The question is incomplete, the complete question is;
Which is most closely associated with the Lewis dot diagrams for molecules that contain atoms of elements from the boron family, Group 13 (Group IIIA)?
a. elements shown as 3+ ions
b. expanded octets of electrons
c. incomplete octets of electrons
d. odd number of valence electrons
e. kernel electrons promoted to the valance shell
Answer:
incomplete octets of electrons
Explanation:
A Lewis dot structure is a representation of a molecule based on the number of valence electrons on its valence shell. These electrons are shown as dots hence Lewis structures are also called dot electron structures.
For elements of group 13, they mostly form dimeric compounds due to the fact that their compounds possess an incomplete octet of electrons. This is common to group 13 elements, hence the answer above.
Glucagon secretion is stimulated when blood glucose concentration decreases. which carbohydrate pathways does glucagon stimulate in liver?
A. glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis)
B. glycolysis
C. glucose uptake
D. gluconeogenesis
E. glycogenolysis
Answer:
E. glycogenolysis
Explanation:
Glycogenolysis is the process whereby excess glucose stored by the body in the form of glycogen is then converted back/broken down into glucose molecules to serve as a source of energy
Glucagon secretion is stimulated when blood glucose concentration decreases and is secreted by the pancreas. The liver then converts the glycogen into glucose for use by the body
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A sphere with a mass of 12 g has a radius measuring 2 cm. What is its density?
Answer:
0.36 g/cm3 I hope this helps
Answer:
0.36 hope it helped
Explanation:
What is the pH of a 0.1 M solution of acetic acid (pKa = 4.75)?
Answer:
[tex]pH=2.88[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello,
In this case, since dissociation of acetic acid is:
[tex]CH_3COOH\rightleftharpoons CH_3COO^-+H^+[/tex]
The equilibrium expression in terms of the acid dissociation constant is:
[tex]Ka=\frac{[CH_3COO^-][H^+]}{[CH_3COOH]}[/tex]
In such a way, in terms of the reaction extent, we write:
[tex]Ka=\frac{x*x}{0.1-x}[/tex]
And Ka is computed from the pKa:
[tex]Ka=10^{-pKa}=10^{-4.75}=1.78x10^{-5}[/tex]
[tex]1.78x10^{-5}=\frac{x*x}{0.1-x}[/tex]
Thus, solving for [tex]x[/tex] we obtain:
[tex]x=0.001325M[/tex]
Which is also equal to the concentration of H⁺ so the pH is:
[tex]pH=-log(0.001325)\\\\pH=2.88[/tex]
Regards.
In which of the following groups of substances would dispersion forces be the only significant factors in determining boiling points? I. Cl2 II. HF III. Ne IV. KNO2 V. CCl4
Answer:
Cl2,Ne, CCl4
Explanation:
Dispersion forces are quite significant as the predominant intermolecular forces in nonpolar substances. For Cl2,Ne and CCl4, dispersion forces are the primary kind of intermolecular interaction present in the compound.
Hence, the boiling point of these substances will be determined solely by the dispersion forces between the molecules.
Cl2, Ne, CCl4 are the group of substances in which dispersion forces would
help determine the boiling point.
Dispersion force is a type of Van der waals force and is also regarded as
London forces. This type of force occur between the atoms and molecules
when electrons are symmetrically distributed in the nucleus.
This force is a weak intermolecular force and is present in non polar
compounds such as Cl2, Ne, CCl4 . KNO2 is polar and hence doesn't
determine its boiling point.
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Describe the movement of molecules in solids, liquids, and gases.Be sure to explain why the molecules move differently in each state of matter.
Answer:
See explanation
Explanation:
The degree of movement of molecules in each not the three different states of matter depends on the arrangement of the molecules.
In a solid, molecules are packed closely together and are held in fixed positions by strong intermolecular forces such that they can only vibrate or rotate about a fixed point.
In liquids, molecules are less closely packed hence they can flow around each other but possess only little kinetic energy. Intermolecular forces in liquids are much lesser than that of solids.
In gases, intermolecular forces are negligible and gas molecules move with a very high velocity and possess high kinetic energy. There are large spaces between gas molecules and they are always in motion.
In the reaction: CH 3COOH(aq) + NH 2 – (aq) CH 3COO – (aq) + NH 3(aq), the conjugate acid-base pairs are:
Answer: CH3COO- & CH3COOH are conjugate
NH2- & NH3 are conjugate
Explanation:
what could cause a test tube to crack?
Answer:
heated test tube in cold water
a strong acid will react with a molecule of water to form a(n) _ ion
Answer:
hydroxide ion
Explanation:
acids produce hydrogen ion when dissolved in water
Convert a speed of 857 mi/h to units of feet per minute. Also, show the unit analysis by dragging components into the
unit-factor slots.
Answer Bank
857 mi
х
1 h
f)x()
1 min
60 s
12 in
60 min
1 mi
3 ft
1 h
60 h
5280 ft
1 ft
857 mi/h =
ft
min
Answer:
The answer would be 75,416 feet / minute.
And the conversion would be: 857 miles / 1 h = (1h / 60 minutes) (5280 feet / 1 mile)
Explanation:
Conversion factors are mathematical operations used to make unit changes of the same magnitude, in magnitudes of weight, time, or length. etc.
It consists of multiplying one or more fractions several times in which the numerator and the denominator are equal quantities expressed in different ways.
For example: 1 hour = 60 minutes = 3600 seconds.
857 miles / 1 hr = (1h / 60 minutes) (5280 feet / 1 mile)
modern commercial airlines are largely made of aluminum, and light and strong metal. But the fact that aluminum is cheap enough that airplanes can be made out of it is a bit of historical luck. before the discovery of the Hall-Heroult process in 1886, aluminum was as rare and expensive as gold. What would happen if airplanes had to be made of steel? The fuselage of a Boeing 787, which can carry 400 passengers, is approximately a hollow aluminum cylinder without ends, 70.7 m long, 6.5 m wide, and 2.5 mm thick. Suppose this fuselage was made of steel (density 7.87 g/cm^{3}) instead of aluminum (density 2.7g/[tex]cm^{3}), and let's say the average passenger has a mass of 81 kg. We'll also assume the engines can't lift any greater mass than they already do. Calculate the number of passengers that the Boeing 747 could carry if its fuselage was made of steel.
Answer:
170 passenger . ( approx )
Explanation:
Total volume of metal making fuselage = π ( r₂² - r₁² ) l
r₂ is outer radius of cylindrical tube like fuselage
= 6.5 / 2 + .0025 = 3.2525 m
r₁ is inner radius of cylindrical tube like fuselage
= 6.5 / 2 = 3.25 m
l = 70.7 m
Total volume of fuselage = π ( r₂² - r₁² ) l
= 3.14 x 70.7 x ( 3.2525² - 3.25² )
= 221.998 ( 10.57875 - 10.5625)
= 3.60747 m³
If it is made of aluminium , its mass
= volume x density
= 3.60747 x 2700 kg
= 9740.16 kg
weight of passenger = 81 x 400 = 32400 kg
Total mass = 32400 + 9740.16
= 42140.16 kg
If it is made of iron , its mass
= volume x density
= 3.60747 x 7870 kg
= 28390.79 kg
If number of passenger required be n
81 n + 28390.79 = 42140.16 ( as per condition given )
n = 170 passenger . ( approx )
QUESTION 4 What is the maximum pressure (in Torr) that will afford a N2 molecule a mean-free-path of at least 1.00 m at 25 oC
Answer:
Maximum pressure P = 4.9 × 10⁻⁵ Pa
Explanation:
From the information given, the mean free path can be expressed with the formula:
[tex]\lambda = \dfrac{RT}{\sqrt{2} \pi \times d^2 \times N_A \times P}[/tex]
Making Pressure P the subject of the formula because we intend to find the maximum pressure, we have:
[tex]P= \dfrac{RT}{\sqrt{2} \pi \times d^2 \times N_A \times \lambda }[/tex]
At standard conditions
R = gas constant = 8.314 J/mol.K
T = temperature at 25°C = (273 + 25) = 298 K
π = pi = 3.14
d = (364× 10⁻¹²m)²
[tex]N_A[/tex] = avogadro's number = 6.023 × 10²³
λ = mean free path = 1.0 m
[tex]P= \dfrac{RT}{\sqrt{2} \pi \times d^2 \times N_A \times \lambda }[/tex]
[tex]P= \dfrac{8.314 \ J/mol.K \times 298 \ K}{\sqrt{2}\times (3.14) \times (364 \times 10^{-12} \ m) ^2 \times 6.023 \times 10^{23}/mol \times 1.0 \ m }[/tex]
P = 0.007 kg/m.s²
P = 0.007 Pa
[tex]P = 0.007 Pa \times \dfrac{0.007 \ torr}{1 \ Pa}[/tex]
P = 4.9 × 10⁻⁵ Pa
the number of protons in an ato
Answer:
The number of protons in the nucleus of the atom is equal to the atomic number
(Z). The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons .
The mass number of the atom (M) is equal to the sum of the number of protons
and neutrons in the nucleus.
For each pair, give the relationship between the two compounds. Making models will be helpful.
(a) (2R, 3S)-2, 3-dibromohexane and (2S, 3R)-2, 3-dibromohexane
(b) (2R, 3S)-2, 3-dibromohexane and (2R, 3R)-2, 3-dibromohexane
Answer:
(a) Enantiomers
(b) Diastereomers
Explanation:
In the first pair of molecules, we have an opposite configuration. That is, in the first molecule we have an R and S configuration and in the second an S and R configuration. Therefore we have a mirror image, if this is true, we will have a mirror image and we will have "enantiomers". (See figure 1)
In the second pair of molecules, we do not have a mirror image. Since the first molecule has an R, S configuration (the mirror image would be S, R). In the second molecule, we have an R, R configuration (the mirror image would be S, S). Therefore, the relationship between these molecules is "diastereoisomers". (See figure 2)
why is the concentration of a solid left out of the equilibrium expression for the solubility of a salt
Answer:
Its concentration remains constant
Explanation:
The concentration of a pure solid is left out of the expression for the equilibrium solubility of a salt because the concentration of a pure solid remains constant. Therefore, the activity of a pure solid is 1.
Being of a constant concentration, the pure solid is not included in equilibrium expression for the solubility of a salt.
If you put 5.0 mL of alcohol into 100.0 mL of water, what is the solvent and what is the solution?
In 1.00 mol of potassium zirconium sulfate trihydrate, K4Zr(SO4)4.3 H20, there are
A
3 x 6.02 x 10 hydrogen atoms
23
B
6.02 x 1023 sulfur atoms
с
4* 6.02 x 1023 potassium atoms
D
4 moles of oxygen atoms
E
4 moles of zirconium atoms
Answer:
C. 4 × 6.02 × 10²³ potassium atoms.
Explanation:
In 1.00 mol of potassium zirconium sulfate trihydrate, K₄Zr(SO₄)₄.3 H₂O, there are
A . 3 × 6.02 × 10²³ hydrogen atoms. NO. There are 3 × 2 moles of hydrogen atoms = 6 moles of hydrogen atoms = 6 × 6.02 x 10²³ hydrogen atoms
B. 6.02 × 10²³ sulfur atoms. NO. There are 4 moles of sulfur atoms = 4 × 6.02 × 10²³ sulfur atoms
C. 4 × 6.02 × 10²³ potassium atoms. YES. There are 4 moles of potassium atoms = 4 × 6.02 × 10²³ potassium atoms
D . 4 moles of oxygen atoms. NO. There are 4 × 4 moles of oxygen atoms = 16 moles of oxygen atoms
E . 4 moles of zirconium atoms NO. There is 1 mole of zirconium atoms
What is the major driving force for losing a proton as the last step in an electrophilic aromatic substitution reaction?
Answer:
Explanation:
In the following reaction we have shown an example of aromatic substitution reaction .
C₆H₆ + RCl = C₆H₅R + HCl
This reaction takes place in the presence of catalyst like AlCl₃ which is a lewis acid .
First of all formation of carbocation is made as follows .
RCl + AlCl₃ = R⁺ + AlCl₄⁻
This R⁺ is carbocation which is also called electrophile . It attacks the ring to get attached with it .
C₆H₆ + R⁺ = C₆H₅R⁺H.
The complex formed is unstable , though it is stabilized by resonance effect . In the last step H⁺ is kicked out of the ring . The driving force that does it is the steric hindrance due to presence of two adjacent group of H and R⁺ at the same place . Second driving force is attack by the base AlCl₄⁻ that had been formed earlier . It acts as base and it extracts proton ( H⁺ ) from the ring .
C₆H₅R⁺H + AlCl₄⁻ = C₆H₆ + AlCl₃ + HCl .
The formation of a stable product C₆H₆ also drives the reaction to form this product .
i need to know the measurements of this to the appropriate amount of significant figures
Answer:
[See Below]
Explanation:
25 ml.
A pool is 41.4 m long and 28.2 m wide. If the average depth of water is 5.00 ft, what is the mass (in kg) of water in the pool? Enter your answer in scientific notation. The density of water is 1.0 g/mL.
Answer:
[tex]m=1.779x10^{6}kg[/tex]
Explanation:
Hello,
In this case, mass and volume define density as shown below:
[tex]\rho =\frac{m}{V}[/tex]
Whereas the mass is computed by:
[tex]m=\rho *V[/tex]
Thus, knowing the dimensions of the pool, we compute its volume:
[tex]V=41.4m*28.2m*(5.00ft*\frac{1m}{3.281ft} )=1779.15m^3[/tex]
But in cubic centimetres:
[tex]V=1779.15m^3*\frac{1x10^6cm}{1m^3} \\\\V=1.779x10^{9}cm^3[/tex]
Therefore, the mass in kilograms turns out:
[tex]m=1\frac{g}{cm^3} *1.779x10^{9}cm^3*\frac{1kg}{1000g}\\ \\m=1.779x10^{6}kg[/tex]
Regards.
The pH of a solution is 8.83±0.048.83±0.04 . What is the concentration of H+H+ in the solution and its absolute uncertainty?
Answer:
The concentration of [tex]H^{+}[/tex] is 1.48 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] M
The absolute uncertainty of [tex][{H^{+}][/tex] is ±0.12 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] M
The concentration of [tex]H^{+}[/tex] is written as 1.48(±0.12) × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] M
Explanation:
The pH of a solution is given by the formula below
pH = [tex]-log_{10}[{H^{+}][/tex]
∴ [tex][H^{+}] = 10^{-pH}[/tex]
where [tex][{H^{+}][/tex] is the [tex]H^{+}[/tex] concentration
From the question,
pH = 8.83±0.04
That is,
pH =8.83 and the uncertainty is ±0.04
First, we will determine [tex][{H^{+}][/tex] from
[tex][H^{+}] = 10^{-pH}[/tex]
[tex][{H^{+}] = 10^{-8.83}[/tex]
[tex][{H^{+}] = 1.4791[/tex] × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] M
[tex][{H^{+}] = 1.48[/tex] × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] M
The concentration of [tex]H^{+}[/tex] is 1.48 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] M
The uncertainty of [tex][{H^{+}][/tex] ( [tex]U_{[H^{+}] }[/tex] ) from the equation [tex][H^{+}] = 10^{-pH}[/tex] is
[tex]U_{[H^{+}] } = 2.303 \\[/tex] × [tex]{[H^{+}] }[/tex] × [tex]U_{pH }[/tex]
Where [tex]U_{[H^{+}] }[/tex] is the uncertainty of [tex][{H^{+}][/tex]
[tex]U_{pH }[/tex] is the uncertainty of the pH
Hence,
[tex]U_{[H^{+}] }[/tex] = 2.303 × 1.4791 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] × 0.04
[tex]U_{[H^{+}] }[/tex] = 1.36 × [tex]10^{-10}[/tex] M
[tex]U_{[H^{+}] }[/tex] = 0.12 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] M
Hence, the absolute uncertainty of [tex][{H^{+}][/tex] is ±0.12 × [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] M
Acetone is a common solvent that has a density of 0.7899 g/mL. What volume of acetone, in milliliters, has a mass of 35.6 g?
volume
mL
Answer:
45.069 mL
Explanation:
mass/density=volume.
If we fill in the numbers provided, we would have:
35.6/0.7899=45.069
Don't forget to add your measurements!
45.069 mL
How does ionization of a given molecule affect its distribution between the organic and aqueous layer
Answer:
Ionized molecules will be found in the aqueous layer
Explanation:
The principle of solvent extraction involves the partitioning of a substance between an aqueous layer and an organic layer. The aqueous layer is polar in nature while the organic layer is nonpolar in nature.
All nonpolar substances are found in the organic layer while all polar substances are found in the aqueous layer. Hence, in the aqueous phase, the following species can be found; positive ions, negative ions and neutral polar molecules or ionic substances.
Read this for the next two problems: When a 125 g obsidian rock is placed into a graduated
cylinder, the water level rises from the 15 mL to the 47 mL mark.
29. What is the rocks volume?
a) 62 mL
b) 32 mL
c) 15 mL
d) 47 mL
30. What is the rocks density?
a) 0.25 g/mL b) 1 g/mL
c) 2.0 g/mL d) 3.9 g/mL
31. If you add a mass of 3.7 g to a mass of 9.495 9. the sum with the correct number of
significant digits is
a) 13.29 b) 13.209 c) 13.199 d) 13.1959
Answer:
29. Option (b) 32 mL
30. Option (d) 3.9 g/mL
31. Option (d) 13.195 g
Explanation:
29. Determination of the volume of the rock.
Volume of water = 15 mL
Volume of water + Rock = 47 mL
Volume of Rock =.?
Volume of Rock = (Volume of water + Rock) – (Volume of water)
Volume of Rock = 47 – 15
Volume of Rock = 32 mL
30. Determination of the density of the rock.
Density of a substance is simply defined as the mass of the substance per unit volume of the substance. It can be represented mathematically as:
Density (D) = mass (m) /volume (V)
D = m/V
With the above formula, the density of the rock can be obtained as follow:
Mass (m) of Rock = 125 g
Volume (V) of Rock = 32 mL
Density (D) =?
D = m/V
D = 3.9 g/mL
Therefore, the density of the rock is 3.9 g/mL.
31. Determination of the sum of 3.7 g and 9.495 g.
The sum of 3.7 g and 9.495 g can be obtained as follow:
3.7 g + 9.495 g = 13.195 g
The reaction between nitric oxide and oxygen is described by the following chemical equation: Suppose a two-step mechanism is proposed for this reaction, beginning with this elementary reaction: Suppose also that the second step of the mechanism should be bimolecular. Suggest a reasonable second step. That is, write the balanced chemical equation of a bimolecular elementary reaction that would complete the proposed mechanism.
Answer:
2NO(g) + O2(g) ---> 2NO2(g)
Explanation:
The mechanism for this reaction involves two elementary reactions in which both are bimolecular as shown below;
NO(g) +O2(g) ----> NO2(g) + O(g)
NO(g) + O(g) ----> NO2(g)
Hence overall balanced reaction equation;
2NO(g) + O2(g) ---> 2NO2(g)
Answer:
NO(g)+O(g)---->NO_2(g)
Explanation:
What is milk made of?
Answer:
Protein
Explanation:
Answer:
Water, fat, proteins, lactose, and minerals. Milk also contains trace amounts of other substances such as pigments, enzymes, vitamins, phospholipids, and gases.
What alkene would give the products below after reaction with O3, followed by reduction with (CH3)2S
The question is incomplete; the complete question is;
What alkene would give the products below after reaction with O3, followed by reduction with (CH3)2S? Write the condensed structural formula (CH3)2C=O and CH3-CH2-CH=O
Answer:
2-methylpent-2-ene (C6H12)
Explanation:
Ozonolysis is a wonderful method for determining the location of double bonds in an alkene since the oxygenated carbons in the carbonyl compounds formed after ozonolysis are the ones that were initially joined by the double bonds in the original alkene.
Hence if an alkene yields (CH3)2C=O and CH3-CH2-CH=O, the original alkene must be C6H12, that is, 2-methylpent-2-ene
At 25°C, an aqueous solution containing 35.0 wt% H2SO4 has a specific gravity of 1.2563. A quantity of the 35% solution is needed that contains 195.5 kg of H2SO4.
A) Calculate the required volume (L) of the solution using the given specific gravity.
B) Estimate the percentage error that would have resulted if pure-component specific gravities of H2SO4 (SG = 1:8255) and water had been used for the calculation instead of the given specific gravity of the mixture.
Answer:
a) volume₁ = 444.6 L
b) Volume₂ = 306 L and percentage Error = 31.2%
Explanation:
Given that;
the solution contains 35.0 wt% H₂SO₄
A quantity of the 35% solution is needed that contains 195.5 kg of H₂SO₄
Lets say mass of solution containing 195.5 kg H₂SO₄ is 'A' kg
Now since the question saysm it is a 35% wt solution,
so
(35/ 100) × Akg = 195.5kg
0.35A = 195.5
A = 558.6kg
So A = 558.6 kg
therefore mass of the solution is 558.6kg
a)
also Specific gravity is 1.2563
since density of water = 1kg/ L
density of solution = SG of H₂SO₄ × density of water
therefore density of solution = 1.2563 ×1kg/ L = 1.2563 kg/ L
Now to calculate the required volume (L) of the solution
we say;
Volume of solution = mass / density
Volume = 558.6kg / 1.2563kg/L
Volume₁ = 444.6 L
b)
Now If pure-component specific gravity is to be used,
Specific Gravity = 1.8255
which means Density will be = 1.8255 kg/ L
Therefore will be
Volume = 558.6kg / 1.8255kg/L
Volume₂ = 306 L
To calculate the error
we say volume₁ - volume₂
Error = 444.6L - 306L = 138.6
So
Percent error = ( 138.6L / 444.6L) × 100
percentage Error = 31.2%
Which one of the following is an example of a covalent network solid?a.SiO2b. Kc. I2d. CaCl2e. None of these.
Answer:
SiO2
Explanation:
A covalent network solid is a solid substance held together by a network of covalent bonds. Silicon dioxide forms a three dimensional covalent network solid structure.
Silicon dioxide is comprised of a network in which each silicon atom is at the centre of a tetrahedron of four oxygen atoms. Each of the oxygen atoms is also bonded to another silicon atom, at the centre of its own tetrahedron of oxygen atoms. This gives rise to a crystalline solid structure which is hard, having a high melting point.
A sample of ammonia gas was allowed to come to equilibrium at 400 K. 2NH3(g) <---> N2(g) 3H2(g) At equilibrium, it was found that the concentration of H2 was 0.0551 M, the concentration of N2 was 0.0183 M, and the concentration of NH3 was 0.383 M. What is Kc for this equilibrium
Answer:
Kc for this equilibrium is 2.30*10⁻⁶
Explanation:
Equilibrium occurs when the rate of the forward reaction equals the rate of the reverse reaction and the concentrations of reactants and products are held constant.
Being:
aA + bB ⇔ cC + dD
the equilibrium constant Kc is defined as:
[tex]Kc=\frac{[C]^{c}*[D]^{d} }{[A]^{a} *[B]^{b} }[/tex]
In other words, the constant Kc is equal to the multiplication of the concentrations of the products raised to their stoichiometric coefficients by the multiplication of the concentrations of the reactants also raised to their stoichiometric coefficients. Kc is constant for a given temperature, that is to say that as the reaction temperature varies, its value varies.
In this case, being:
2 NH₃(g) ⇔ N₂(g) + 3 H₂(g)
the equilibrium constant Kc is:
[tex]Kc=\frac{[N_{2} ]*[H_{2} ]^{3} }{[NH_{3} ]^{2} }[/tex]
Being:
[N₂]= 0.0551 M[H₂]= 0.0183 M[NH₃]= 0.383 Mand replacing:
[tex]Kc=\frac{0.0551*0.0183^{3} }{0.383^{2} }[/tex]
you get:
Kc= 2.30*10⁻⁶
Kc for this equilibrium is 2.30*10⁻⁶
Identify the predominant intermolecular forces in each of these substances.
1. H2O
2. CaCl2
3. CH3CH(CH3)OH
4. CH4
5. NH3
Answer:
H2O- hydrogen bonding
CaCl2- ion-ion interaction
CH3CH(CH3)OH- hydrogen bonding
CH4- dispersion forces
NH3- hydrogen bonding
Explanation:
Intermolecular forces are secondary bond forces that hold the molecules of a substance together in a given state of matter.
Intermolecular forces account for quite a number of the observed physical properties of a substance such as the boiling and melting point.
If a compound contains hydrogen atom bonded to a highly electronegative element, hydrogen bonding becomes the most dominant intermolecular force, e.g in water and ammonia.
For nonpolar molecules, dispersion forces are the most dominant intermolecular forces. In ionic substance, ion-ion interaction becomes quite prominent.