Answer:
isn't there supposed to be an option mentioning guard cells tho :/
Explanation:
If a researcher has a DNA sample with a concentration of 0.2 micrograms per microliter, how many microliters of DNA must be transfered to conduct a 50 microliter reaction if the final concentration should be 2.3 nanograms per microliter
The amount, in microliters, of the DNA that must be transferred to conduct the reaction will be 0.575 microliters
Dilution principleThe problem can be solved by using the dilution equation.
Mathematically, the equation is given as:
m1v1 = m2v2
Where m1 = imitial concentration, m2 = final concentration, v1 = initial volume, and v2 = final volume.
However, the initial and final concentrations, in this case, should first be converted to the same units.
0.2 microgram = 0.2 x [tex]10^{-6}[/tex] grams
2.3 nanograms = 2.3 x [tex]10^{-9}[/tex] grams
Thus, 2.3 nanograms = 2.3 x [tex]10^{-3}[/tex] microgram = 0.0023 microgram
What we are looking for is the initial volume.
v1 = m2v2/m1 = 0.0023 x 50/0.2 = 0.575 microliters
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A lateral cervical vertebral projection demonstrating the right and left articular pillars and zygapophyseal joints with superoinferior separation, the inferior cortices of the cranium and mandible without superimposition, and the vertebral foramen of C1 visualized was obtained with the:
The said lateral cervical vertebral projection was obtained with the head and upper cervical vertebrae tilted toward the IR.
What are the parts of cervical vertebrae?The cervical vertebrae serve as the origination and insertion points for muscles that support and enable movement of the head and neck.The cervical spine has 7 stacked bones called vertebrae, labeled C1 through C7. The top of the cervical spine connects to the skull, and the bottom connects to the upper back at about shoulder level. The superior and inferior articular processes of cervical vertebrae have fused on either or both sides to form articular pillars.A lateral cervical projection with accurate positioning is as follows: C1 & C2 without cranial or mandibular superimposition, open intervertebral disk spaces, superimposed right & left articular pillars & zygapophyseal joints, the spinous process in profile.Learn more about cervical vertebrae here:
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Which statement best describes the cell membrane?
1. It is found only in animal cells
2. It is a nonliving structure
3. It controls reproduction in a cell
4. It controls the passage of materials into the cell
Answer:
The correct answer is 4
Explanation:
The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable. The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.
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What is the Universal Genetic code?
A) All living things have DNA and RNA
B) All living things have the same size and shape of cells
C) The same type of cell membranes and cell walls are in both plant and animal cells
D) All DNA and RNA are contained in the nucleus of the cell
Answer:
A.
Explanation:
Every living organism needs a way to create energy and new cells, and to do that, they need something to direct that, which is where DNA and RNA come in. So therefore, all living things not only need, but have DNA and RNA.
It is that the living beings all are made up of both DNA and RNA. The correct answer is option A.
What is the full form of DNA and RNA ?It stands for deoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid.
The genetic code of the universe is universal. That is like the all of the known kind of the living organisms just use same genetic code. It shows by nearly all of the organisms which share a common kind of evolutionary history. The present genetic code is just unambiguous. Each of the codon codes is just one amino acid .
A genetic code that is shared by the diverse organisms which helps to provide important kind of evidence for common origin of the life on the Earth. That is like many of the species on the Earth today are likely just evolved from the same ancestral organism in that the genetic code is already present.
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Which organelle is the primary site of atp synthesis in eukaryotic cells?
a) lysosome
b) vacuole
c) mitochondrion
d) golgi apparatus
e) peroxisome
Answer:
[tex]\huge\boxed{\sf Option \ C}[/tex]
Explanation:
The site where ATP are synthesized in eukaryotic cells is mitochondrion.
Mitochondrion:Shape:
Oval or tubular.Layers:
Two layers, Outer layer is smooth and inner layer gives rise to foldings called cristae.Function:
Synthesizes Energy in the form of ATP with the help of electron transport chains.[tex]\rule[225]{225}{2}[/tex]
What factor determines when an animal species will enter an ecosystem in succession?
The actual species involved in a succession in a particular area are controlled by such factors as the geology and history of the area, the climate, microclimate, weather, soil type and other environmental factors.
The factors that determine when an animal species will enter an ecosystem in succession are weather, climate, soil, and environmental factors.
What is succession?Ecological succession is the operation of change in an ecological community's species composition over time. The time frame can be many decades or less or more.
The process by which a region's species and habitat mix evolve over time is called ecological succession. The biotic and climatic variables that might wipe out a region's population are the fundamental causes of ecological succession. Climate influences are present in wind, fire, soil erosion, and natural disasters.
Thus, weather, climate, soil, and environmental conditions all play a role in determining when an animal species will successively enter an ecosystem.
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WHAT IS CELLULAR COMPONENTS CHARACTERISATION
Which observation is not evdience that helped identify sodium a s the early current of the action potentioa?
a. The current declined when there was decreased driving force on sodium fluxes.b. The current disappeared near the Nernst potential for sodium.c. The early current was blocked by tetrodotoxin.d. The early current was unaffected by tetraethylammonium.e. When the late current was blocked, the reversal potential of the inward current shifted to a negative membrane potential.
Option e: When the late current was blocked, the reversal potential of the inward current shifted to a negative membrane potential. This observation is not an evidence that helped identify sodium a s the early current of the action potential.
Reversal potential is the potential at which the current reverses direction: it changes from positive to negative.
During a typical action potential, the small resting ion conductance mediated by potassium channels is overwhelmed by the opening of numerous Na+ (sodium ion) channels.
This brings the membrane potential towards the reversal potential of sodium.
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Coral in the ocean grows by budding, where the new organism grows out of the old one by mitosis. this form of replication is an example of:____.
Coral in the ocean grows by budding, where the new organism grows out of the old one by mitosis. this form of replication is an example of asexual reproduction.
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction that does not involve gamete fusion or changes in the number of chromosomes. Progeny resulting from asexual reproduction from unicellular or multicellular organisms inherits the complete set of genes from a single parent.
Asexual reproduction is a type of reproduction in which a single parent gives birth to new offspring. Newly produced individuals are genetically and physically identical. That is, they are clones of their parents. Asexual reproduction is observed in both multicellular and unicellular organisms.
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The terrestrial invertebrates, such as the insects of the Carboniferous grew very large. They evolved many innovations such as specialized mouthparts, and the new ability to _______.
They evolved many innovations such as specialized mouthparts, and the new ability to fly.
What is the Carboniferous period?The Carboniferous period is the period that existed between 350 - 300 million years ago.
Some terrestrial invertebrates which are air-breathing insects, myriapods and arachnids are known to have existed in that era.
With time these insects tend to develop new features through mutations and natural selection leading to;
Development of specialised mouthparts that helps in feeding andThe ability to fly.Natural selection is defined as the process that is used by organisms to adapt properly especially to a new environment which helps them to reproduce and survive.
Mutation is defined as the change in the genetic sequence of a chromosome.
Therefore, the terrestrial invertebrates, such as the insects of the Carboniferous evolved many innovations such as specialized mouthparts, and the new ability to fly.
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Given this information, which reversion mutation in the gene would restore the normal function of the protein?
The production by further mutation of a premutation gene from a mutant gene. This reverse mutation restores the ability of the gene to produce a functional protein.
By changing a gene’s instructions for making a protein, a variant can cause a protein to malfunction or to not be produced at all.
When a variant alters a protein that plays a critical role in the body, it can disrupt normal development or cause a health condition.
A condition caused by variants in one or more genes is called a genetic disorder.
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The novel Parkinson's disease linked mutation G51D attenuates in vitro aggregation and membrane binding of alpha-synuclein, and enhances its secretion and nuclear localization in cells
PD linked mutation may cause neurodegeneration via different mechanism.
What is Novel Parkinson's disease linked mutation ?A novel mutation in the α-Synuclein (α-Syn) gene "G51D" was recently identified in two familial cases exhibiting features of Parkinson's disease (PD) and multiple system atrophy (MSA)
the G51D mutation significantly attenuates α-Syn aggregation in vitro.it disrupts local helix formation in the presence of SDS, decreases binding to lipid vesicles C-terminal to the site of mutation and severely inhibits helical folding in the presence of acidic vesicles.Learn more about Novel Parkinson's disease here:
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A water sample has a pH 10 and contains 56 mg/L HCO3- and 32 mg/L CO32-. Calculate the alkalinity in mg/L as CaCO3.
The alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L is 108,23
What is alkalinity?Alkalinity is the total measure of substances present in water, capable of neutralizing acids. In other words, it is the amount of substances present in the water that act as a buffer.
With that being said;
Equivalent weight = {molar mass}*{ion charge/oxidation number}
Molar mass of HCO3- = 61g/molMolar mass of CO3 = 60g/molMolar mass of CaCO3 = 100g/molEq. cot. of HCO3- = 61g/EqEq. cot. of CO3 = 30g/EqEq. cot. of CaCO3 = 50g/EqAlkalinity due to CO3 = {32x50}{30} = 53.33mg/L
Alkalinity due to HCO3- = {56x50}{61} = 54,90mg/L
Total Alkalinity = 53,33 + 54,90 = 108,23 mg/L
In this case, we have to The alkalinity as CaCO3 in mg/L is 108,23 mg/L
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A sheet of muscles covering the back of the shoulders that aids in shoulder shrugs is called the:_______
A sheet of muscles covering the back of the shoulders that aids in shoulder shrugs are called the Trapezius muscles.
The muscle known as the trapezius muscles runs from the base of the neck to the middle of the back, passing through the shoulders. You may move your head, neck, arms, shoulders, and torso with the aid of the trapezius muscle.
Additionally, it supports spinal stability and improves posture. The traps may be impacted by muscle strains, which can hurt and limit movement. Both posture and mobility are controlled by the trapezius muscles.
It enables you to turn and tilt your head in all directions. When you lift your arm or throw a ball, the trapezius muscle controls your scapula (shoulder blade).
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Soha, kesha, and lance work together in the same office and also live in the same apartment building. they travel to their workplace using different modes of transport. arrange their transport choices according to their carbon footprint. begin with the person with the smallest footprint.
Arrangement of transport choices if begin with the person with the smallest carbon footprint is Lance < Kesha < Soha .
The entire amount of greenhouse gases (such as carbon dioxide and methane) produced by human actions is known as a carbon footprint.
Let's first take the example of Lance who rides a bicycle to their workplace.
The amount of carbon emission in riding a bicycle is comparatively very low in comparison to the hybrid electric car and gasoline-powered sedan as the bicycle doesn't emit any fumes.
Cycling emits 84 percent less CO2 on average than driving a car or using public transportation.
So, Lance is the person with the smallest carbon footprint.
Now if we compare Kesha with hybrid electric car and Soha with gasoline-powered Sedan, Kesha will have smaller carbon footprint.
In general, compared to conventional vehicles like gasoline-powered sedan, all-electric, plug-in hybrid electric, and hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs) have reduced exhaust emissions like carbon-di-oxide.
So, the correct arrangement of transport choices if begin with the person with the smallest carbon footprint is Lance < Kesha < Soha.
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Which atoms were these molecules made up of and in what relative proportions? which of these atoms plays a central role as the "backbone" to the structure of these atoms? why do you suppose this is?
The key repeating units in these macromolecules are: sugar (aldose/ketose) for carbohydrates, amino acids for proteins, fatty acids and CoA for lipids and a nitrogenous base, sugar and phosphate for nucleic acids.
What is the composition of these macromolecules?Carbohydrates contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen and oxygen (CH2O), and their combustion will yield carbon dioxide plus one or more molecules of water.Proteins contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and nitrogen. In each amino acid the elements are arranged into a specific conformation around a carbon center.Lipids are composed of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen atoms, and in some cases contain phosphorus, nitrogen, sulfur and other elements.Nucleic acids contain the same elements as proteins: carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorous (C, H, O, N, and P).Carbon is the key element which serves as the basic structural component, or “backbone,” of the macromolecules.It has unique properties that allow it to form covalent bonds to as many as four different atoms.Carbon is unique in its ability to form large, diverse molecules.Learn more about biomolecules here:
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Disclaimer: The question was given incomplete on the portal. Here is the complete question.
Question: Consider the structure of biologically important macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids) and explain the significance of the key elements involved in formation of these molecules. Which atoms were these molecules made up of and in what relative proportions? Which of these atoms plays a central role as the "backbone' to the structure of these atoms? Why do you suppose this is?
The theory most likely to compare a family to the human body with its many parts, or to a computer program with its many interrelated components, is __________. Group of answer choices biosocial family systems exchange family ecology
The theory most likely to compare a family to the human body with its many parts, or to a computer program with its many interrelated components, is Correct family systems.
What is the basic family systems theory?The primary focus of family systems theory is on the behavioral exchanges that occur during a specific moment of contact between family members. According to the notion, both problematic and nonproblematic behaviours are created, maintained, and perpetuated through patterns of interaction between family members.
Family interactions, family functions, family features, and the family life cycle make up the four parts of a family system, sometimes known as the "four key aspects" or "family pillars." Family systems theory is derived from the fields of biology and cybernetics going back to the 1940s and 1950s.
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Choose the true statements about the diversity of Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands. Check all that apply.
Prior to the adaptive radiation of finches, there were no unoccupied habitats in the Galápagos Islands.
Beak shape is not an important key innovation.
Charles Darwin's Finches and the theory of evolutionThe Galapagos Islands are home to 13 of the world's only Darwin's finches, little land birds that bear his name. The fourteenth finch is the Cocos finch, which lives on the island of Cocos in Costa Rica. They aren't real finches, but rather members of the tanager family.
Natural selection, according to Charles Darwin, is a phenomenon that contributes to evolution. According to the natural selection principle, organisms create more offspring than are capable of surviving in their surroundings.
His journey to the Galapagos Islands was crucial in the formation of his theory of natural selection because he discovered a number of finch species that varied from island to island. The Galapagos Islands are an archipelago of 13 noteworthy islands.
In addition to giant tortoises, iguanas, fur seals, sea lions, sharks, and rays, they are home to 26 species of native birds, 14 of which are Darwin's finches. These finches are recognized as the vertebrates in the entire animal world that have evolved the fastest because of how quickly their look and behavior changed to adapt to this confined and quickly changing environment.
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________ is a condition in which the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood is reduced.
Answer:
Anemic Hypoxia.
Explanation:
As per the definition of this condition:
"Anemic hypoxia occurs when the oxygen carrying ability of the blood decreases, and thus, this defect is specifically associated with the blood. This implies that fewer hemoglobin molecules (or oxygen-binding sites) are available for binding oxygen."
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IL-22 inhibits epidermal di erentiation and induces proinflammatory gene expression and migration of human keratinocytes
The given statement that IL-22 inhibits epidermal decentration and induces proinflammatory gene expression and migration of human keratinocytes holds true
What is IL-22?IL-22 belongs to a family of cytokines structurally related to IL-10, including IL-19, IL-20, IL-24, and IL-26. In contrast to IL-10, IL-22 has proinflammatory activities. IL-22 signals through a class II cytokine receptor composed of an IL-22-binding chain, IL-22RA1, and the IL-10RB subunit, which is shared with the IL-10R. In the present study, we show that short-term cultured human epidermal keratinocytes express a functional IL-22R but no IL-10R. Accordingly, IL-22 but not IL-10 induces STAT3 activation in keratinocytes. Using a cDNA array screening approach, real-time RT-PCR, and Western blot analysis, we demonstrate that IL-22 up-regulates, in a dose-dependent manner, the expression of S100A7, S100A8, S100A9, a group of proinflammatory molecules belonging to the S100 family of calcium-binding proteins, as well as the matrix metalloproteinase 3, the platelet-derived growth factor A, and the CXCL5 chemokine. In addition, IL-22 induces keratinocyte migration in an in vitro injury model and down-regulates the expression of at least seven genes associated with keratinocyte differentiation. Finally, we show that IL-22 strongly induces hyperplasia of reconstituted human epidermis. Taken together, these results suggest that IL-22 plays an important role in skin inflammatory processes and wound healing.
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Which of the following is NOT one of the four macromolecules that make up cells?
Answer:
can you give the choices
blood carries _____ to the other organs in the body
After incubation, does the antibiotic extend into the agar beyond the zone of inhibition? how does your answer tie in with minimum inhibitory concentration (mic)?
After incubation, the antibiotic extends to the agar beyond the zone of inhibition, but in lower concentrations, indicating that the microorganism can grow in small concentrations of the tested drug.
What is Diffusion Disk?It is one of the simplest, most reliable and most used susceptibility methods in microbiology laboratories. Its basic principle is the diffusion of the antimicrobial on the surface of the agar, from a disc impregnated with the same antimicrobial.
How does the disk-broadcast test work?The agar disk diffusion test was described in 1966 by Bauer and Kirby. It is one of the simplest and most reliable sensitivity methods. It is performed by dispensing the antimicrobial discs onto the agar plate after applying the bacterial inoculum with approximately 1 to 2 x 10 CFU/mL.
With this information, we can conclude that The purpose of the disk diffusion method is to assess the sensitivity or resistance of a microorganism to a particular antimicrobial agent.
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Which combination of alleles are always involved in the inheritance of a sex-linked trait?
Answer:
important category of genetic linkage has to do with the X and Y sex chromosomes. These not only carry the genes that determine male and female traits but also those for some other characteristics as well.
Answer:
alleles that are carried on X and Y chromosomes
Explanation:
Edge
What type of organisms do marine scientists believe may provide clues to marine viruses?
bacteria
protozoa
algae
microbes
The type of organisms that marine scientists believe may provide clues to marine viruses are bacteria (option A).
What are marine viruses?Marine viruses are defined by their habitat as viruses that are found in marine environments.
Marine viruses can infect all types of life forms, from animals and plants to microorganisms, including bacteria and archaea.
However, marine viruses tend to bacteriophages that infect marine bacteria often than any other host.
Marine viruses are regarded as microbe killers. Once a virus enters a host cell, it identifies it the surface receptors of the host cell and inserts its genetic material and hijacks the machinery inside the cell in order to replicate.
Therefore, the type of organisms that marine scientists believe may provide clues to marine viruses are bacteria.
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Determine the dna sequence by analyzing the location of each nucleotide across the four lanes of the electrophoresis instrument. provide the dna sequence as your answer here.
The specific electrophoretic diagram required to determine the DNA sequence is not found here but this technique refers to Sanger sequencing.
What is Sanger sequencing?Sanger sequencing is a technique used in molecular biology and genetics to determine the linear order of nucleotide bases in a given genomic sequence, which is fundamental to identifying alleles in a genome.
This technique (Sanger sequencing) is based on the use of certain analogous nucleotides that stop the process of amplification, which can be subsequently evidenced in an electrophoresis gel.
In conclusion, the specific electrophoretic diagram required to determine the DNA sequence is not found here but this technique refers to Sanger sequencing.
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How does sweating during exercise help maintain homeostasis?
A.It regulates water concentration in the cells.
B.It regulates body temperature.
C.It regulates ion concentrations in the cells.
D.It regulates transport between cells.
The correct option is B. It regulates body temperature.
What is homeostasis?In biology, homeostasis is the condition of steady internal, physical, and chemical requirements maintained by living systems.
This is the requirement of optimal functioning for the organism and contains many variables, such as body temperature and fluid balance, being kept within certain pre-set limitations (homeostatic range). Other variables include the pH of extracellular fluid, the engagements of sodium, potassium, and calcium ions, as competently as the blood sugar level, and these need to be regulated despite changes in the atmosphere, diet, or level of activity. Each of these variables is controlled by one or better controllers or homeostatic mechanisms, which together maintain life.Homeostasis exist obtained about by a natural resistance to switch when already in the optimal conditions, and balance is maintained by many regulatory mechanisms. All homeostatic control mechanisms include at least three interdependent elements for the variable being regulated: a receptor, a control center, and an effector.To learn more about homeostasis, refer:
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Which two species are actually the closer relatives in terms of evolutionary history: human, chinook salmon, and great white shark?
The two species that are closer relatives in terms of evolution include chinook salmon and white shark.
What is evolution?Evolution refers to a common origin in different organisms, and the main evolutionary mechanism is natural selection.
Humans, chinook salmons and white sharks belong to Chordate Phylum, but these last two are closer form an evolutionary point of view.
In conclusion, the two species that are closer include chinook salmon and white shark.
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When performing the Kirby-Bauer assay, the presence of a zone of inhibition indicates that __________.
Answer: that the bacteria are more sensitive to the antibiotic in the disk.
Explanation:
Figure: Kirby-Bauer test: In Kirby–Bauer testing, discs containing antibiotics are placed on agar where bacteria are growing, and the antibiotics diffuse out into the agar.
If the intake valve is opened too early in the cycle of operation of a four-stroke cycle engine, it may result in:_______.
If the intake valve opens too early in the cycle, vacuum will be reduced and exhaust gasses will be forced into the intake manifold. When exhaust gasses are forced into the intake manifold, vacuum is adversely affected and the intake runners will soot up. This effect is called "reversion".
An internal-combustion engine goes through four strokes: intake, compression, combustion (power), and exhaust. As the piston moves during each stroke, it turns the crankshaft.
The work of is intake valve opens when the piston reaches the TDC; compressed air from high pressure tank rapidly flows into the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylinder rapidly increases to the intake pressure. Meanwhile, the mass and temperature inside the cylinder increase.
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