Viral receptors are the general term used to describe the viral component that binds to a host cell for attachment purposes.
When referring to a particular molecule or structure that aids in viral attachment on the surface of host cells, the word "receptor" should be used. The molecule(s) on the surface of the virus that binds to the receptor is referred to as "ligands." The term "viral envelope" refers to the structure that surrounds the capsid of certain viruses. All viruses use a specific type of glycoprotein to bind to viral receptors on their host cells, which are cellular molecules.
Once a virus has attached itself to and entered the host cell by breaking through the cell wall or membrane, viral replication can start. The protein covering the viral genome is removed, and the viral genome is then injected into the host cell.
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Lancelets display how many of the four major characteristics of the phylum chordata?.
Lancelets display all four major characteristics of the phylum Chordata.
The order Amphioxiformes includes approximately 32 species of fish-like maritime chordates known as "lancelets." They are widespread throughout the world and can be found in the sand in tropical and temperate waters.
Like all cephalochordates, the lancelet has a head. The four essential characteristics of chordates remain in adult lancelets: pharyngeal slits, which filter out food particles, receive water from the mouth. a notochord, a hollow nerve cord on the dorsal side, and a tail. The atriopore is where filtered water leaves the body and collects in the atrium.
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when during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible under a microscope? multiple choice only when they are being copied only during interphase chromosomes are always visible only during the g1 phase
Chromosomes are visible under a microscope during mitosis, more specifically when they're being copied.
During interphase, chromosomes are not really visible under a microscope. It's because they only exist in the form of loosely condensed chromatin fibers in this phase, making them hard to see.
Chromosomes only began to become visible during prophase, when centrioles start to move to the opposite poles of the cell. In this phase, chromatin is condensed, which makes individual chromosomes become visible. It will stay visible until the end of cell division but is most easily visualized during the metaphase (the phase that follows prophase).
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What type of hormones use second messengers in a cascade of reactions that trigger a cell response?.
G-protein use second messengers in a cascade of reactions that trigger a cell response
Understanding G-protein
G protein plays a role in managing the initial (extracellular) signal received by the receptor and then forwarding it into the cell (intracellular) which triggers the activation of cellular responses, namely effector proteins that play a role in various cell responses such as development, growth, hormone regulation, et al. The scalar here refers to the role of the on/off G protein in managing signal transduction.
This protein is a push button located next to a specific protein receptor on the cell, this protein can trigger the activation of a protein (effector protein) such as an enzyme. The G protein is able to bind to the guanosine-5′-triphosphate (GTP) molecule, the message it carries is a specific signal transduction. The first activation is able to produce effector proteins that will later form the second messenger (second message), the second message can forward the first message to carry out an intracellular response, for example a common effector protein such as adenylyl cylase can produce cAMP as a second message. Other second messages include inositol phosphate and calcium ions.
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you are infected with a pathogen; it is your first exposure to this pathogen. the first antibody types that will eventually appear in your blood to help fight this infection will be: a. iga b. igd c. ige d. igg e. igm
Igm the first antibody types that will eventually appear in your blood to help fight this infection.
What does the medical term IgM mean?Inflammatory globulin M (IgM): This is the initial antibody the body produces to combat a new infection, and it is primarily found in blood and lymph fluid. IgE, or immune globulin E: Typically present in blood in trace levels. Increased levels may occur when the body overreacts to allergens or is battling a parasitic infection.
Why is IgM positivity significant?When a virus infects, the immune system often produces IgM as the initial antibody. An IgM test that is positive suggests that you may have just been exposed to an infection, had a vaccination, and your immune system is now responding to the vaccine.
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Consider the individuals shaded in green in the diagram.
What kind of allele results in the trait the individuals are expressing?
Answer:
Dominant allele is resulted in the trait
What structure is in some plant cells but not all
Answer: The vacuole is found in some plants cells but not all of them like the Mature cells.
Explanation:
which human activity is responsible for overloading the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles? overhunting of wild game species clearcutting of forests for lumber runoff of fertilizer from agricultural areas increased uptake of water in urban areas
The human activity which is responsible for overloading the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles is runoff of fertilizer from agricultural areas.
What is fertilizer?In general, fertilizers are described as "any item, organic or inorganic, natural or manufactured, which supplies one or more of the chemical elements essential for the growth of the plant." The three fundamental plant nutrients—nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium—are included in the majority of fertilizers used in agriculture.
What is the use of fertilizer in agriculture?Fertilizers are supplementary materials that are given to the crops to boost productivity. Farmers utilize these on a regular basis to boost crop productivity. Fertilizers give plants the nutrients potassium, phosphorus, and nitrogen so they can grow larger, more quickly, and generate more food. Every living thing on Earth needs nutrients to develop, but nitrogen in particular is crucial.
Thus from the above conclusion we can say that the human activity which is responsible for overloading the nitrogen and phosphorus cycles is runoff of fertilizer from agricultural areas.
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which of the following occurrences describes how recombination between linked genes comes about? group of answer choices independent assortment sometimes fails. nonrecombinant chromosomes break and then rejoin with one another. linked genes travel together at anaphase. crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange.
crossovers between these genes result in chromosomal exchange.
Linked genes move along at the same anaphase.
Genes that are near to one another on the same chromosome are linked and move through meiosis together. As a result, related genes do not assort separately.
The genes are positioned near together if the recombination frequency is low; however, if it is high, the genes are spread out.
Every trait is inherited independently of every other trait, according to Gregor Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment.
The genes independently assort if they are situated on various chromosomes.
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which molecule or reaction supplies the energy for polymerization of nucleotides in the process of transcription? atp only the phosphate bonds in the nucleotide triphosphates that serve as substrates the energy released when hydrogen bonds are broken as the dna molecule is unwound the interaction between rna polymerase and the promoter
The phosphate bonds in the nucleotide triphosphate substrates supply the energy needed for the polymerization of nucleotides during transcription.
comprises the polymerization of nucleotides to produce water molecules and phosphodiester bonds. Nucleotides are frequently found in the final structure, which resembles the core of an RNA molecule.
Long, unbranched polymers of nucleotides are known as nucleic acids. Pentose, a nitrogen base, as well as a phosphate group make up each nucleotide monomer.
Despite the fact that an enzyme is a part of the polymerization process, the overall reaction is really only an esterification between an alcohol and a phosphoric acid. The alcohol group is on the 3 end of the sugar, and the phosphorus acid group is on the 5 end of the nucleotide's next-reacting nucleotide.
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Which statement best represents the process through which evolution occurs?
Responses
Answer:
Theory of evolution states that the organisms which are fit will survive and they will be able to increase their generations
inputs of cellular respiration are oxygen and chemical potential energy. outputs of cellular respiration are: group of answer choices water, glucose, and sucrose. carbon dioxide, water, and atp. carbon dioxide, glucose, and fructose. water and energy in the form of adp.
The output of the cellular respiration are Carbon dioxide, water, and ATP.
Cell respiration is a sequence of chemical reactions that wreck down glucose to provide ATP, which may be used as power to strength many reactions at some point of the frame. There are 3 major steps of cellular respiration: glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation.
Cellular respiration is the manner that occurs in the mitochondria of organisms (animals and plants) to interrupt down sugar in the presence of oxygen to release power in the form of ATP. This procedure releases carbon dioxide and water as waste products.
There are two sorts of mobile breathing (see mobile breathing concept): aerobic and anaerobic. One happens inside the presence of oxygen (cardio), and one happens inside the absence of oxygen (anaerobic). both begin with glycolysis - the splitting of glucose.
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the parts of the tongue that perform the same function as rods and cones of the eye are the group of answer choices taste buds. papillae. basilar membranes. pacinian corpuscles.
Taste buds is the parts of the tongue that perform the same function as rods and cones of the eye .
Human retina has two types of photoreceptors rods are responsible for vision at low light levels, cones are responsible for vision at higher light levels. Like wise Taste buds contain the taste receptor cells, which are also known as gustatory cells.
Taste buds are sensory organs that are found on your tongue and allow you to experience tastes that are sweet, salty, sour, and bitter. The taste receptors are located around the small structures known as papillae found on the upper surface of the tongue.
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the human bacterial pathogen neisseria gonorrhoeae contains pilin, proteins that invoke an immune response. the amount of the pathogen eventually declines when the host antibodies recognize the pilin. however, the pathogen has replicated and have new pilin, so the old immune response is no longer effecive. this pathogen is successful in the host because:
Pathogen Neisseria gonorrhoeae is capable of evading host immune defenses through a variety of mechanisms, including ongoing alterations in the antigenic structure of its surface, resistance to complement-mediated bacteriolysis, and perhaps the synthesis of IgA1 protease.
The effects of gonorrhea on the body?The body may use inflammatory cells like neutrophils to fight off NG invasion in the case of a gonococcal infection, or it may start its adaptive immune response by presenting an antigen to get rid of the pathogen. The infection is challenging to eradicate due to NG's numerous immune escape strategies.
Can you become resistant to gonorrhea?It is generally known that gonorrhea can be contracted repeatedly without any visible development of a protective immunity due to prior infections. A purulent discharge is a sign of symptomatic infection, but it is unclear how the host will react.
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Marine Science How does a sperm whale’s body adjust to hydrostatic pressure? please explain
Sperm whales have the ability to plunge down to 2000m which is 200 atmospheres in pressure. This pressure is continuously exerted on the top of its body. Now, whales have access to reserve oxygen in their blood and muscles.
What is Hydrostatic pressure?Hydrostatic pressure may be defined as a type of pressure that is generated by the force of fluid within or outside of the capillary on the capillary wall. The migration of blood from one region to another stimulates some sort of hydrostatic pressure.
As Whales have more than 2x the hemoglobin in their blood while humans have 10x the myoglobin. A sperm whale can plunge down more than 2,000 meters and can remain inundated for up to an hour.
The fluid of the sperm whale hardens as strongly as wax when it is exposed to cold. This supports the whale altering its buoyancy so it can dive deep and rise again.
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when the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues, a(n) develops. a) autoimmune disease b) immunodeficiency disease c) allergic response d) cross-reaction e) agglutination reaction
When the immune response mistakenly targets normal body cells and tissues develops an autoimmune disease.
When the body's natural defense system can't distinguish between your cells and alien cells, it develops an autoimmune illness and unintentionally attacks healthy cells. Autoimmune illnesses come in more than 80 different varieties and affect many different body parts.
Fundamentally, autoimmune illness develops when the immune system, one of the body's natural defenses, attacks healthy tissue. There are various theories among researchers as to why this occurs. The immune system activates and launches an attack when the body detects a virus or infection as a threat.
More than 80 autoimmune illnesses afflict over 4% of the world's population, the most prevalent of which are type 1 diabetes, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis, lupus, and Crohn's disease.
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which type of pacing involves the placement of large patch electrodes on the anterior and posterior chest wall that can be connected by a cable to an external pulse generator?
Large patch electrodes that may be connected to an external pulse generator are placed on the anterior and posterior chest walls during transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP). Since there is only one form of pacing that may be accessed from the outside, that type is transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP).
Transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP) is a short-term method for pacing a patient's heart in an emergency and stabilizing them until a better long-term method of pacing is found. Electric current pulses are administered via the patient's chest to cause the heart to contract.
In conscious patients, transcutaneous cardiac pacing (TCP) enables quick, effective, and noninvasive ventricular stimulation to treat symptomatic bradycardias, including atropine-resistant unstable bradycardia in the emergency room.
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nmda receptors: a. are found in the hippocampal formation. b. control a sodium ion channel. c. are metabotropic receptors. d. are activated by serotonin. e. are a type of dopamine receptor.
Nmda receptors include metabotropic receptors, which are a subclass of membrane receptors that use signal transduction processes instead of forming an ion channel pore.
How do metabotropic receptors work?Metabotropic receptors are really a subclass of membrane receptors which do not create an ion channel pore but instead use signaling molecules mechanisms, frequently G proteins, to trigger a cascade of intracellular actions via second messenger chemicals.
How do metabotropic receptors function?When a neurotransmitter binds to a metabotropic receptor, G-proteins are activated. After the receptor is released, the G-protein interacts with ion channels directly or binds to other effector proteins, including such enzymes, to produce intracellular messengers that opens and closes ion channels.
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what environmental variables might affect the net rate of photosynthesis? list at least two. why do you think they would affect it? how do you predict they would affect it? 3. what features or variables of the plant leaves might affect the net rate of photosynthesis? how and why? 4. could the way you perform the procedure affect the outcome? of the outcome changes, does it mean the net rate of photosynthesis has changed? why do you think that?
Photosynthesis is one of the most process in the plants and there are large number of factors like sunlight, oxygen, CO2, water etc. that affect the rate of photosynthesis.
1. the plant's exposure to temperature, carbon dioxide levels, and light levels. Because photons of light energy are required to excite the electrons in the thylakoid membrane, these parameters will have an impact on the photosynthesis process. In the absence of sufficient CO2, Rubisco will adhere O2 to RuBP rather than CO2.
3. The amount of water in the plant is a variable that might have an impact on the net rate of photosynthesis. The stomata are closed in plants with high water content, whereas they are open in plants with low water content. The stomata enable carbon dioxide to enter plant cells, ultimately performing photosynthesis.
4. Yes, while using a different kind of plant during the performance, the technique could modify the final result. The rate of photosynthesis may have sped up or slowed down if the leaves didn't drop to the bottom after being placed inside the container. I think this because, in contrast to the leaves that had sunk, the leaves that were suspended in the middle of the container had an advantage when ascending to the top.
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19.in the context of molecular genetics, how does one reconcile the terms overlapping genes and nonoverlapping code?
A DNA sequence can contain many gene products (overlapping genes), but no one nucleotide can be used by more than one codon at a period (i.e., genetic code is non overlapping).
What does mean by overlapping?1: to cross or surpass and encompass a portion of There are gaps between the roof shingles. 2: to share a characteristic with the baseball season, which begins in September and ends with the football season. unchanging verb. 1: to partially occupy the same space The two towns are adjacent.
What is overlapping explain their types?The overlapping orbitals sigma () and pi () are of two different sorts. Two orbital angular momentum, one on each atom, that overlap to produce both bonds.
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Energy efficient appliances can greatly reduce the amount of energy used in a household, saving money and conserving resources. Should appliance manufacturers be required by law to only build energy efficient appliances?
Our electricity costs make up about 30% of our monthly expenses, and some families spend even more. It is difficult to produce electricity, and there are significant environmental risks involved. Because of this, groups and the government are promoting people to produce and buy energy-saving and tools and practices.
benefit of energy efficient appliances
It saves money; as a result, the majority of appliance manufacturers are now producing energy-efficient equipment. These appliances used to be a little pricey, but they are now more reasonable. However, some people find it difficult to use energy-saving gadgets. Your home's energy bills are strongly correlated with how much energy you use at home or in your business. The amount of energy consumed in your home will drastically decrease if you utilize energy-efficient appliances
It also saves energy; the energy consumption in your home will be greatly decreased when you utilize energy-efficient equipment, which will result in lower energy costs. Energy-efficient gadgets have the noticeable quality of using little energy when operating. This implies that you will save a lot of energy using these appliances, and you can use that energy to complete other jobs around the house.
In conclusion, energy-saving bulbs, solar water heaters, and booster water heaters are a few common examples of energy-efficient appliances. These appliances' construction permits them to function at low energy and temperature settings, which enables them to continue working until their tasks are finished.
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hich statement describes the environmental impact of developing countries? individuals in these countries have to degrade the environment to meet basic needs. these countries leave the largest ecological footprint. individuals in these countries benefit from efficient food distribution systems. these countries rely on technology to improve
The statement which describes the environmental impact of developing countries accurately is : Individuals in these countries have to degrade the environment to meet basic needs.
Pollution is one of several environmental issues confronting the globe today. In developing countries, the effects of pollution are more severe, causing millions of people each year to suffer from poor health, pass away, or become disabled. Developed nations have the means and tools to fight pollution.
The high levels of pollution in developing countries are caused by a combination of reasons including low income levels, high costs of improvement, political problems that hinder effective governance, and market failures.
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Used within animal cells to help the cell divide?
Answer:
Every animal-like cell has two small organelles called centrioles. They are there to help the cell when it comes time to divide. They are put to work in both the process of mitosis and the process of meiosis.
Explanation:
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why did kohler and lipton start by repeating a previous experiment? they wanted to make sure they could reproduce the results in their own laboratory. the more times the same result is obtained, the more confidence a researcher has in the results. they wanted to confirm that chicken cells behave similarly to mouse cells. they wanted a baseline for comparison to further studies involving purified platelet proteins. all of the answer options are correct.
To make sure that they could reproduce the results in their own laboratory, Kohler and Lipton started by repeating a previous experiment.
The experimental research is a methodical and scientific approach to study where the researcher manipulates one or more variables, controls the change in other variables, and assesses the change. When repeating a previous experiment, Kohler and Lipton may be trying to reproduce the results already known in their own laboratory. If the results were produced same, they would be more confident about the experiment. Or if the result was not the same, they would have derived a new explanation for the scientific hypothesis.
A hypothesis is often accepted as true or rejected as erroneous based on the outcomes of scientific evaluation. Even theories that have been proven accurate by scientific evidence are, however, subject to later rejection when new data becomes available since a hypothesis is intrinsically falsifiable.
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complex structures like supramolecular systems and organelles are formed from macromolecules through the process of
The method by which organelles and other complex structures like systems are created.
Which organelle is the most important?The nuclear is arguably the most significant cellular organelle. In fact, the mere existence of a core is seen to be one of a eukaryotic cell's distinguishing characteristics. Since this structure is where the cell cycle is stored and where the process of reading it starts, it is extremely Since this structure is where the cell cycle is stored and where the process of reading it starts, it is extremely.
What are functions of organelle?Cytosolic components known as organelles perform tasks required to keep the cell's homeostasis in check. They have a part in a variety of functions, including the production of proteins and secretions, the elimination of toxins, and the interpretation of outside signals.
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a new hormone is discovered that appears to play a role in bone development. the hormone is hydrophilic and composed of several amino acids. how should this hormone be classified?
Hormonal transport, because some hormones are water soluble, they can move around freely in the circulation (hydrophilic). Since the steroid hormones are fat soluble and hydrophobic, transport proteins must bind to and move them (like albumin and globulins which are blood proteins produced by the liver).
The membrane is permeable to hydrophobic hormones, which allow them to diffuse through and engage with an intracellular receptor. Contrarily, hydrophilic hormones need to engage cell membrane receptors in order to function. These are frequently linked to a G protein, which is activated as soon as the hormone binds the receptor.Our brain's pituitary gland produces growth hormone, which controls how tall we get, how long our bones get, and how big our muscles get.
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a lineage of fossil mammals shows unusual stability over time for size. modeling and statistical analysis rule out genetic drift as an explanation for the pattern. what is the most likely cause for this pattern?
The most likely cause for this pattern is stabilizing selection. When the population stabilizes on a given characteristic value and genetic variation declines, stabilizing selection takes place.
Stabilizing selection is a kind of natural selection in which the population mean stabilizes on a specific non-extreme trait value. Because most qualities don't seem to change significantly over time, this is regarded to be natural selection's most frequent mode of operation.
High and low birth weights are associated with decreased survival in both males and females, making birth weight a classic example of a feature that is subject to strong stabilizing selection.
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23) The limit of change resulted from the regeneration process is very clear in …..
Crabs
Planaria
Humans
Frogs
The limit of change resulted from the regeneration process is very clear in option B: Planaria
Has Planaria the ability to regenerate?Most fishes and salamanders have limited limb regeneration, while larval frogs and toads have tail regeneration (but not adults). After being amputated, a salamander's or a triton's entire limb will continue to develop.
Therefore, Planarians are flatworms (phylum Platyhelminthes) that live in freshwater bodies, and their capacity for regeneration has long been known (Pallas, 1766; Dalyell, 1814). In a procedure that takes days to weeks, planarians can regenerate new heads, tails, sides, or even complete organisms from tiny body parts.
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The ______ of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.
The Joint capsule of a synovial joint encloses the joint and prevents bone ends from being pulled apart.
The joints of the limbs and other bones that rub up against one another are examples of synovial joints (e.g. shoulder, hip, elbow and knee). It has a fluid-filled joint cavity as a defining characteristic.
The ends of the bones are covered in slick cartilage in a synovial joint. A synovial membrane-lined joint capsule that produces synovial fluid surrounds and protects the two of them. The fluid, muscles, and connective tissues are shielded by the capsule.
The synovial joint's interior is enclosed by the joint capsule, which resembles a sac-like membrane. The bone ends of each involved bone have specific attachment zones where the joint capsule, which is a dense fibrous connective tissue, is attached.
Hence when the bone is pulled apart this joint capsule protects the joint.
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nuclieotide that is substituted for thymine in an rna molecule
Explanation:
uracil.
uracil is present in RNA instead of thymine.
the protein molecule formed in-vivo when a foreign material is introduced into an immunocompetent individual is a
Antibodies are protein molecules that the body produces in reaction to the introduction of foreign substances (also known as antigens or immunogens).
When an organism's immune system comes into contact with a foreign molecule for the first time (usually a protein), specialized cells like dendritic cells and macrophages seize the molecule and start to break it down so that they can transmit these antigens to B cell lymphocytes. A process known as somatic hypermutation enables the B cell to start coding for a new antibody after antigen presentation to the B cell lymphocytes has taken place. This antibody will have a distinctive Antigen Binding Site in the variable region that can bind specifically to an epitope from the antigen.
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