to reindeer. If Rudolph and Betsy have a calf, what will its genotype be?
According to the rules of human genetics, if Betsy and Rudolph have a calf it will have a black nose.
What are alleles?
The substance that is stably passed down, unchanged, from parent to offspring through the gametes, over successive generations is called as ‘factors’ now called as genes.Genes, therefore, are the units of inheritance. They contain the information that is required to express a particular trait in an organism. Genes which code for a pair of contrasting traits are known as alleles, i.e., they are slightly different forms of the same gene.Since Betsy has a dominant trait and doesn't carry any recessive gene and Rudolf has a recessive trait, their phenotypes will be NN and nn respectively. Mendel proposed that in a pair of dissimilar factors, one dominates the other and hence is called the dominant factor while the other factor is recessive. In this case N (for black nose) is dominant over n (for red nose), that is recessive. From the punnet square it is seen that the all the fertilisations lead to individuals having 'black nose' only and none of them will have 'red nose'. Within the genotypic pair Nn only one character N 'black nose' is expressed. Hence the character N or ‘black nose’ is said to dominate over the other allele n or ‘red nose’ character. It is thus due to this dominance of one character over the other that all the calf will have 'black nose' with Nn as the genotype.To learn more about punnet square:
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Match each type of cause with the source that could shed light on that cause.
records related to the
and export of goods
population records related
to births and deaths
records related to
the use of certain wordspaintings, photographs,
and filmsletters and diaries of
ordinary peoplerecords related to banks
and financial transactions
Economic causes: records related to the and export of goods; records related to banks and financial transactions
Social causes: population records related to births and deaths; records related to the use of certain words
Cultural causes: paintings, photographs, and films; letters and diaries of
ordinary people.
Note that the complete question is found in the attached image.
What are the causes listed?The causes given are economic causes, social causes and cultural causes.
Economic causes deals with things that affect how to satisfy man's needs and wants, Social causes deals how humans relate, and Cultural causes deals with the way of life of a people.
The items and the correct causes are as follows:
Economic causes: records related to the and export of goods; records related to banks and financial transactions
Social causes: population records related to births and deaths; records related to the use of certain words
Cultural causes: paintings, photographs, and films; letters and diaries of
ordinary people.
In conclusion, the causes considered are economic , social and cultural, causes.
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Relatively speaking, how much atp is produced by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle?
2 ATPs are produced in the TCA cycle per glucose molecule (2 acetyl CoA).
The ATP that is produced by glycolysis and the citric acid cycle is, both yield a small amount of ATP.
Citric acid cycle is also known as Krebs cycle, which breaks down the pyruvic acid to carbon dioxide. As a result to which it produces 2 ATP and 6 NADH, for every glucose molecule entering glycolysis.
Krebs cycle is a series of reactions that occurs in the matrix of mitochondria. It takes in acetyl CoA and produces carbon dioxide.
The overall yield of energy-containing compounds from the citric acid cycle is three NADH, one FADH2, and one GTP.
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A scientist wishes to develop a new drug that prevents synaptic communication via neuropeptides but not small molecule neurotransmitters. Which mechanism would be a good target for his drug
Disruption of axonal transport would be a good target for his drug.
What is disruption of axonal transport?Axonal transport defects are among the early molecular events leading to neurodegeneration in mouse models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS).Gene expression profiles indicate that dynactin-1 mRNA is downregulated in degenerating spinal motor neurons of autopsied patients with sporadic ALS. Disruption of axonal transport also underlies the pathogenesis of spinal muscular atrophy and hereditary spastic paraplegias.The neurotoxin β,β′-iminodipropionitrile (IDPN) selectively disrupts slow axonal transport without affecting fast anterograde or retrograde axonal transport.Impairment of slow axonal transport causes a proximal accumulation of neurofilaments. Because neurofilaments regulate axonal diameter, this accumulation leads to a marked swelling of the axon.Acrylamide causes decreased axonal transport, also causing proximal accumulations of neurofilaments and swelling.To learn more about axonal transport,
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Which explanation is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole
Founder effect is most likely for a particular human population with a higher incidence of polydactyly (extra fingers/toes) than the human population as a whole.
In population genetics, the basic effect is the loss of genetic variation that occurs when a new population is founded by a very small number of individuals from a larger population. As a result of the loss of genetic variation, the new population may differ significantly, both genotypically and phenotypically, from the parent population from which it originates. In extreme cases, the founder effect is thought to lead to speciation and the subsequent evolution of new species The founder effect is a form of genetic drift. This is a phenomenon in which a new population is derived from a small isolated group of individuals. The new population is genetically different from the parent populations. The founder effect can arise from cultural isolation. For example, the Amish population in the United States exhibits a founder effect because it grew from very few founders, they do not have any newcomers, and tends to marry within the same community.
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HELP!
Which characteristics do all bony and jawless fish have in common? Check all that apply.
backbone
swim bladder
scales
gills
bony skeleton
The bony skeleton and gills are common in bony and jawless fishes
Both cartilaginous and bony fish have an endoskeleton. bony fish and fish with cartilage both have gills for breathing. bony fish and fish with cartilage both have jaws in their mouths. Fish with bony bones and fish with cartilage both have paired fins. They are unable to regulate their internal body temperature.
Their core body temperature is comparable to the ambient temperature. The majority of jawless fish have paired gill chambers, sometimes as many as seven, and a cartilage-based skeleton. Bony fish have gills on the sides of their heads and are scale-covered. While jawed fish ventilate their gills unidirectionally, with water streaming in at the mouth and out over the gills, the jawless fish ventilate their gill pouches with tidal water flow.
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When the number of enzymes needed to break down a drug in the liver increases, it is called:_______
When the number of enzymes needed to break down a drug in the live increases , its is called as Cytochrome P-450 enzymes. It is a group of enzymes that helps in to breakdown to drug via primary mechanism for metabolizing .
Drug metabolism are the breakdown by living organism .and they divided into three phases , first is cytocromes p450 oxidases which react into xenobiotic . second phase is where compounds conjugated to polar compounds. in last phase conjugated xenobiotics processed and converted into lipophilic compounds.
Some drug such as rifampin, work as a inducers they increase the P-450 enzymes level in the liver.
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The collection of organisms and their nonliving surroundings that functions as a unit is called:__________.
The collection of organisms and their nonliving surroundings that functions as a unit is called ecosystem. There are two kinds of ecosystem:
Aquatic ecosystems (ecosystems dependent on water) Terrestrial ecosystems are those found on land.Biomes are broad classifications of terrestrial ecosystems based chiefly on climate. Tropical rain forests, savannas, deserts, coniferous forests, and tundra are a few examples of nonliving surroundings in terrestrial biomes. According to the definition of an aquatic ecosystem, it is a water-based environment. Aquatic environments are of two types: marine ecosystems and freshwater ecosystems. The organisms included different fish species, crayfish, turtles and sharks etc.
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