Nucleotide excision repair, base excision repair, double-strand break repair, and damage reversal are some of the mechanisms for repairing DNA damage.
What a nucleotide looks like in practise.The basic unit of a nucleic acid is assumed to be a nucleotide (e.g. DNA and RNA). A nucleic acid is a member of the major classes of macromolecules (the others are carbohydrates, proteins, and amino acids).
What are the main functions of nucleotides?Nucleotides have a variety of functions in animal physiology, including those of energy storage, transporters of active intermediates for biosynthesis, architectural moieties for coenzymes, & metabolic regulators.
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Which axis indirectly shows the relative amount of dna per cell? by what relationship?.
The x-axis indirectly shows the relative amount of DNA per cell. As the DNA was stained, there is a relationship between fluorescence and DNA content.
The x-axis does not show the relative amount of DNA per cell directly. It can be seen through a special type of graph known as a histogram. If we look at it, peaks and dips can be seen as similar to fluorescence.
This indirectly shows the relative amount of DNA per cell. This confirms the relationship between the fluorescence and the relative amount of DNA in the cell.
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What macromolecule does the human body use
as its primary energy SOURCE?
A. carbohydrates
B. nucleic acids
C. DNA
D. RNA
Answer:
A
Explanation:
The spread of cancer cells to other locations in the body is known as __________.
The spread of cancer cells to other locations in the body is known as Metastasis.
Metastasis is the condition were cancer breaks away from the place of their origin they travel from blood and lymph were they form new tumor cells .
The cancer that separate from one part of the body to other is Metastasis cancer. They are also known as stage IV of cancer were it become highly contagious and spread with very fast pace. This metastasis of cancer brings most lethal consequences to the disease may considered as the last stage of disease .
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A bird species that lives in an environment with constant climate and food resources is most likely to show an evolutionary pattern of.
A bird species that lives in an environment with constant climate and food resources is most likely to show an evolutionary pattern of gradual speciation.
In the field of biology, gradual speciation can be described as the evolutionary process by which changes in a species occur in small steps over a long period of time.
A bird species that have a constant food supply and a constant climate does not need to adapt to any changes in the environment as its requirements are constant. Such species will not change rapidly due to natural selection. Any change in these bird species will be a gradual one occurring over a long period of time.
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how could decomposers be added to the diagram which parts of the food web do they effect
Decomposers forms the final link in the food chain. They break down dead animals and plants and return vital nutrients to the soil.
Decomposers consume dead items, including wood and leaf litter from dead plants, animal corpses, and human waste. They are Earth's cleanup staff, and they do a great job. Dead leaves, dead insects, and dead animals would accumulate everywhere if decomposers weren't present. Just picture how the world might appear!
More importantly, decomposers enable the primary producers of an ecosystem, typically plants and algae, to access essential nutrients. Complex organic materials are broken down by decomposers into simpler compounds that contain calcium, nitrogen, and phosphorus as well as water and carbon dioxide. These are all things that plants require in order to grow.
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carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazone (cccp) is an ionophore that allows the free passage of protons through membranes and is a metabolic poison of mitochondria. a researcher tested cccp on the green alga hydrodictyon africanum. results showed that co2 fixation was severely inhibited, whereas o2 release and production of nadph were only mildly affected. what is the most likely explanation of the results for the inhibition of carbon fixation?
The most likely explanation of the results for the inhibition of carbon fixation is CCCP disrupts the synthesis of ATP at the mitochondrial membrane.
What is CCCP?Cаrbonylcyаnide-3-chlorophenylhydrаzone (CCCP) is а protonophore, which cаuses uncoupling of proton grаdient in the inner mitochondriаl membrаne, thus inhibiting the rаte of АTP synthesis. However, this informаtion is mаnly derived from mаmmаls, while its effects on the mitochondriаl homeostаsis of аquаtic аnimаls аre lаrgely unknown.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full options were
A. CCCP disrupts the synthesis of ATP at the mitochondrial membrane.
B. CCCP inhibits the splitting of water at the thylakoid membrane.
C. CCCP inhibits the flow of electrons at the mitochondrial membrane.
D. CCCP disrupts the synthesis of ATP at the thylakoid membrane.
Thus, the correct option is A.
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in mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons froma) the stroma to the photosystem ii.b) the matrix to the stroma.c) the stroma to the thylakoid space.d) the intermembrane space to the matrix.e) the thylakoid space to the stroma.
In mitochondria, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the matrix into the intermembrane space, whereas in chloroplasts, chemiosmosis translocates protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space.
Chloroplast is the inexperienced organelle withinside the flora wherein photosynthesis occurs, via which flora made meals autotrophically through photosynthesis.Chemiosmosis: the mechanism wherein the ions, consisting of H+ circulate throughout a membrane, ions movements down their electrochemical gradient.The technology of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) through the switch of H+ throughout a membrane for the duration of photosynthesis wherein chemiosmosis translocates protons from the stroma to the thylakoid space.To learn more about chloroplast, click here:
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Fill in the blank:
The 5’ end of DNA has the ______ sticking out towards the bone
a change in the dna sequence of a gene is called a(n) , which can result in a change in the phenotype.
An alteration to a gene's DNA sequence that is permanent is known as a gene variation.
An illustration of a gene variant is?Different gene forms, often known as alleles, are the outcome of genetic variation. One allele of the eye color gene, for instance, is present in people with blue eyes, but a different allele is present in persons with brown eyes.
What does phenotypic transformation entail?3,4,33 In phenotypic switching, a cell or organism can change from one phenotype to another or two cells or organisms might exhibit different phenotypes despite sharing the same genotype.
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insertion of additional repeats in repetitive segments of dna often is a result of what? translation errors replication slippage chromosome rearrangements transformation transcription slippage
The insertion of additional repeats in a repeating DNA segment is often the result of slippage.
What is slippage?Slippage is a mutation process that occurs during DNA replication which involves denaturation and displacement of DNA strands and will result in complementary base pair errors. A slip event usually occurs when a repeating nucleotide sequence (tandem repeat) is found at the site of replication. Tandem repeats are unstable regions of the genome where nucleotide insertions and deletions occur frequently, leading to genome rearrangements.
Slippage is found in both coding and non-coding regions. If these repeats are found in the coding region then variations in the polynucleotide sequence may result in the formation of abnormal proteins in eukaryotes. Many human diseases have been reported to be associated with trinucleotide repeated expansion including Huntington's disease
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humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes (or two sets). how many sets of chromosomes are found in each human gamete? humans are diploid and have 46 chromosomes (or two sets). how many sets of chromosomes are found in each human gamete? 1 2 3 4 5
Human gamete is haploid i.e. it contains 23 chromosomes or single set of chromosomes
A cell of an organism is said to be haploid if it only has one pair of chromosomes. All creatures that reproduce sexually are diploid (having two sets of chromosomes, one from each parent). Only the egg and sperm cells are haploid in humans .A haploid cell only contains one pair of chromosomes. Human cells are typically diploid (two copies of each chromosome) as opposed to haploid (one copy of each chromosome). Meiosis, a specific type of cell division where the genetic material of the parent cell is broken up twice, is how the egg and sperm cells are created in humans. As a result, these haploid cells have just one pair of chromosomes. The genetic material is united in the zygote cell that results from sperm fertilizing an egg. In other words, two distinct haploid cells with one set of chromosomes each combine to form a single diploid cell with two sets of chromosomes. In the end, the zygote cell develops into a new individual.
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erythroblastosis fetalis is defined as an: a. autosomal dominant hereditary disease. b. allergic disease in which maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible. c. alloimmune disease in which maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible. d. autoimmune disease in immature nucleated cells that are released into the bloodstream
Erythroblastosis fetalis is defined as an alloimmune disease in which maternal blood and fetal blood are antigenically incompatible.
Hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn (HDFN), additionally referred to as alloimmune HDFN or erythroblastosis fetalis, is resulting from the destruction of crimson blood cells (RBCs) of the neonate or fetus through maternal immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies.
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the six projections from the gray matter seen in cross-sections of the spinal cord are called .
The six projections gray matter in the cross-section of the spinal cord is called horn.
The spinal cord is a collection of nerve fibers surrounded by bones, discs, cartilage, ligaments and muscles to protect it from injury and shock due to body movements. When the spinal medulla is cut horizontally, the structure of the spine will be seen in two parts, the gray colored part (subtansia grsea) and the white colored part (subtansia alba).
Gray matter (subtansia grisea) is shaped like a butterfly on the spine. This part includes nerve cells (neurons) and glial cells and also has four 'wings' called horns. The two front horns are called ventral horns and the two rear horns are called dorsal horns. The dorsal and ventral horns are connected to the skeletal muscles. Then there is the lateral horn which works on the autonomic nervous system.
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B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that.
T cells have antigen receptors that c. bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatibility complexes by host cells.
The major histocompatibility complex forms a set of cell surface proteins that are essential in providing immunity to the cells.
Unlike the B cells that can directly make antibodies against the antigens, the T cells are involved in such a immune response in which the foreign particles have to be presented to them in order for them to attack them.
These foreign particles are presented to the T cells through the cell surface proteins that make the major histocompatibility complex. The T cells are important for providing adaptive immunity to the body of a person.
Although a part of your question is missing, you might be referring to this question:
B cells have antigen receptors that bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells. T cells have antigen receptors that
a. are active only in lymph nodes
b. bind to antigens that are either freely dissolved or present on the surface of invading/foreign cells
c. bind to antigen fragments presented on major histocompatibility complexes by host cells
d. bind only to freely dissolved antigens in the plasma
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Explore the biotic and abiotic factors of this system in the Factors menu, including the definitions of how
these factors are measured. Describe the difference between how the fishes are counted and how the
algae and coral are counted.
In ecology, biotic and abiotic elements refer to all living and nonliving components of an ecosystem. Biotic variables are related to living creatures and their interactions. Abiotic variables are non-living ecosystem components such as sunshine, water, temperature, wind, and nutrients.
The fish are estimated within a certain area while the coral and algae are calculated by seeing how many algae and coral cover the reef.
What are the benefits of Abiotic Factors to the Factors Menu?Abiotic variables are non-living elements of the environment that have a significant impact on living organisms. They can assist in determining how tall trees grow, where animals and plants live, and why birds migrate. Water, sunshine, oxygen, soil, and temperature are the most significant abiotic variables.
Abiotic variables are the ecosystem's non-living components, which include chemical and physical elements. Abiotic variables have an impact on other abiotic factors.
Furthermore, they have a significant influence on the diversity and quantity of life in an ecosystem, whether on land or in water. Living creatures would be unable to consume, develop, or reproduce without the presence of abiotic forces. The following is a list of some of the most important abiotic elements.
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what is the primary function of the calvin cycle? group of answer choices to produce carbon dioxide for use in the light reactions of photosynthesis to regenerate atp for use in the light reactions of photosynthesis to produce oxygen by oxidizing water to produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide
The primary function of the Calvin cycle is to produce simple sugars from carbon dioxide. Option D.
The function of the Calvin Cycle is to create three-carbon sugars that plants can use to build other sugars such as glucose starch and cellulose that they use as structural building materials. It takes it directly and turns it into plant matter.
The basic function of the Calvin cycle is to convert solar energy into chemical energy. A biochemical pathway of photosynthesis that uses ATP and NADPH to convert carbon dioxide to glucose. carbon fixation. Carbon uptake from carbon dioxide into organic compounds by autotrophs. It is the cycle of chemical reactions that binds carbon from the carbon cycle to sugars. It is found in the chloroplasts of plant cells.
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a scientist proposed that the 32p label was entering pe molecules by direct exchange (swapping phosphate groups with those found in solution) and not through synthesis of new pe by bacterial cells. what experimental modification can show this is not the case?
The experimental modification that can show this is not the case, is by measure the rate of incorporation of 32PO43- into a cellular PE since bacterial synthesis and phosphate exchange should have different rates.
What are bacteria?
Microscopic, single-celled organisms called bacteria exist. Bacteria are found almost everywhere in the globe.
Some species can survive in environments with high pressure and temperatures. In fact, it's thought that there are more bacterial cells within the body than there are human cells.
Staphylococcus aureus, Pesudomonas maltophilia, Thiobacillus novellus, streptococcus pyrogens, streptococcus pneumonia, Escherichia coli and Clostridium kluyveri are a few examples.
Therefore, The experimental modification that can show this is not the case, is by measure the rate of incorporation of 32PO43- into a cellular PE since bacterial synthesis and phosphate exchange should have different rates.
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which movement of the head and neck would lengthen the fibers of the levator scapula on the right side of the body?
Rotation to the left of the head and neck would lengthen the fibers of the levator scapula on the right side of the body.
The Levator Scapulae, an Axio-Appendicular muscle in the posterior triangle of the neck, attaches the upper limb to the spinal column. The sternocleidomastoid and trapezius protect the superior and inferior sides of the levator scapulae, respectively.
The levator scapulae raise the scapula and rotate it down to tilt the glenoid cavity inferiorly. If the scapula is stationary, levator scapulae contractions cause the cervical vertebral column to lateral flex to the side, stabilizing the vertebral column during rotation.
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mutation rate and mutation frequency match the description with either mutation frequency or mutation rate. 1. likelihood a gene is altered by a new mutation. (click to select) 2. number of new mutations in a given gene per cell generation. (click to select) 3. number of mutant genes divided by total number of genes within a population. (click to select) 4. affected by natural selection and genetic drift.
1. Likelihood a gene is altered by a new mutation. (mutation rate)
2. Number of new mutations in a given gene per cell generation. (mutation rate)
3. Number of mutant genes divided by total number of genes within a population. (mutation frequency)
4. Affected by natural selection and genetic drift. (mutation frequency)
What is the difference between mutation rate аnd mutation frequency?The mutаtion rаte is the number of mutаtions per cell division. Becаuse the cell populаtion is so lаrge, the number of cell divisions is аpproximаtely equаl to the number of cells in the populаtion (N). The vаlue of h cаn be determined by а fluctuаtion test.
The mutаtation frequency is simply the rаtio of mutаnts / totаl cells in the populаtion. This cаn be determined by simply plаting out аliquots of а culture аnd counting the number of mutаnts thаt аrise аnd the number of cells plаted. The mutаtion frequency is much eаsier to meаsure but mаy show lаrge fluctuаtions depending upon when the first mutаtion аppeаred in the populаtion.
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Temperature, humidity, light and atmospheric pressure are
Answer:
Abiotic components of nature
Explanation:
Aboutic means those who cant breathe or move or are not alive
What is composed of cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream?.
Answer:
Endocrine glands are composed of cells that produce hormones and secrete them into the bloodstream.
Explanation:
Have a nice day^^
a study of several pedigrees demonstrates that two parents are normal. if some of their children express a trait, then the trait is controlled by a:
The trait is controlled by a recessive gene. It refers to a characteristic that only be seen in homozygous individuals, hidden by other inherited qualities but survives in populations of heterozygous individuals.
When a characteristic is recessive, both of the (recessive) alleles of the gene that causes the trait must be present for the trait to manifest. This is in contrast to a dominant characteristic, which can only be expressed when one of the two alleles is present. A pedigree reveals the connections between family members and identifies the members of a family who have particular recessive genetic pathogenic variants, traits, and diseases as well as their current health. A family's pedigree can reveal how diseases are passed down through the generations.
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small bundles of lymphoid tissues lining the walls of the intestine to protect against invading organisms are called .
Peyer's patches (or aggregated lymphoid nodules) are organized lymphoid nodules,
Peyer's patches are a component of gut-associated lymphoid tissue (GALT)
Microscopically, Peyer's patches can be seen appear as oval or round lymphoid follicles.
Named after the 17th-century Swiss anatomist Johann Conrad Peyer.
They are found all through the ileum area of the small intestine. ileum is the last area of small intestine.
majority people have between 30 and 40 Peyer’s patches and younger people have more than older people.
Peyer patches have variety of immune cells which includes macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells.
there are also M cells near to Peyer patches, these M cells feed antigens to the macrophages.
Peyer patches function as, if any antigen is a harmful pathogen, the T cells and B cells in the Peyer’s patches signal your immune system to attack and destroy it
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I really need help with this.
a given signal needs to be sent to many different cells at many different locations throughout a multicellular organism. the type of signal best suited for this task is:
A hormone is the type of signal best suited for this task whenever a given signal needs to be sent to many different cells at many different locations throughout a multicellular organism.
By attaching to receptors on target cells, hormones differs cellular functions. A target cell's number of receptors may rise or fall in response to hormone action. Through intracellular or plasma membrane hormone receptors, hormones can directly or indirectly impact cells. A receptor can respond when a hormone or many hormones are present, which starts a cascade of signaling.
The hormone receptor interacts with several molecules to cause a range of changes, including an up-or down-regulation of nutrition sources, growth, and other metabolic processes. The steroid hormones activate cell signaling pathways that control certain genes in the DNA of the cell. By boosting or lowering the production of mRNA molecules, the hormone and receptor complex function as transcription regulators.
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why does crossing over complicate the picture of how many chromosomes are inherited from each grandparent
Due to genetic variety brought on by meiosis
In meiosis I, crossover takes place during prophase I. It entails the exchange of genes across homologous non-sister chromatids, enabling the admixture of latest , recombinant chromosomes containing both mother and paternal genetic material.
What about chromosomes?Long segments of DNA are carried by chromosomes, which are organelles which can be found in the nucleus of cells.The substance that houses genes is known as DNA.It is the foundation for the human body.Additionally, proteins found in chromosomes aid within the acceptable structure of DNA.The term "autosomes" refers to the first 22 pairs of chromosomes.The sex chromosomes, which structure the 23rd pair of chromosomes, determine whether a private will be born male or female.The highest level of DNA and protein organization is seen in chromosomes.Chromosomes' primary job is to carry DNA and pass genetic material from one generation to the next.Cell division involves the critical function of chromosomes.They guard against tangles and damage to the DNA.Another kind of aneuploidy is monosomy, which is the loss of one chromosome in cells.Greek is that the language of number one and monosomy refers to a condition during which cells contain only one copy of a certain chromosome rather than the usual two.Turner syndrome sometimes mentioned as monosomy X could also be a disorder brought on by monosomy.There are billions of cells in your body, but they're too small to watch without a powerful microscope.Chromosomes, which are strands that resemble threads and carry hundreds or even thousands of genes, are found inside the majority of those cells.Physical characteristics a bit like the color of your eyes are determined by genes.Learn more about chromosomes here:
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Give an example of temporal isolation and explain how temporal isolation is preventing reproduction within the population.
Various cicada species erupt to reproduce at various times. A prime example of temporal isolation is this. The frog species Rana aurora and Rana boylii exhibit temporal isolation as a result of variations in seasonal breeding. Although both species live in the same geographic areas, their mating seasons are different.
What is temporal isolation ?When many species reproduce at various periods, there is a condition known as temporal isolation. Three different orchid species, for instance, coexist in the same rain forest. Every species contains flowers that only bloom for a single day and need to be pollinated on that day in order to generate seeds.
Due to differences in fertility or mating timing, such as having various mating seasons, species cannot interbreed due to temporal isolation. Due to different mating practises or rituals, behavioural isolation prevents species from interbreeding.Learn more about Temporal isolation here:
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which recently discovered species is providing a glimpse into the poorly understood period of hominoid evolution?
The extinct species of the genus Homo, Homo floresiensis, offered an insight into the time of hominoid evolution.
The crown ape's predecessor may have been a frugivorous, suspensory, tropical forest ape based on similarities to hominins. It is believed that Pan and the gorilla shared an ancestor. As a result, it is likely that the chimpanzees and humans shared a Pan-like progenitor that lived in Late Miocene Africa.
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dna and mrna synthesis proceed in a 5' to 3' direction. what do 5' and 3' refer to? group of answer choices the number of hydroxyl groups attached the position of the phosphate and nitrogen bases the position of a carbon atom in the sugar backbone the number of carbons in the nitrogen base
The 5' and 3' refer to c) the position of a carbon atom in the sugar backbone.
DNA and mRNA are made from nucleotide bases, a phosphate group, and a sugar backbone.
There are two strands of DNA, and one of them is in the 5' to 3' direction. The other is in the 3' to 5' direction. This means that the position of the carbon that is free in the sugar backbones is either 5' for one strand and 3' for the other strand.
However, replication occurs only in the 5' to 3' direction. This is because the DNA polymerase can work only in this direction. For the other strand, referred to as the lagging strand, Okazaki fragments are formed.
Your question will correctly be written as:
DNA and mRNA synthesis proceed in a 5' to 3' direction. what do 5' and 3' refer to? group of answer choices
a) the number of hydroxyl groups attached
b)the position of the phosphate and nitrogen bases
c) the position of a carbon atom in the sugar backbone
d) the number of carbons in the nitrogen base
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loss of which combinations of proteins would likely promote hedgehog pathway activation? i. ptch1 and sufu ii. hedgehog and ptch1 iii. smo and gli iv. ptch1 and smo v. sufu and gli
hedgehog and ptch1 protein loss would likely promote hedgehog pathway activation .
Hedgehog signaling pathway transmits information to embryonic cells required for proper cell differentiation. Hedgehog (Hh) pathway is a major regulator of many fundamental processes in vertebrate embryonic development including stem cell.
Hedgehog signaling pathway is a mechanism that directs the development of embryonic cells in animals, from invertebrates to vertebrates. PTCH1 gene provides instructions for producing the patched-1 protein, which functions as a receptor these receptor works for the cell development and function .
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