When someone is having a blood test done to see if they are hiv-positive, the antibodies to the virus are specifically being looked for in the blood sample.
What are Antibodies?
This is referred to as immunoglobulin and they are protective proteins which are produced by the immune system. They normally attach to the antigens and use different mechanisms to eliminate or fight against it.
In the laboratory , blood test is done to see if they are hiv-positive and they look out for antibodies to the virus which depicts that it is present in the body system of the individual.
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when someone is having blood test done for hiv-positive. the test looks for both antibodies and antigen in the blood sample.
what are antibodies?
An antibodies is a blood protein produced in response to and counteracting a specific antigen. antibodies mixes chemically in the body with substances which the body recognizes as alien.
what is an antigen?
An antigen is a toxic substances which induces an immune response in the body.
In conclusion HIV antibodies are disease-fighting protein that the immune system makes when you have an HIV infection.
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in a certain fish, fin rays (supporting structures for the fins) can be either bony or soft in adult fish. linkage in a fish is similar to that in humans. what evidence would most strongly support the idea that the ray locus is on the x chromosome?
Mating of soft ray males and bony ray females give different results from the mating of bony ray males and soft ray females.
What are fin rays?
Each of the long, narrow bony protuberances that most bony fishes use to support their fins.
What is linkage?
Sex-linked traits or qualities are those that are impacted by genes found on the sex chromosomes, as related to genetics. Because the X chromosome has many more genes than the smaller Y chromosome, the word is frequently used to describe features or illnesses that are caused by genes on the X chromosome in humans.
Therefore, from the above explanation suggests that ray locus is on the X chromosomes.
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Duchenne muscular dystrophy remains in the population because the allele is , and carrier mothers pass it to carrier daughters.
Answer: X-linked Recessive
Explanation:
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease caused by a genetic mutation of the X-chromosome and is recessive.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy is a disease caused by a genetic mutation of the X-chromosome and is recessive.
What are the séx-linked genes?These are genes that can be found only in the X-chromosome. The inheritance pattern expressed by these genes varies from the one expressed by genes located in autosomal chromosomes.
In the exposed example,
- muscular dystrophy are X-linked recessive disorders
- woman ⇒ carrier for muscular dystrophy ⇒ heter0zyg0us ⇒ XDXd
- man ⇒ doesn’t have muscular dystrophy ⇒ X-chromosome with the dominant allele ⇒ XDY
- XD ⇒ chromosome rarrying the dominant allele
- Xd ⇒ chromosomes carrying the recessive allele
Cross: Man x Woman
Parentals) XDY x XDXd
Gametes) XD Y XD Xd
Punnett square) XD Xd
XD XDXd XDXd
Y XdY XdY
F1) 1/2 = 50% of the progeny will express the normal phenotype, XD-
1/2 = 50% of the progeny will have muscular dystrophy, Xd-
100% of the girls will be normal and carriers, XDXd
100% of the boys have muscular dystrophy, XdY
Considering only boys,
100% of them will have the disease, XdY
0% will be carriers.
Considering only girls,
0% of them will have the disease,
100% will be carriers, XDXd
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cells in the adrenal gland produce the hormone epinephrine and store it in vesicles. to release epinephrine these vesicles are carried to the plasma membrane and fuse with it. what process is occurring?
Exocytosis is the process by which cells transport components into the extracellular fluid from within the cell.
What is the endocytosis procedure?A broad term for the process by which cells take in outside material by enveloping it with their membrane is endocytosis. Pinocytosis and phagocytosis are typically used as subcategories of endocytosis.
What makes endocytosis and exocytosis different from one another?Endocytosis is the process by which a material or particle from the outside of the cell is taken in by the cell membrane and brought inside. Vesicles fusing with the plasma membrane and releasing their contents to the exterior of the cell is referred to as exocytosis.
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which of the following statements is correct? multiple choice mitosis involves one division and produces two non identical gametes. meiosis involves two divisions and produces four non identical gametes. meiosis involves one division and produces two nonidentical gametes. meiosis involves two divisions and produces four identical gametes. mitosis involves two divisions and produces four identical gametes.
Meiosis involves two divisions and produces four non identical gametes.
What is meiosis or mitosis?
Meiosis is the sort of cell department that creates egg and sperm cells. Mitosis is a essential system for life. During mitosis, a cell duplicates all of its contents, consisting of its chromosomes, and splits to shape equal daughter cells.
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which type of nissl stain requires a fluorescent microscope (a light microscope is not sufficient to reveal results)
Neurotrace a type of NISSL stain requires a fluorescent microscope as a light microscope is not sufficient to reveal results.
A common histology technique for identifying neurons in the brain and spinal cord is Nissl staining. The Nissl substance, a marker for the physiological status of the neuron, redistributes inside the cell body in injured or regenerating neurons. It is made up of ribosomal RNA coupled with the rough endoplasmic reticulum in neuronal perikarya and dendrites. NeuroTrace 640/660 deep-red fluorescent Nissl stain is more sensitive than conventional histology dyes like toluidine blue or cresyl violet and is selective for the Nissl material that is distinctive of neurons.
A popular technique for examining the anatomy and pathophysiology of neural tissue is Nissl staining. The characteristic staining of the neuronal perikarya is either absent or has a very weak signal after standard immunocytochemistry, leaving only the nucleus of the neurons to be labeled.
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Where in the cell cycle do you think the mutation occurred? Please explain your
reasoning.
Answer:
Metaphase.
Explanation:
Chromosomal mutation are either having an extra or missing piece, or having an extra or missing chromosome. An extra or missing piece happens during crossing over where the exchanged parts both go to one side, so one side has an extra chromosome piece and the other has a missing one. This happens in metaphase.
Which of the following is a product of respiration resulting from the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds?
a glucose
b. oxygen
c. carbon dioxide
d. all of the above
Please select the best answer from the choices provided
Answer:
Carbon dioxide is produced during respiration from the breaking of carbon-carbon bonds.
Explanation:
Cellular respiration takes glucose and water and turns them into carbon dioxide and water in the formula:
C6H12O6 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O + Energy
When the carbon bonds are broke, carbon dioxide is produced.
describe two early hypotheses that dr. gillespie proposed to explain the morph ratio in the happy-face spider.
The first hypothesis is “why did each island have a 2:1 ratio of yellow to other morphs.” The second hypothesis is “why did the spiders come onto the islands in corresending order from 1 to 42”.
The current theory put forth by Gillespie and colleagues claims that predators looking for happy-face spiders keep the islands' 2:1 ratio constant. Predators on each island are either ineffectively looking for many morphs or effectively looking for the most prevalent morph, the yellow morph. Non-yellow morphs benefit from this since they are able to avoid predators more frequently. However, as other morphs become quite prevalent, predators begin to seek them out, which drives their frequencies back down. This method might shed light on why different morphs have evolved on different islands and why yellow and other spiders are regularly found in a 2:1 ratio.
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rates of evolutionary change measured overshort time intervals are often very high. however, rates of evolutionary change measured over long time intervals are generally much lower. for example, see the discussion of body mass in mammals. should we expect this pattern to hold true for most characters? does this pattern imply that the evolution of major new characters, such as the wings of bats, should occur very rapidly?
Evolutionary histories are rife having alternate, stasis, and reversals.
The sample described is usually visible invarious organisms and could apply to many organismal capabilities. Comparisons of two points of a lineage may additionally show a exchange, but in between there will without a doubt additionally be intervals of stasis. The evolution of novel characteristics might arise unexpectedly. a new trait that provides a advantage.
Mammals are a group of vertebrate animals constituting the beauty Mammalia, characterised through way of the presence of mammary glands which in girls produce milk for feeding their more youthful, a neocortex, fur or hair, and 3 center ear bones.
Mammals actually play an vital function in ecosystems through supplying crucial services consisting of seed dispersal, pollination and regulating insect populations, and reducing sickness transmission and there's a few evidence that some corporations act as signs of sizable environment health.
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milk and ear wax multiple choice question. a) are not secretions. b) are secreted from modified sweat glands. c) are secreted from modified sebaceous glands. d) are in the blood.
Answer: b
Explanation: because it’s right
Milk and ear wax "are secreted from modified sweat glands".
The ceruminous glands, whose were remodeled merocrine sweat glands, secrete ear wax, while the mammary glands, which were remodeled apocrine sweat glands, secrete milk.
A particular kind of gland that can be found in the skin, ear, breast, and eyelid. Apocrine glands inside the ear aid in the formation of earwax, whereas those in the breast produce fat droplets with breast milk. Sweat glands have been located in apocrine glands on the skin and eyelid.
Therefore, the correct answer will be option (c).
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HELP. QUESTION: Do we learn from our mistakes using pesticides that contained DDT was very effective in controlling insect pests on many crops. It was subsequently banned because of this harmful side effect
A. Soft egg shells
B. Bioaccumulation
C. Birth defects in baby chicks
D. Death of small mammals
DDT was subsequently banned despite being very effective when used as pesticides because of its harmful side effect of: (B) bioaccumulation.
DDT has the full form Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane. It was a very commonly used pesticide or insecticide. It is a crystalline chemical compound. Apart from bioaccumulation, DDT was also responsible for the decrease in the reproductive rate of birds due to thinning of eggshells.
Bioaccumulation is the phenomenon where the intake of a chemical compound in an organism is more than its excretion or breakdown. In this phenomenon, the chemical agent quantity keeps building up gradually with time in an individual. Pesticide and pollution are the two most common reasons for bioaccumulation.
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why is it critical for maintaining flux through the metabolic pathway that nadh be oxidized to nad , and (b) how is that done under anaerobic conditions in human cells?
Enables the energy-producing process by which NAD can move electrons from one reaction to another. Through a variety of metabolic processes, cells regenerate their energy when they are anaerobic.
NAD+ and NADH: What Function in Metabolism?With the help of metabolic activities like glycolysis, the TCA cycle, and fatty acid oxidation (FAO), NAD+ gets hydride to create NADH, a crucial redox carrier. Because of this, NADH also contributes to the production of ROS and is a key hydride donor for ATP synthesis via mitochondrial OXPHOS.
What is NAD+? As to why it matters:Every cell in your body contains NAD+, a vital coenzyme. It is crucial for the metabolic process and serves two primary purposes by converting nutrients into energy.
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which stage of atherosclerosis is smooth muscle cell progression and proliferation involved in
In the early as well as late stages of atherosclerosis is smooth muscle cell progression and proliferation involved.
In both the early and late stages of atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) play a significant role. The extracellular matrix-rich fibrous cap that VSMCs generate to protect the early atherosclerotic lesion's "necrotic" core covers the lesion when they invade it from the media. One significant step in the development of vascular lesions is smooth muscle cell proliferation (SMC).
Up until now, there hasn't been any concrete proof that mitogens play a part in the formation of arterial lesions, despite the widespread idea that growth factors play a role in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. In reaction to vascular damage, during atherogenesis, and during smooth muscle cell migration. It has been discovered that migration activates a large number of proximal signals and signal transduction pathways.
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which choice among a-e below is false? a. transferrins: an iron-binding protein in your body b. fever: increases t cell activity and lowers iron availability c. amps: peptides of the innate immune system that possess antimicrobial activity d. interferon: acts on increfhypothalamus to elevate body temperature set point causing fever e. alternative complement pathway: complement activated by binding to pathogen surface glycolipids f. none are false; a - e are all true
The false statement in the given question is: (d) interferon: acts on increfhypothalamus to elevate body temperature set point causing fever.
Fever is the state of elevated temperature of the body. The normal body temperature is 98.6° F (37° C). Any increase above this temperature is febrile. Molecules called pyrogens released from the body of pathogens trigger the hypothalamus to elevate the body temperatures.
Interferon is the immune protein released from the cells that get infected by the virus. The function of the interferon is to inhibit the viral replication inside the body so as to prevent the spread of infection inside the body.
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newly formed polypeptides are released and the ribosomal subunits break apart as a result of sequences in mrna called
Newly shaped polypeptides are released and the ribosomal subunits break apart as a result of sequences in mRNA called Translation.
The translation is the technique that takes the facts handed from DNA as messenger RNA and turns it into a series of amino acids sure collectively with peptide bonds.
Within the course of translation, ribosomal subunits acquire collectively like a sandwich on the strand of mRNA, in which they proceed to attract tRNA molecules tethered to amino acids (circles). an extended chain of amino acids emerges as the ribosome decodes the mRNA series proper into a polypeptide, or a logo-new protein.
The release elements bind to a termination codon on the area and stimulate hydrolysis of the bond between the tRNA and the polypeptide chain at the P internet site online, resulting within the release of the completed polypeptide from the ribosome. The tRNA is then released, and the ribosomal subunits and the mRNA template dissociate.
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in an alpha helix,a.side chain residues point up and down the axis of the helix.b.the oxygen of the carbonyl carbon in a peptide bond points out toward the exterior of the helix.c.there are five residues per helical turn.d.there are usually many proline residues present.e.the helix is right-hande
In an alpha helix, the helix is right handed.
What is an alpha helix?
It is a rod like structure, where the inner section is a tightly coiled chain. The side chains extend in an outward direction in a helical array. In order to stabilize, the alpha helix takes advantage of the hydrogen bonding between the groups CO and NH of the main chain.
The alpha helix is most frequently used for interactions between DNA-protein interfaces that are sequence specific.
The alpha helix’s size is the same as the width of the major groove of DNA, which makes sure they fit tight together. At the same time, the side chains on the helix, which are protein, probe available base pairs.
Hence, the helix is right handed in an alpha helix.
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a gene that controls seed coat color in peas also determines the susceptibility of these peas to a particular disease. this situation is referred to as
The sensitivity of peas to a specific disease is also determined by a specific gene that regulates the colour of the seed coat. Pleiotropy is the term used to describe this circumstance.
Pleiotropy is the term used to describe this scenario, which has been found in a variety of species, including humans.
When an organism is heterozygous, it has two distinct alleles of the same gene. For instance, pea plants can have either homozygous dominant (red-red) or heterozygous red blooms (red-white). They are homozygous recessive if they have white blooms (white-white).
The phenotype of an organism is its outward appearance (FEE ,TIEP). Purple or white flowers would be possible phenotypes for the pea plant's feature of flower colour. Yellow and green seeds, in terms of seed colour,
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Rank the strength of attraction between the particles that make up the gas in an oxygen tank, a rock, and juice, all at room temperature.
Answer:
rock, juice oxygen
Explanation:
Going by solid, liquid, and gas, there has to be the most attraction between solid substances.
discuss what would happen to the rate of cellular respiration if the germinating lentils and crickets were kept in the respirometers for an extended period. you must show a critical understanding of the operations of the electron transport chain in your answer.
To fulfill the high-energy needs of a germinating seedling, cellular respiration increases as a seed emerges from dormancy and begins germinating.
Cellular respiration increases as a seed emerges from dormancy and starts to germinate in order to meet the high ATP requirements of a growing seedling. Sugars and other substances are used by seeds as a substrate for respiration during germination. Since there is a greater need for ATP during germination, the activity of the electron transport system also rises during this time.
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the effect on ocean acidification on marine life such as such as phytoplankton algae, invertebrates, and vertebrates -
The overall effect of ocean acidification on marine life is habitats are in danger of extinction. Due to increase CO2 concentration and decrease O2 in ocean water.
The general rise in Earth's temperature, especially as a result of global warming and other factors, is what causes the oceans' temperature to rise.
The solubility of oxygen decreases as water temperature, in this example ocean temperature, rises. This is due to the higher kinetic energy of oxygen molecules, which allows them to move out of the solution or body of water. In general, this implies that the diversity of marine life would decrease as the oxygen level would decrease and carbon dioxide levels increased. Due to ore CO2 dissolving in water, it makes the water acidic.
Acidification has the following consequences on the marine environment:
1. Species' shells and skeletons are dissolving as the acidity of the environment rises.
2. The increased acid content in the ocean reduces the organisms' capacity to calcify.
3. Not able to stay healthy in acidic water.
4. For some fish species are not able to find food.
Therefore, the increase in acidity will result in dangers and the extinction of species.
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which process would be included in an accurate diagram of the rock cycle? i
Answer:
Sedimentary and metamorphic rock melt and become magma.
Explanation:
During DNA replication prior to meiosis, a frameshift mutation occurs. Will this mutation be inherited?
a
Yes, because meiosis makes exact cellular copies.
b
Yes, because frameshift mutations are always passed on to offspring.
c
Yes, because the error happened in a gamete.
d
Yes, because the error happened in a somatic cell.
Yes, a frameshift mutation that occurs during DNA replication prior to meiosis will be inherited because the error happened in a gamete; option C.
What is a mutation?A mutation is a change that occurs in the sequence of nucleotides in a DNA molecule.
Mutations that are inheritable are those mutations that affect the gametes.
Gametes refer to the haploid cells that are produced during the process of meiosis. Gametes produce egg cells and sperm cells.
Therefore, a mutation that occurs prior to meiosis could be inherited because it will be present in the gametes.
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The spinal column is sometimes referred to as the backbone
True Or False
The statement the spinal column is sometimes referred to as the backbone is TRUE because it provides structural support to the body.
What is the spinal column in the human body?The spinal column is a series of vertebrae which include cervical spine vertebrae, thoracic spine vertebrae, lumbar spine vertebrae and sacral spine vertebrae. These bones are able to support the weight of the body.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the spinal column in our body provides a structure that supports the human body.
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Genes are segments of DNA on a chromosome that control what?
Answer:
Your genes contain instructions that tell your cells to make molecules called proteins. Proteins perform various functions in your body to keep you healthy. Each gene carries instructions that determine your features.
Answer:
Genes are the segments of DNA that provide the codes to construct a protein.
Explanation:
hope this helps you
Release factor 1 has been mutated so now it binds to the codon 5’-ugg-3’ and the gene encoding the native trna that binds to the ugg has been deleted. Assuming that the cell with these mutations is viable, what would occur at the ugg codon? look at the genetic code in lecture slides or in your book.
The original UGG tRNA encoding has been removed and the cell with this mutation is alive, so the UGG codon will change the codon sequence.
When the coding for a nucleotide is removed, a mutation occurs. These mutations are called frame shift mutations. These mutations are caused by the addition or deletion of one or more nucleotides in the DNA, usually followed by a shift in codon reading resulting in a change in the amino acid sequence in the protein that the gene encodes for. The frameshift is divided into two, namely single base deletion and single base insertion. Single base deletion occurs when a nucleotide is missing or missing from the DNA chain. Single base insertion occurs when a nucleotide pair inserts into the DNA chain
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Which of the following can be classified as a producer?
A. Bear
B. corn
C. deer
D. snake
Answer:
B. Corn
Explanation:
Corn is considered a producer because corn meets the two primary characteristics of a producer. To start, producers make their own food so they can live. Corn is a plant that uses photosynthesis to take energy from the sun and make usable glucose for energy. Second, producers serve as a food source for consumers. All other answer choices are consumers.
Answer:
B. corn
Explanation:
A producer is an organism that makes its own food. In other words, it's an organism that can perform photosynthesis (plants). Since "corn" is the only organism that can perform photosynthesis, it is a producer.
the erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because the (fill in the blank) .
The erythrocyte count increases after a while when an individual goes from a low to a high altitude because , At high altitudes, both the total atmospheric pressure and the partial pressure of oxygen are low.
The cells that carry hemoglobin, an oxygen-transporting protein that gives blood its red hue, are known as erythrocytes or red blood cells (RBCs). Over 99% of the blood's biological composition consists of red blood cells. About five million RBCs may be found in one microliter of blood.
Because there is less O2 available to be loaded, high-altitude situations invariably result in lower-than-normal hemoglobin saturation levels.
High elevations result in an increase in blood hemoglobin levels. This is one of the most well-known effects of high altitude acclimatization. Oxygen may be transported more easily when there is more hemoglobin in the blood.
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Beginning with Earth, make a claim about the structure of the universe.
Summarize evidence to support your claim, and explain your reasoning
It now seems that the cosmos came into being at a moment in time around 14 billion years ago. The cosmic microwave background, universal expansion, and the abundance of light elements are the three sources of evidence supporting the genesis of this event.
Which facts back up the universe's expansion?The universe's limited age was first seen and supported by Edwin Hubble in 1929. He found that the further a galaxy is from us, the quicker it appears to be fading into space using the greatest telescope available at the time. By extension, this proves that the cosmos is expanding consistently in all directions.
The Big Bang, a space-exploding event, is how our universe got its start. Space expanded, the cosmos cooled, and the most basic elements emerged from a state of very high density and warmth. To create the earliest stars and galaxies, gravity progressively pulled stuff together.
For a long time, gas was the only material used. Mostly hydrogen and helium, this gas expanded and cooled.
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Double-glazing all the windows in a house will cost £4000. It will mean a yearly saving of £200 on
energy bills. What is the payback time in years?
According to the given statement 20 is the payback time in years.
What is energy in Example?Energy can take on a variety of shapes. Examples of these include: electrical energy, energy, energy source, nuclear or atom energy, light energy, heat energy, mechanical power, gravity force, and so on. Each form has the ability to shift or transform into others.
Why is energy so important?Since it is a basic human requirement, energy plays a significant role in our daily lives. Our human-made structures are not only warmed by energy, but also cooled by it. To lift your thumb, get out of bed, or even walk down the street, you need energy.
Briefing:Based on the given conditions, formulate: 4000÷200
Cross out the common factor:20
Get the result:20
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which is closest to the definition of primary production? select one: a. the net sinking rate of carbon from the surface oceans to the deep b. the production by primary producers in the deep parts of the ocean c. the rate of fixation of carbon per unit area per unit time d. the part of production that is primary and not secondary or tertiary
Closest to the definition of primary production is the production by primary producers in the deep parts of the ocean. So the correct option is b.
Primary production in ecology is the synthesis of organic molecules from aqueous or atmospheric carbon dioxide.
Primary production refers to the process by which autotrophs assimilate and fix inorganic carbon and other inorganic nutrients into organic matter. The chemical energy source is typically ignored when estimating an ecosystem's primary production.
There are two forms of primary production: gross primary production, which measures the total amount of organic material generated by all producers in an ecosystem. The pace at which energy is fixed by autotrophs in excess of respiration is known as net primary production. Gross primary output minus respiration equals net primary production.
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