Cytopathic effects are alterations in cell morphology brought on by an infecting virus (CPE). The rounding of the infected cell, the fusing of the infected cell with neighboring cells to produce syncytia (prokaryotes), and the formation of nuclear or cytoplasmic inclusion bodies are typical examples.
Absolute destruction The most severe cytopathic effect is this one. Complete Destruction The glass surface is seeded with a monolayer of host cells, and a viral infection that causes focal degeneration is then introduced. Syncytium, inclusion bodies, foamy degeneration, swelling and clumpingCytopathic effect (CPE), structural alterations brought on by viral infection in a host cell. CPE happens when the infecting virus causes the host cell to lyse (dissolve), or when the cell dies without lysing because it cannot divide.To know more about Cytopathic
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in crosses between fish of the two different morphologies, the lack of bony armor segregates as a recessive trait that maps to the ectodermal dysplasin (eda) gene. comparisons between the eda-coding regions of the armored and non-armored fish revealed no differences. what is the explanation for this result? in crosses between fish of the two different morphologies, the lack of bony armor segregates as a recessive trait that maps to the ectodermal dysplasin (eda) gene. comparisons between the eda-coding regions of the armored and non-armored fish revealed no differences. what is the explanation for this result? the difference between the two species of sticklebacks would be in allelic forms of eda. the difference between the two species of sticklebacks would be regulatory sequences controlling eda expression. the difference between the two species of sticklebacks would be some other gene controlling the development of bony plates. the difference between the two species of sticklebacks would be conferred by environmental signals.
The explanation for the result of comparisons between the EDA-coding regions of the armoured and non-armoured fish revealed no differences in the difference between the two species of sticklebacks that would be conferred by environmental signals.
Thus, the correct option is E.
What is ectodermal dysplasia (EDA)?The EDА gene provides instructions for mаking а protein cаlled ectodysplаsin А. This protein is pаrt of а signаling pаthwаy thаt plаys аn importаnt role in development before birth. Specificаlly, it is criticаl for interаctions between two embryonic cell lаyers cаlled the ectoderm аnd the mesoderm.
Аrmor plаte chаnges in sticklebаcks аre а clаssic exаmple of repeаted аdаptive evolution. Previous studies identified ectodysplаsin (EDА) gene аs the mаjor locus controlling recurrent plаte loss in freshwаter fish. Here we show thаt freshwаter EDА аlleles hаve cis-аcting regulаtory chаnges thаt reduce expression in developing plаtes аnd spines. Аn identicаl T → G bаse pаir chаnge is found in EDА enhаncers of divergent low-plаted fish. Recreаtion of the T → G chаnge in а mаrine enhаncer strongly reduces expression in posterior аrmor plаtes.
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What's a good format for biology CER/Essay?
Select all the differences between DNA and RNA.
a
RNA contains one strand of nucleotides, and DNA has two.
b
DNA contains two strands of nucleotides, and RNA has four.
c
In RNA, thymine is replaced by uracil.
d
DNA is contained only within the nucleus and RNA is not.
e
RNA is more complex than is DNA because of its multiple forms.
f
In DNA, guanine is replaced by uracil.
Answer:
In RNA thymine is replaced by uracil
the p plants that mendel used in his experiments were all homozygous for the trait he was observing. which genotypes could correctly represent the alleles of the p plants?
The correct genotypes of the plants are YY and yy. Since both the plants are homozygous.
In terms of genetics, being homozygous means having inherited the same alleles (versions) of a genomic marker from both biological parents. A person who possesses two identical copies of a genetic marker is said to be homozygous for that marker. In contrast, a person who has two copies of a certain marker is said to be heterozygous.
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The genotype YY or yy would correctly represent the alleles of the p plants.
The genotype YY or yy would correctly represent the alleles of the p plants. Since both the plants are homozygous. Each letter represents one of the two alleles in the genotype. The dominant allele is capitalized and the recessive allele is lowercase.
The letter used for the gene (seed color in this case) is usually related to the dominant trait (yellow allele, in this case, or “Y”). When P plants with contrasting traits were cross-fertilized, all of the offspring were heterozygous for the contrasting trait, meaning their genotype had different alleles for the gene being examined. For example, the F1 yellow plants that received a Y allele from their yellow parent and a y allele from their green parent had the genotype Yy.
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What is bacterial infection??
Answer:
Bacterial Infection is when you get infected by bacteria it can happen if you have an open wound and it was not properly cleaned or it can also happen if you are using something that has not been sanitized to pierce you skin (IT CAN GET REALLY UGLY).
Explanation:
The presence of what cell part will be most helpful in classifying a cell as either prokaryotic or eukaryotic?.
The nucleus is the component that contributes the most to determining whether a cell is prokaryotic or eukaryotic in nature.
Because it houses a cell's DNA, the nucleus is one of the most crucial eukaryotic organelles. Chloroplasts and mitochondria are two other crucial organelles that are assumed to have evolved from primitive single-celled organisms and play significant roles in energy conversion. Organelles that are membrane-bound, such as numerous mitochondria, are present in eukaryotic cells. In eukaryotic cells, the process of cellular respiration takes place in the mitochondria. Prokaryotic cells, in contrast, lack mitochondria and other membrane-bound organelles but still engage in cellular respiration.
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which neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells? multiple select question. gaba acetylcholine glycine norepinephrine glutamate
The neurotransmitters are excitatory to some cells and inhibitory to others, depending on the type of receptors on the target cells are acetylcholine and norepinephrine.
A molecule that, when a nerve impulse arrives, is released at the end of a nerve fiber. This chemical then diffuses across the synapse or junction, causing the impulse to be transferred to another nerve fiber, a muscle fiber, or some other structure is called neurotransmitter.
Depending on the type of receptors present, some neurotransmitters, like acetylcholine and norepinephrine, can have both excitatory and inhibitory effects. When several synapses in close proximity are triggered at once or receive input from several presynaptic cells, spatial summation occurs.
Thus, because of receptors these can cause excitatory as well as inhibitory responses by summation of impulses.
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mmediately after the repolarization phase of an action potential, the neuronal membrane is temporarily unable to respond to the stimulation of a second action potential. the brief pause is called the refractory period. what must happen to
The ball domain is released from the channel pore and the channel turns back to closed state after the repolarization phase of an action potential.
The ball domain here describes the ions flowing in and out of the cells in response to the action potentials. A portion of the neuron becomes positively charged when Na+ channels open at the beginning of an action potential, allowing a flood of Na+ ions from outside the cell to enter. This is called depolarization. K+ ions from inside the cell flood out when K+ channels open, making that region of the neuron membrane more negatively charged. This is termed as repolarization. These mechanisms are what alter the cell membrane's voltage.
The brief pause between the opening of these two channels to initiate a second action potential is termed as refractory period. It describes the time it takes for an excitable membrane to reach a resting state after responding to a second stimulus in terms of action potentials.
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Complete question is:
Immediately after the repolarization phase of an action potential, the neuronal membrane is temporarily unable to respond to the stimulation of a second action potential. the brief pause is called the refractory period. what must happen to the voltage-gated sodium channel for the refractory period to end?
describe the most likely effect of gasdermin pore formation on water balance in the cell in a hypotonic environment.
The most likely effect of gasdermin pore formation in a cell that is hypotonic is that water will enter the cell causing them to burst because they become filled with too much water.
The cell would have a higher solute concentration than the surrounding environment. Better known as osmosis, the diffusion of water involves moving toward higher solute concentration. Due to phagocytes digesting the compounds of the cell along with other pathogens, this would prevent the spread of infection. Interleukin release activates the adaptive immune response by stimulating B and T leukocytes to divide and produce antibodies or kill infected cells.
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You're studying a sample of igneous rock. The rock formed within Earth's crust. The sample contains a very high concentration of dark-colored, high-density minerals. Classify the rock by type and composition.
Answer: Rhyolite
Explanation: Rhyolite is an extrusive igneous rock. It is formed by the volcanic eruption. This rock have glassy appearance. It is a fine grained rock. It has light color due to small grain size and deposition of silica so the color is pink or gray. It also comprises of dark colored mineral specks like quartz, sanidine, plagioclase, biotite, and others. This rock also comprises of trapped gases. The rock appears in the crystalline form and appearance. The low content of the mafic minerals also contribute to the light color of the rhyolite rock.
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a population has an allele that encodes for ear size, large ear being dominant and small ear being recessive. the frequency of the dominant allele is .6. what percentage of the population has big ears?
The population's prevalence of the dominant allele Simply put, 1 - 0.02 = 0.98 (or 98%) represents the population's frequency of the dominant (normal) allele.
How is the homozygous dominant proportion determined?Determine the proportion of people who are homozygous for the dominant allele. We are aware that the recessive homozygote genotype frequency is q2 and equals 0.09. Accordingly, p = 1 - q p = 1 - 0.30 = 0.70 In terms of homozygote dominants, p2 = (0.70)2 = 0.49 or 49% is used.
How is the Hardy-Weinberg equation solved?The Hardy-Weinberg equation is written as p 2 + 2 p q + q 2 = 1, or p2 + 2 p q + q2 = 1. and is employed to establish the prevalence of genotypes in a certain group. To calculate the frequency of a particular event, Start by replacing the relevant terms with the known values you have been given for genotype.
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explain why a plasmid and a segment of dna to be inserted into a plasmid must be cut with the same restriction enzyme.
Plasmid must be cut with the same restriction enzyme because it will produce fragments with the same complementary sticky ends, making it possible for bonds to form between them.
The restriction enzymes cuts at specific points in the given sequences, hence these restriction enzyme are used to forms fragments with complementary sticky ends, therefore helping in the formation of bonds between them.
A restriction enzyme is generally a protein isolated from bacteria that cleaves DNA sequences at sequence-specific sites, producing DNA fragments whose sequence is known at each ends.
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6co2 6h2o light energy ---> c6h12o6 6o2 what do you think will happen to the rate of the reaction as the light source is moved further away from the aquatic plant
The process of photosynthesis, which results in the production of glucose in plants, is 6 CO 2 + 6 H 2 O light C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6 O 2 6CO2+6H2O.
What kind of reaction produces C6H12O6 6O2 energy from 6CO2 6H2O?6CO2+6H2OC6H12O6+6O2 is the chemical equation for photosynthesis. 6CO2+6H2O→C6H12O6+6O2. In plants, the chloroplasts in the mesophyll of the leaves are where photosynthesis occurs.
What part of photosynthesis does 6CO2 play?Carbon dioxide and water are changed into glucose and oxygen during photosynthesis. Since glucose is a big molecule (C6H12O6) with six carbon atoms, only six molecules of carbon dioxide (CO2) are needed to create one molecule of glucose.
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What is the function of epithelial tissue in the human stomach?
- support and bind other tissues together
- contract to allow for movement of the stomach
- provide protection and allow secretion and absorption
- receive and transmit impulses and process information
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heat controls microbial growth via: a. denaturation (inactivation) of enzymes b. induction of thymine dimers c. conjugation d. plasmoptysis
Heat controls microbial growth is done by the process of conjugation. Heat is a popular and powerful tool for preventing the development of microorganisms. The correct option is conjugation.
What is Conjugation methods-
Conjugation methods are frequently utilized in laboratory aseptic techniques. However, because conjugation penetrates cells more effectively than dry heat, it is often the more successful treatment.
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removal of the voice box: a.laryngectomy b.esophagectomy c.pharyngectomy d.larnygectomy e.pharnygectomy
Removal of voice box or sound box is called laryngectomy.
The larynx can be removed in whole or in part through a laryngectomy (voice box). It entails making an incision (cut) over the Adam's apple region on the outside of the neck. Partial laryngectomy: In order to treat some laryngeal malignancies, only a portion of the voice box needs to be removed.
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Oxygen is important in the oxidation of glucose because it ____________________________.
Answer:
For oxidation to occur there must be oxygen.
Explanation:
scientifically speaking the word oxidation means the addition of a oxygen molecule
a bacterial broth culture grown in isolation (pure culture) reflects a predictable growth profile. list the four principle phases of a typical growth profile and briefly describe: (a) what is happening during each phase with regard to the viable cell count and (b) what is causing the change to occur
The four-phase of bacterial culture growth are the lag phase, log phase, stationary phase, and death phase.
Lag Phase: Cellular activity, but not growth, characterizes this initial phase. During this phase, these cells enlarge but do not divide.
Exponential (Log) Phase: Bacterial cells move into the exponential or log phase after the lag phase. The cells are currently dividing by binary fission and multiplying by two after each generation. As DNA, RNA, cell wall components, and other components required for growth are produced for division, metabolic activity is high.
Stationary Phase: As the nutrients get depleted and waste products start to build up, the population expansion seen in the log phase eventually starts to slow down. The number of dividing cells equals the number of dying cells at the stationary phase of bacterial cell development. There is no overall population growth as a result.
Death Phase: As nutrients become scarcer and waste products multiply, more cells are undergoing cellular death.
Factors like oxygen, pH, temperature, and light impact microbial growth.
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in conditioning birds and rats, you find that it is easier to condition birds with vision-relevant stimuli than with taste-relevant stimuli, and it is easier to condition rats with taste-relevant stimuli than with vision-relevant stimuli. these results are true because
In the vision relevant stimuli, the result are true due to Law of effect.
In physiology, a stimulus is a detectable exchange in the bodily or chemical shape of an organism's inner or external surroundings. The capability of an organism or organ to detect external stimuli, so that the right reaction may be made, is known as sensitivity.
Stimuli is a detectable trade within the inner or outside surroundings. That which influences or causes a brief increase of physiological activity or response inside the entire organism or in any of its parts.
Detection of stimuli is crucial for adaptation, or adjusting to changes in the surroundings. The human frame is ready with response mechanisms that allow us to alter to changes inside the surroundings in order for survival.
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which is not the neurotransmitter criteria? a) neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet. b) chemical must be rapidly inactivated/broken down after its release. c) application of the isolated neurotransmitter on the post-synaptic cell membrane should have the same effect when it is released by a neuron. d) postsynaptic potential change must result when a neurotransmitter is released and bound to its postsynaptic receptors. e) none of the above.
Neurotransmitter has to be consumed in the diet is not the criteria for neurotransmitter. So the correct option is a.
A neuron releases a signaling chemical called a neurotransmitter across a synaptic gap to influence another cell. Any major body component or target cell that receives the signal may be another neuron, but it could also be a gland or muscle cell. These signals enable you to move your limbs, experience sensations, maintain heartbeat, as well as receive and process all the information your body receives from other internal body parts and your environment.
These signals enable you to move your limbs, experience sensations, maintain heartbeat, as well as receive and process all the information your body receives from other internal body parts and your environment.
The axon terminal, a component of the neuron, is where neurotransmitters are found. They are kept inside synaptic vesicles, which have thin walls. Numerous thousands of neurotransmitter molecules can fit inside each vesicle.
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ardi s intermediate form of bipedality included the use of: a. longer hind limbs for clinging and leaping. b. palms and feet to move along tree branches. c. a tail. d. none of the above.
In ardi's intermediate type of bipedality, moving over tree branches with the palms and feet is incorporated.
The capacity to stand erect and move on two legs is known as bipedalism. Only humans employ this position as their main form of propulsion, however many other primates can stand up and move around for brief periods of time.
Bipedality may have started as early as 6 million years ago, according to fossil evidence. Our ancestors, however, made their first steps as devoted bipeds with Australopithecus, an early hominid that emerged in Southern and Eastern Africa between 4 and 2 million years ago. However, little is still known by scientists regarding the conditions that gave rise to this feature.
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Look at the DNA samples from Cytochrome b shown above. What do you notice about the sequences for each population?
Answer:
Explanation:
they have lines.
in a cotransduction experiment the alleles a , b , and c were studied. the allele a alone was transduced into an auxotroph 1750 times, b alone 1700 times, and c alone 1725 times. alleles a and b were both found 11 times, b and c 117 times, and a and c 15 times. what can you definitely conclude?
We can definitely conclude that genes b and c are more closely linked than a and b or a and c.
Define alleles?
Leading courses on genetics and evolution define a allele as a variant that has the same sequence of nucleotides at the same location on a lengthy DNA molecule.
A locus is the chromosomal or genomic location of a gene or any other genetic element, and alleles are different DNA sequences found at a locus.
An identical trait is determined by a pair of alleles, such as eye color, where one allele codes for black eyes and the other for brown eyes.
The genotype is made up of all the alleles that an organism possesses. The genotype of an organism is referred to as homozygous if a pair of alleles is comparable.
Therefore, we can definitely conclude that genes b and c are more closely linked than a and b or a and c.
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A patient sustained an electric shock when she accidentally touched live wires following a severe storm. The shock affected her urinary function and resulted in oliguria and uremia. How will the patient’s symptoms be treated if she develops anuria?.
Using theories of urinary system, we got hemodialysis is the method through which patient`s symptoms be treated of she develops anuria.
Hemodialysis, also called as haemodialysis, or simply dialysis, is a process of purifying the blood of a person whose kidneys are not working properly. This type of dialysis achieves the extracorporeal removal of the waste products such as creatinine and urea and free water from blood when the kidneys are in state of kidney failure. Hemodialysis is one of three renal replacement therapies (the others two being kidney transplant and peritoneal dialysis). A other method for extracorporeal separation of blood components such as plasma or cells is called as apheresis.
Hence, if the patient develops anuria, in that case patient`s symptoms be treated by the hemodialysis method.
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Label the following diagram
The macromolecule that is shown in the image is an amino acid.
What is the macromolecule?We know that a macromolecule is the kind of molecule that is composed of many units. The units that are contained in the molecule are the ways that the molecule can be able to be combined so as to give a larger molecule.
In the case of the molecule that is shown in the image in the question, we can see that the compound must be an amino acid because it has the amino group and the carboxyl group as we can see here.
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which of the following is not a function of meiosis? a.cause an organism to grow b.create genetic variability c.reduce the chromosome number in gametes d.produce gametes
The following is not a function of meiosis : b.)create genetic variability. Hence option c is correct.
What happens in meiosis?Type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells is called meiosis. This process produces egg and sperm cells for sexual reproduction.
Growth and division of cells occurs by mitosis and differentiation for specific cell types whereas genetic variations arise from mutations in which genetic material is rearranged as a cell gets ready to divide. Genetic variations that alter gene activity or protein function introduce different traits in an organism.
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LUNG
Complete the sentences.
1. Oxygen is carried to all parts of your body in your
2. Another name for alveoli is A ______________ S
3. The bronchial tubes start at the bottom of your T
4 Dirt is kept out of your lunge by they hairs called C
5. Air comes into your lungs through bronchial U _____________S
I
6. The cilia and mucus keep your lungs clean, pink and
E
7. All of the parts of our body that help us breathe are called the
Respirator.
(2 words)
_D
t
system.
Answer:
7) digest system, 3) throat
oncoviruses are a type of animal virus that can cause a neoplasm. which type of virus is likely to be an oncovirus?
Oncovirus is likely to be a lysogenic virus that can cause neoplasm, leading to cancer.
By modifying the cancer-related pathways in the host cells, oncoviruses may encourage their survival and growth. Oncoviruses can cause neoplasms, either benign or malignant. Malignant neoplasms have the ability to migrate to other parts of the body while still replicating. Lysogenic virus allow the virus to replicate within the host cell before turning to lytic cycle. In this was, oncoviruses are lysogenic virus capable of causing cancer.
Lysogenic would delay the return to the lytic cycle long enough for it to multiply and gather into a tumor. The viral genome is incorporated into the host cell's genome during the lysogenic cycle, causing internal infection.
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which statement is true about enzymes in the human body? which statement is true about enzymes in the human body? enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature. enzymes in the human body always work better as the temperature decreases. enzymes in the human body always work better as the temperature increases. enzymes in the human body work just as well at any temperature.
The correct statement is option A: enzymes in the human body usually work best at normal body temperature.
The body's normal temperature, which is around 98.6° F (Fahrenheit) or 37°C, is where most enzymes in the human body function optimally. They might still function at lower temperatures, but considerably more slowly. Therefore, option A is the right choice.
Enzymes function as biological catalysts that quicken biochemical reactions. The most popular explanation proposes that enzymes bind to the substrate molecule and create a transition state. As the reaction proceeds, an energy barrier that the substrates must cross separates the products from the substrates.
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Review this illustration to answer the question.
Which structure is responsible for organizing spindle fibers during mitosis?
The stricture responsible for organizing spindle fibers during mitosis is the centriole. The third option.
What is mitosis?Mitosis refers to the division of non-sex or vegetative cells in the body of living organisms to produce two daughter cells.
The onset of mitosis is marked by the dissolution of the nuclear membrane and the condensation of the chromatin material located in the nucleus. Thus, the chromatin material becomes visible as chromosomes.
Simultaneously, the centrioles start giving off spindle fibers at the opposite ends of the cell. This stage of mitosis is referred to as prophase.
Thereafter, the chromosomes align at the center of the cell and the spindle fibers from the centriole engage each chromosome at the centromere. This stage is otherwise known as metaphase.
Next, the spindle fibers start shortening to pull apart sister chromatids to opposite poles. This is the anaphase.
The sister chromatids complete their migrations to the pole at telophase. Thereafter, the nuclear membrane reappears, the chromosome decondense, and the cytoplasm divide to give two independent daughter cells.
In other words, the structure responsible for organizing spindle fibers is the centrioles.
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