During DNA replication, each of the two strands that make up the double helix serves as a template from which new strands are copied.
What is template?
The DNA polymerase enzyme bases the replication of DNA on a single strand of DNA known as a DNA template.
The double-stranded DNA is divided into two single-stranded molecules during the replication process. After working with these single strands, the DNA polymerase creates a fresh second strand of DNA on each of the two single strands. You just need one strand of DNA, which may be used as a template to replicate the missing strand of DNA thanks to complementary base pairing in DNA (A-T and G-C).
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a heterozygous brown rabbit is crossed with a homozygous white rabbit. what percentage of the offspring would be white?
50 % percentage of the offspring would be white This is a test cross,
A test cross is , a cross between heterozygous individual is crossed with homozygous recessive trait.
Taken,
heterozygous rabbit - Bb ( brown)
homozygous rabbit - bb ( white )
when we cross the heterozygous brown rabbit with homozygous white,
Bb X bb - PARENTS
the gametes are - B b b b
offspring - Bb Bb bb bb
The results are 50 % heterozygous brown ( Bb) and 50% white (bb)
therefore, 50 % percentage of the offspring would be white.
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what nerve stimulates the masseter and temporalis muscles to elevate the mandible during mastication and swallowing?
The mandible is raised during digestion and swallowing thanks to the Trigeminal Nerve's stimulation of the masseter muscles.
What causes a swallowing problem?a disease that affects your neurological system, such as dementia, multiple sclerosis, head injuries, or stroke. cancer, such as oesophageal or mouth cancer. Stomach reflux disease (GORD) is characterized by oesophageal reflux of stomach acid.
How do you fix swallowing problems?Consider taking shorter, more frequent meals. Eat less slowly, thoroughly digest your meal, then cut it into small pieces. There really are similar products that thickening drinks if you have problems swallowing liquids. experimenting with different food textures to find which ones make you feel more uncomfortable.
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how does interphase prepare cells for mitosis?rest prior to cell divisiongrowth of cell and replication of dnadissolution of nucleus and cell membranedivision of cytoplasm
During interphase the cell grows in size and DNA replicates itself.
A cell prepares for cell division during the interphase, which is its resting or metabolic phase. The interphase period is when the cell gets ready for mitosis. This is accomplished by multiplying the cell's DNA and enlarging the cell. A typical cell spends the majority of its time during cell division in interphase, which is the phase of the cell cycle. The metabolic or "everyday life" phase of the cell is known as the interphase, during which the cell develops, repeats its DNA in order to be ready for mitosis, and does other "typical" cell operations.
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You are designing a gene therapy to replace a defective fibrillin gene, which is 22,000 bp long and is important in preventing macular degeneration. Based on your knowledge and resources available from class, which vector is best to use?.
Adenovirus Vector is best to use in this case which is about 22,000 bp long and is also important in preventing macular degeneration.
In molecular biology research, a viral vector is a genetic sequence derived from a virus, such as an adenovirus, that is utilized to express a specific nucleotide sequence, in this case, the fibrillin gene used in gene therapy.
As a result of these findings, we can see that an adenovirus, for example, maybe the most effective viral vector for expressing nucleotide sequences longer than 20 kb.
The majority of adenoviruses cause respiratory disease. The diseases include bronchitis, pneumonia, croup, and colds. Adenoviruses, depending on the kind, can also lead to additional conditions such as gastroenteritis, conjunctivitis, cystitis, and, less frequently, neuropathy. Most infections with adenoviruses last between a few days and 1-2 weeks. Severe infections can linger longer and produce symptoms that recur such as coughing. For instance, when changing an infected person's diaper, some adenoviruses can spread through feces. Although it happens very seldom, adenoviruses can also spread through water or in swimming pools.
The complete question is:
You are designing a gene therapy to replace a defective fibrillin gene, which is 22,000 bp long and is important in preventing macular degeneration. Based on your knowledge and resources available from class, which vector is best to use?
(A). Cosmid
(B). Ri plasmid
(C). Ti plasmid
(D) Adenovirus
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a person with a severe head injury subsequently acts irresponsibly, does not seem to be able to plan effectively, and is easy to anger. which of the following brain areas is most likely injured? responses cerebellum cerebellum hypothalamus hypothalamus parietal lobe parietal lobe frontal lobe frontal lobe corpus callosum
A mineral is able to scratch your fingernail but not glass. We can conclude:
Group of answer choices
the mineral is harder than your fingernail but softer than the glass
the mineral will exhibit cleavage
the mineral was once an igneous rock and is therefore hardened lava
the mineral is softer than your fingernail but harder than the glass
Answer:
the mineral is softer than your fingernail but harder than glass
Explanation:
i think that's the answer
Which of the following best demonstrates light being transmitted? A) a person seeing themselves in a mirror B) a fish appearing to be in a different location then they really are from the surface of the water C) black cement heating up on a hot day D) looking out a window on a summer day
Answer:
a) a person seeing themselfs in a mirror
Explanation:
farenholz's rule is supported when group of answer choices a comparison of phylogenies for host and parasite show a correlated pattern of evolution. a comparison of phylogenies for predator and prey species show independent speciation. a comparison of phylogenies for paralogous genes show correlated evolution. a comparison of phylogenies for pollinators and plants show multiple episodes of host jumping.
Fahrenholz's rule is supported when: comparison of phylogenies for host and parasite show a correlated pattern of evolution
What is Fahrenholz's rule ?The close correspondence is observed between the taxonomy of parasites and their hosts and this has led to Fahrenholz's rule. This rule postulates that parasites and the hosts speciate in synchrony.
This leads to a prediction that phylogenetic trees of parasites and their hosts are topologically identical.
when the only events in the process of reciprocal natural selection in the host and parasite lineages were those of contemporaneous speciation in both the lineages then host and parasite phylogenies are fully congruent, hence supporting Fahrenholz'srule.
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in horses, crossing a chestnut brown horse with a creamy white horse can result in a palomino horse that is light brown in color (see below). this is an example of:
Example is Incomplete dominance leads to the inheritance of the palomino coat color in horses.
How does incomplete dominance differ from codominance?There are two different types of genetic inheritance: full dominance and codominance. Codominance basically means that neither allele is able to suppress or obstruct the expression of the other allele. However, incomplete dominance occurs when a dominant allele only partially obscures the effects of a recessive gene.
How can you determine if something has partial dominance?When a dominant allele, or form of a gene, does not entirely block the effects of a recessive allele, the resultant physical appearance of the organism reveals a mixing of both alleles. It is also referred to as partial or semi-dominance.
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Meiosis is important because it keeps the number of chromosomes constant within a species. True or false?.
Answer:
true
Explanation:
Meiosis halves the number of chromosomes, so out gametes are haploid. During fertilization, the zygote ends up with the "original" number od chromosomes.
a golf course superintendent discovered the apparent mutation that was subsequently marketed as merion kentucky bluegrass. True or False
The statement that a golf course superintendent discovered the apparent mutation that was subsequently marketed as Merion Kentucky bluegrass is True.
What is the origin of Merion Kentucky bluegrass?Kentucky bluegrass development began with Joe Valentine, the superintendent in Merion Golf club in Pennsylvania discovered the mutation of a large patch of bluegrass. It was found that the patch performed better than the common grass types found on other parts of the course.
It was later marketed with the name of the golf club. Merion Kentucky bluegrass is also known as soft meadow grass or common meadow grass.
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during the winter, you become sick with the flu. shortly after that, you become sick with strep throat. will the same type of b-cells that fought the pathogen that causes the flu fight the pathogen that causes strep throat?
The statement is false that the same type of B cell that fought the pathogen that causes flu will fight the pathogen that causes strep throat.
Flu is a type of viral infection that infects the respiratory system of the body. The virus responsible for flu is influenza virus. These can be inhaled in the form of tiny droplets. The symptoms of the disease are: fever, chills, muscle aches, cough, congestion, runny nose, headaches, etc.
B cells are the type of lymphocytes that provide the humoral adaptive type of immunity. B cells are highly specific in nature and each type of B cell recognizes one specific type of antigen and fights against it.
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List three factors that affect climate and tell what conditions they modify
The three factors that affect climate include the following below:
Ocean currents.Wind and air masses.Altitude.What is Climate?This is referred to as the atmospheric condition of a place in a long time and is affected by different types of factors such as ocean currents, altitude etc.
The ocean current is responsible for the distribution of heat and moisture all around the world. It can also store radiations from the sun which helps prevents its uneven distribution.
Wind and air masses are also among the factors because they are involved in the movement of a weather pattern such as heat etc from one place to another. People living in areas which have a high altitude means they have a very cold climate due to the presence of low air pressure.
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which solvent is a commonly used to extract all the lipids from homogenized tissue samples and subsequent separation of the lipids from the proteins and sugars present in those samples?
Solvents that are used to extract the lipids from homogenized tissue samples and subsequent separation of the lipids from the proteins and sugars present are methanol and chloroform.
How are lipids extracted?Lipids are extracted using solvent-based techniques. In some cases, solvents are subjected directly into cell pellets, but in other cases, solvents are employed during disruptions of cell.
Lipids are insoluble in polar solvents like water but highly soluble in non-polar or weakly polar organic solvents like ether, chloroform, benzene, and acetone.
The Bligh and Dyer method is a widely practiced methods for lipid extraction. It is very similar to the Folch method, but differs in solvent/solvent and solvent/tissue ratios.
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why didn't any of queen victoria of england's daughters have hemophilia? it is inherited as a sex-linked disorder.
Because King Edward VII, the son of Queen Victoria, inherited her healthy X chromosome and lacked hemophilia. He therefore didn't have a mutated gene to pass on to his offspring.
What is Hemophilia?
An genetic bleeding ailment called hemophilia causes the blood to clot improperly. This may result in both spontaneous bleeding and bleeding after injury or surgery. Blood contains a variety of clotting proteins that can aid in halting bleeding.
What is the cause of Hemophilia?
One affected X chromosome in a female makes her a carrier of hemophilia. A female hemophilia carrier may occasionally exhibit hemophilia symptoms. Additionally, she can pass on to her offspring the X chromosome with the mutated clotting factor gene.
Therefore, the daughters of Queen Victoria of England does not have hemophilia
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Please halp moi x3
You are visiting family in Tennessee. One morning, the weather is warm and humid.
Which type of air mass is most likely causing this weather?
continental tropical
continental polar
maritime tropical
maritime polar
Answer:
Continental tropical
Explanation:
Tennessee is a landlocked state, so it isn't a maritime air mass.
you have chosen to study the genetics of snapdragon flower color. true-breeding red-flowered plants crossed with true-breeding white-flowered plants generate all pink-flowered f1 offspring. when the f1 offspring are crossed, you get the following numbers of f2 offspring: 24 red, 54 pink, and 22 white. you interpret this inheritance pattern as
The pattern of genetics in snapdragon flower color is that of incomplete dominance.
When a true breeding red flowering plant (RR) crosses with a true breeding white flowering plant (RR), the resultant plant is heterozygous (Rr) and has pink flowers. One allele does not override the effects of the other, and neither characteristic predominates over the other. Because of this, the phenotypic outcome is a combination of the two phenotypes, resulting in plants with pink flowers (a third different phenotype). As a result, it is a type of intermediate inheritance.
However, no genuine blending of alleles or genetic material is visible—only blending of phenotypes. As a result, it cannot be argued that inheritance is being blended. This phenomenon is also known as intermediate dominance.
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A person who is homozygous for type a blood and a person who is homozygous for type b blood will have offspring with type ab blood. What relationship exists between the a and b alleles?.
The association that exists between the a and b alleles is called codominance. A genetic phenomenon known as codominance occurs when two alleles are expressed to the same degree by an organism.
What does a biological organism mean?Living things with the capacity for reproduction, growth, and homeostasis are referred to as biological organisms. Taxonomy divides species into specific groupings, such as unicellular microorganisms like protists, bacteria, and archaea, or multicellular organisms like animals, plants, and fungus.
What two categories do organisms fall under?Prokaryotic and eukaryotic are the two primary categories of organisms. This differentiation is based on the type of cells that make up the organism. Prokaryotic cells lack a nucleus and have a very basic structure that is indicative of their primitive nature.
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What adaptations of the wild yak enable it to survive in the alpine biome? (site 1)
On the analysis of the body structure of wild yak, we got that dense and wooly coats, specially amended feet, horns to dig for food are the major reasons due to that wild yak able to survive in the alpine biome.
The alpine biome is one of coldest biomes on the planet, it is generally because of the high altitudes. The summer temperature varies between -12 to 10 degree Celsius, and the average precipitation in biome is about 30 cm in a year.
The animals which lives in this region, adapt to the cold by simply migrating to warmer regions, hibernating, or insulating their bodies with the help of the fat and fur layers, their bodies seems to possess shorter tails, legs, and ears, in order to minimize the loss of heat.
Hence, the reason behind the wild yak able to survive in the alpine biome is its dense and wooly coats, specially amended feet, horns to dig for food.
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list in order the events of blood flow through the heart, starting from the blood entering the atria from the vena cava.
The order of blood flow through the heart is as follows: The body is followed by the inferior and superior vena cava, the right atrium, the tricuspid valve, the right ventricle, and the pulmonary arteries.
The vesical vein is situated where?The right side of your heart is where your superior vena cava or vena cava are located. Your superior vena cava is formed by the union of your right and left ligamentum (or brachiocephalic) veins.
If the venous cava is obstructed, what happens?A blood channel called the superior vena cava transports blood from the upper body back to your heart. Shortness of breath, upper body edema, and other symptoms are possible when this vein is obstructed. Untreated severe cases can be fatal, especially in young patients.
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how was stone tool technology important to homo evolution? discuss one physical change or one cultural change in either homo habilis or homo erectus that was enabled by tool use.
Early human creations, such as stone tools and other artefacts, provide evidence of how they lived, interacted mostly with their environment, and changed over time.
Early stone tools, now called as the Oldowan Industrial Complex, were made and used by habilis. These were pebble cores having rough flaking struck off, making "choppers," whose pointed edge was perfect for butchering, chopping, and scraping off flesh from bones.
Many people believe that the earliest Homo species, like Homo habilis, credited with inventing the first basic (Oldowan) stone tools. However, when Homo erectus first showed up in Africa 1.8–1.7 million years ago, a fresh stone tool technology known as the Acheulian, mostly with purposefully moulded large cutting tools like handaxes, emerged.
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which of the following is not true of koch's postulates? group of answer choices it requires isolation of the causative agent it can be applied to fastidious organisms it requires inoculation into a healthy, but susceptible host the suspected causative agent must be present in every case of the disease
Option B. it can be applied to fastidious organisms but is not true of Koch's postulates.
Koch's postulates are four criteria designed to set up a causal dating among a microbe and an ailment. The postulates were formulated by using Robert Koch and Friedrich Loeffler in 1884, based on in advance ideas defined via Jakob Henle, and delicate and posted with the aid of Koch in 1890.
Robert Koch's postulates, posted in 1890, are fixed criteria that set up whether a particular organism is the purpose of a particular disorder. nowadays, Koch's postulates are taught in excessive school and college classrooms as an indication of the rigor and legitimacy of clinical microbiology.
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1) During the 1950's, several scientists were responsible for discovering the structure of DNA. One scientist, Erwin Chargaff, found that in DNA, the ratios of adenine (A) to thymine (T) and guanine (G) to cytosine (C) are always equal. What does Chargaff's discovery indicate about the structure of DNA and its impact on replication? All BUT ONE choice could apply.
A.)Adenine pairs with thymine; guanine with cytosine.
B) The base pairing facilitates DNA replication and RNA transcription. Eliminate
C) When pairing nucleotides, you must pair a purine with a pyrimidine.
D) If we read the sequence of nucleotides on one strand of DNA, we can identify the complementary sequence on the other strand.
Chargaff's discovery about the structure of DNA and its impact on replication is associated with the observation that adenine pairs with thymine; while guanine pairs with cytosine (Option A).
What is the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule?The deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule is a double helix molecule composed of two chains of nucleotides (adenine or A, guanine or G, cytosine or C and thymine or T) linked via hydrogen bonds, where A pairs with T via two hydrogen bonds, while C pairs with G via 3 hydrogen bonds.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that in the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) molecule adenine pairs with thymine while cytosine pairs with guanine.
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you are a cat breeder who suspects that the genes controlling paw color and fur length are linked, with white paws and short fur being dominant. to test this, you have developed a pure-breeding line of white pawed, short fur cats, and another pure-breeding line of dark pawed, long fur cats. what cross should you do to test whether the genes are linked?
Cross the two pure-breeding lines together to form a dihybrid individual. Then test cross this individual to the dark pawed, long fur cat.
Animal breeding is a branch of animal science that addresses the assessment of the genetic fee of cattle. Choosing for breeding animals with superior EBV in growth price, egg, meat, milk, or wool manufacturing, or with different acceptable developments has revolutionized cattle manufacturing all through the entire global.
Animal breeding performs an vital part in progressing animal production systems, from traditional to organics. By means of improving the skills of animals for certain tendencies whole populations may be better, creating blessings for farmers, customers, and the surroundings.
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describe what happens during crossing over and what the benefits are of producing genetically diverse offspring.
Using the theories of crossing over, we got that producing genetically diverse off spring benefits species a better chance of surviving in an unpredictable or changing environment.
Crossing over is exchange of genetic material between non-sister chromatids of homologous chromosomes during meiosis, which actually results in new allelic combinations in the daughter cells.
Each diploid cell contains two copies of every chromosome, one derived from maternal gamete and the other from paternal gamete. These pairs of chromosomes, are derived from one parent, are called homologous chromosomes. When the diploid organisms undergo sexual reproduction, they first produce haploid gametes through meiosis.
Hence,the benefits of producing genetically diverse offspring by crossing over is that it benefits species a better chance of surviving in an unpredictable or changing environment.
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Chloroplasts and mitochondria are both involved in energy conversion in cells. Select the other similarities they share. Choose ALL that apply.
Responses
A contain DNAcontain DNA
B surrounded by a double membranesurrounded by a double membrane
C contain thylakoidscontain thylakoids
D found in ALL cellsfound in ALL cells
E contain ribosomes
The similarities between chloroplasts and mitochondria are: (A) contain DNA; (B) surrounded by a double membrane; (E) contain ribosomes.
Chloroplasts are the cell organelles only present in plant cells. They contain specialized pigment called chlorophyll. Chloroplasts are the double membranous cell organelle with an inner thylakoid that are stacked together like a coin, This structure is called grana.
Mitochondria is also a double membranous cell organelle. The inner membrane of mitochondria is highly folded into finger like projection called cristae. These cristae function to increase the surface area of the mitochondria so that more and more production of energy can take place.
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Which representation would show the organization of life from simplest to the most complex?
Heart muscle cells, heart muscle tissue, heart, circulatory system.
Circulatory system, heart tissue, heart cells.
Circulatory system, heart muscle cells, heart muscle tissue.
Heart muscle tissue, circulatory system, heart muscle cells.
Answer:
Heart muscle cells, heart muscle tissue, heart, circulatory system.
Explanation:
I took the test
how do ionizing radiation, ultraviolet radiation, and visible light harm microorganisms? how do microorganisms protect themselves against damage from uv and visible light?
Microorganism protect themselves against harmful UV light and visible light by using Iron minerals around themselves.
The iron minerals have unique properties in that they block damaging UV radiation while yet allowing organisms to utilise the portion of sunlight required for photosynthesis. UV rays kill cells by damaging their DNA. Two molecules of thymine, one of the bases that makes up DNA, react when exposed to light. The thymine dimer that results is extremely stable. The cell cannot perform its usual tasks if cellular processes are interfered as a result of an inadequate repair or unrepaired damage of thymine dimer.
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Microorganisms use the iron minerals in their surroundings to shield them from damaging UV and visible light.
In the presence of sunshine, some bacteria that require light may consume dissolved iron and perform photosynthesis. However, they did not emit oxygen throughout the process, unlike modern green plants. Rust and other iron minerals are waste products of the process. Because the iron minerals absorb the damaging UV radiation, organisms may still utilize the portion of sunlight required for photosynthesis. Compared to today's seas, the quantity of iron needed to create the minerals was far higher.
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true or false: the 1988 yellowstone fires were a tragedy that permanently destroyed many unique habitats.
Yes the 1988 yellowstone fires were a tragedy that permanently destroyed many unique habitats and environment.
The Greater Yellowstone Area, which covers 4.8 million hectares of "primarily public land in Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho," is where the actual fires took place. The fires, which were burning at varying intensities, burned a lot of lodgepole pines and other trees but mostly spared most other plants. When coupled with the summer drought conditions, some of the northern range burnt, which had an impact on the habitat and winter survival of grazing animals. Fires significantly changed the habitat , environment and food production of Yellowstone in many other ways as well.
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the topology of membrane proteins can often be predicted by computer programs that identify which kind of topogenic segment?
Hydrophobic topogenic segment.
The number and approximate locations of the transmembrane segments of a protein's topology of an integral membrane protein's sequence, as well as the protein's general orientation in a membrane, are described.
Computer programs that recognize hydrophobic tropogenic portions within the amino acid sequence and genetic hydropathy profiles may frequently predict the structure of membrane proteins with high accuracy.
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