Pathogens are most likely to be transmitted vertically by the maternal-parturition route are Pathogens transmitted horizontally by the urogenital-sexual route. So the correct option is c.
An organism that infects its host with disease is referred to as a pathogen, and the severity of the disease symptoms is referred to as virulence. Pathogens come in many forms, including bacteria, viruses, and multicellular and unicellular eukaryotes.
The urine tract and the genital tract are the two primary divisions of the urogenital system. Urine is produced, stored, and eliminated by the urinary tract, made up of the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra.
The majority of primary genitourinary infections are sexually transmitted, and common pathogens include viruses, bacteria, parasites, and bacteria including Treponema pallidum, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, and Trichomonas vaginalis (herpes simplex virus, human papillomavirus, human immunodeficiency virus).
While vertical transmission occurs from mothers to their offspring, horizontal transmission occurs between members of the same generation.
To know more about urogenital System visit the link:
https://brainly.com/question/28427490?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
Give an example of temporal isolation and explain how temporal isolation is preventing reproduction within the population.
When many species reproduced at various periods, there is a condition known as temporal isolation. Three different orchid species, for instance, coexist in the very same rain forest. For seeds to be produced, each species has blooms that only last a single day and should be pollinated on the day that.
In biology, temporal isolation would be a form of reproduction isolation strategy that prevents members of similar species from mating and creating hybrid offspring. This mechanism is caused by variations in the timing of crucial reproductive events.
A reproductive barrier restricts cross-pollination between two populations, which eventually results in speciation. The populations of cicadas are a good illustration of temporal separation so because two species don't really interbreed since they would not mature at the same time.
To know more about temporal isolation
https://brainly.com/question/29316362
#SPJ1
the process of obtaining energy from food and storing it in cells is an example of catabolism
what is the energy required for seaweed and tubeworms ?
Answer:
Plants absorb energy from sunlight, take in carbon dioxide from the air through their leaves, take up water through their roots, and produce glucose and oxygen.
Explanation:
Seaweeds get their food through the process of photosynthesis, which uses energy from the sun to convert carbon dioxide into organic molecules, and produces the by-product oxygen. “Seaweed” is the common name for countless species of marine algae that grow in the sea. They produce oxygen by photosynthesizing energy from the sun, just like plants do on land.They are a bit like photosynthetic plants, but instead of using energy from light (like plants do to make food from carbon dioxide), they use energy from chemicals present in the cold seeps and hydrothermal vents. Tubeworms use hydrogen sulfide as an energy source, which is the same chemical emitted by a rotten egg. They are one of the few creatures on Earth that do not need to rely on the Sun for energy. Tubeworms take up sulphide from the sediments through root-like structures, which are at least as long as the tube projecting above the ocean floor.what phylum do these organisms belong to?group of answer choices alveolataciliophorarhizopod kinetoplastida
These organisms belong to the Phylum Euglenzoa.
A sizable subclass of flagellate Discoba is called Euglenozoa. As well as several popular free-living organisms, they also contain a few significant parasites, some of which can infect people.
Three primary clades—Kinetoplastea, Diplonema, and Symbiontida—represent the euglenozoa.
The phylum Euglenozoa divides into three distinct lineages with various life strategies: euglenids, kinetoplastids, and diplonemids.
While certain euglenoid genera include chloroplasts and are thus classified as algae, the bulk of Euglenozoa's genera are colorless and devoid of chloroplasts, which do not comply to normal algal traits. This has caused controversy regarding the taxonomy of Euglenozoa for a long time.
To know more about Euglenzoa , visit :
https://brainly.com/question/28343268.
#SPJ4
Which 2 events during meiosis increase genetic variation by ensuring that each egg and each sperm will be unique?.
Recombination and independent assortment are the two events that increase genetic variation.
In sexually reproducing organisms, meiosis is a kind of cell division that results in a reduction in the number of chromosomes in gametes (the sex cells, or egg and sperm).
This variety of potential gametes is the result of homologous pair orientation during metaphase of meiosis I and crossing over.
CROSSING OVER: Every cell that undergoes meiosis has a unique set of places where homologues cross across and exchange genetic material. These locations are mostly picked at random. Crossovers will take place at numerous distinct places if meiosis occurs often, as it does in the ovaries and testes of humans. Recombinant chromosomes, or chromosomes where DNA fragments have been exchanged between homologues, are produced in a vast diversity as a result of this repetition.
INDEPENDENT ASSORTMENT: Another significant source of gamete variation is the random orientation of homologous pairs during metaphase of meiosis I.
Thus, by these two processes the genetic variation is maintained and thus each gamete is different from other.
To know more about genetic variation visit the link:
https://brainly.com/question/28700250?referrer=searchResults
#SPJ4
Label the parts of the below lipid molecule.
Is this a saturated or unsaturated lipid? __________________________
The lipid molecule shown in the image is a satured lipid.
What is a satured lipid?Saturated fatty acids are long carboxylic chains without double bonds in their structure jointly linked to a glycerol molecule. Saturated fatty acids are usually found in lipids and are solid at room temperature. Saturated fatty acids will contain many hydrogen atoms attached to their chain.
Its structure is linear and straight since it does not have double bonds in its hydrocarbon chain, like unsaturated fatty acids, so they can stay close to each other. For this reason its solid composition.
Therefore, we can confirm that the lipid molecule shown in the image is a satured lipid.
To learn more about satured lipid visit: https://brainly.com/question/8724859
#SPJ1
Complete the following table that compare the four informal group of protit. Protozoan Slime mold Algae Seaweed
Decription
Example
They consist of multicellular seaweed and single-celled diatoms. They produce food through photosynthesis and have chlorophyll like plants.
Protozoa are they bacteria?Protozoa, often known as protozoa, are single-celled creatures similar to bacteria. However, they resemble animals and plant cells more since they are larger than bacteria and have a nucleus or other cell features.
What exactly are protozoans?One-celled organisms known as protozoa are present in most ecosystems on earth. Although the majority of species are free-living, all higher mammals are contaminated including one or more protozoan species. Depending on the type and strain of a parasite and the host's resistance, infections can vary from asymptomatic to fatal.
To know more about Protozoa visit:
https://brainly.com/question/2937170
#SPJ4
Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that _____ diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals.
Because they lack well-defined and complex organ systems, we hypothesize that poriferans diverged from all other animals early in the evolution of animals.
It is very likely that the Porifera, the most ancient animal group, originated in the Precambrian because they have an early branch on the animal phylogenetic tree. The common word for poriferans is sponge. Sponge evolution diverged from the development of other metazoans during an early branching event. This might be one of the causes for their lack of a distinct and intricate organ system.
Poriferans don't have mouths, instead they drink water through tiny pores in their outer walls. Spicules, the animals' tough support structure, were previously one of the main ways to identify sponges.
To know more about profierans, refer to the following link:
https://brainly.com/question/28256540
#SPJ4
Humans are made up of many types of cells, and these cells have a broad range of sizes. For example, a type of fat cell called an adipocyte has a radius of approximately 50 um, while a type of heart muscle cell called a cardiomyocyte has a radius of about 15 um. Surface area of a sphere: A = 47m2 Assuming both cell types are perfectly spherical, approximately how many times larger is the surface area of an adipocyte compared to the surface area of a cardiomyocyte? Round your answer to the nearest integer. times Show Calculator
Based on the radius of the adipocyte and cardiomyocyte as well as the ratio of the surface area of an adipocyte and cardiomyocyte, the surface area of an adipocyte compared to the surface area of a cardiomyocyte is 11 times larger.
What is the formula to calculate the surface area of a sphere?The formula to calculate the surface area of a sphere is given below as follows;
The surface area of a sphere = 4πr²Where;
π is a constant = 22/7r is the radius.From the data provided:
The radius of adipocyte = 50 μm
The radius of cardiomyocyte = 15 μm
Surface area of adipocyte = 4 * 22/7 * (50)²
Surface area of adipocyte = 31416 μm²
Surface area of cardiomyocyte = 4 * 22/7 * (15)²
Surface area of adipocyte = 2827.4 μm²
The ratio of the surface area of adipocyte and cardiomyocyte = 31416/2827.4
The ratio of the surface area of adipocyte and cardiomyocyte = 11
Learn more about the surface area at: https://brainly.com/question/1293273
#SPJ1
what is the definition of phenotype? multiple choice an alternative form of a gene that determines a particular characteristic in an individual a gene or group of genes that determine a specific characteristic in an individual a characteristic of an individual that can be observed or measured a sequence of dna that encodes a functional product such as an enzyme
The term "phenotype" describes a person's observable characteristics, such as height, eye colour, and blood type. Both a person's genomic make-up (genotype) and environmental circumstances affect their phenotype.
Each gene in a diploid organism carries two alleles, one from each parent. The phenotype of an organism is determined by interactions between alleles. An organism is homozygous for a characteristic if it inherits two copies of the same allele for that trait. One phenotype for a particular characteristic is expressed in homozygous individuals.
The genotype is an organism's genetic make-up, whereas the phenotype is its outward appearance.
Gene alleles are referred to as one's genotype, and the trait that is manifested as a result of those alleles is referred to as the phenotype.
To know more about phenotype
https://brainly.com/question/12924267
#SPJ4
two-species interactions are classified by the impact each species has on the other. thus, a competitive interaction is one where the populations of each species are hut by the presence of the other species, usually because each species uses the same resources. niche patitioning enables species to coexist by
By preventing direct competition, niche partitioning allows species to coexist.
Why is the competitive and beneficial interactions between species crucial to the ecosystem's health?Numerous ecological characteristics and functions, including food webs and nutrient cycles, are based on interactions between species. Depending on the evolutionary context and environmental circumstances in which they take place, the nature of these interactions can change.
As a result, a competitive interaction is one in which the presence of another species negatively affects the populations of both species. This typically happens because both species depend on the same resources. By preventing direct competition, niche partitioning allows species to coexist.
To know more about niche partitioning visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/14135435
#SPJ4
what are the advantages and disadvantages of osmosis
The benefits of osmosis to living cells is that it provides turgidity to cell tissues and the way in which cells maintain their water balance.
The disadvantage of osmosis is that it removes minerals from living cells and wastes a lot of water from cell contentWhat is meant by osmosis?Osmosis can simply be defined as the process which involves the movement of water molecules from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration through a selectively permeable membrane.
That being said, one great benefit about this movement is that it gives turgidity to tissues within the cells.
In conclusion, we can now confirm that osmosis helps movement of substances in and out of the cell.
Read more about osmosis:
https://brainly.com/question/19727315
#SPJ1
What is the relationship between temperature and orca survival?
The relationship between temperature and orca survival is that they inhabit waters with a constant temperature of 0 degrees, therefore if the temperature rises, the orca's prey will perish.
What connection exists between Orcas and temperature?Orcas maintain a body temperature that is comparable to that of humans. Orcas, however, lose a lot more heat to the environment than humans do since they live in water.
Orcas have developed a variety of strategies to attempt and keep their heat under check in reaction to this.
Note that Killer whales have also been spotted in warm water environments, including Florida, Gulf of Mexico, as well as more temperate regions, like New Zealand as well as South Africa.
Learn more about temperature from
https://brainly.com/question/4735135
#SPJ1
HELPPPPPPPPP!!!!
why is it important for a fruit to ripen when its seeds are mature
Is it possible for producers to be on any other level of an energy pyramid? Explain your reasoning.
Answer: Energy can be passed up to the rest of the pyramid from plants. Producers are living things that are able to make their own food. Most of them use the sun's light to make their food.
Explanation:
Now if you are all the way at the top, what's at the bottom of this pyramid? In order for it to stand, it has to have a strong base. So at the very bottom, we have the living things that can hold themselves up on their own with nothing beneath them. These are plants that are able to make their own energy from sun, gas, and water. They do not need much help from other living things. Energy can be passed up to the rest of the pyramid from plants.
Producers are living things that are able to make their own food. Most of them use the sun's light to make their food. They use most of the food they make to grow and stay alive, then store the rest in their bodies. Have you ever pulled a carrot up out of the ground? The orange part is the plant's stored energy. This is a great way to grow and still keep some energy for later. That is, of course, until a hungry rabbit hops along.
what is the physical explanation for the very slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a biological membrane to the other? what factors influence this rate?
The physical explanation for the very slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a biological membrane to the other is the polar head must cross the hydrophobic area of the phospholipid membrane in order to go from one side to the other.
It takes a lot of energy to complete this process, which makes it go slowly. Last but not least, phospholipids have the ability to "flip-flop" between the two leaflets of the bilayer in a transverse motion. The phospholipids in the lipid bilayer can move either radially, laterally, or transversely between the bilayers. The monolayer (also known as a leaflet) on one side of a synthetic bilayer extremely seldom migrates to the other. Less frequently than once per month, each molecule experiences this "flip-flop" process.
Temperature and Cholesterol level are those factors that influence the rate of the slow movement of membrane phospholipids from one leaflet of a membrane to the other.
Learn to know more about Phospholipids on
https://brainly.com/question/11179628
#SPJ4
Based on the information from the laboratory about hydrolysis & your knowledge of solubility why are carbohydrates excellent sources of quick energy for organisms
Carbohydrates are excellent source for quick energy because they are easily broken down by the process of hydrolysis. This happens because carbohydrates are easily soluble in water due to the various polar OH groups attached to its carbons.
Carbohydrates are one of the most essential food component required in diet. There are three types of carbohydrates: monosaccharides, disaccharides and polysaccharides. Chemically, carbohydrates are polyhydroxy ketones or aldehydes.
Hydrolysis is the reaction where the water molecules break the bonds of the substance subjected to hydrolysis. The water itself also gets decomposed in the process.
To know more about hydrolysis, here
brainly.com/question/29439050
#SPJ1
Plants that reproduce sexually generate seeds. These seeds are often dispersed away from the parent, either through wind, animals, or water. Look at the seed shown in this image of bullrush plants. What form of dispersal do you think it uses, and why?
Wind dispersal is the process through which winds act as dispersal agents, transporting seeds far from the parental plants. In the exposed example, eolic dispersion is used by this plant species to transport seeds.
What is wind seed dispersal?
Wind dispersal refers to the transport of seeds from the parental plant to other places far away from it by the action of winds.
Winds distribute seeds in different directions and varying distances from the parental plant, which makes them good species dispersal agents.
Some plant species adapted to this agent and developed seed structures that make them more suitable for being transported further and better by winds.
Some adaptations are, for instance,
Light seedsDry seedsThey have structures like feathers, hair, wings, and others.
When we look at the image, we can see bunches of seeds attached to the top of tall sticks.
Plants develop these long sticks to expose seeds to the wind. The longer the stick is, the more exposed sees are.
We can also see that seeds have hair-like structures, which facilitate their release and transport whenever winds blow.
The form of dispersal this plant species uses is wind dispersal. We can tell this because of the long sticks to which seeds are attached and seeds with hair-like structures.
You can learn more about wind dispersal at
https://brainly.com/question/4074372
https://brainly.com/question/1377658
#SPJ1
why do we amplify the control region, as opposed to a conserved region, while performing pcr on mitochondrial dna?
We amplify the control region because, Because the control region is non-coding, it can accumulate mutations without affecting protein structures, allowing us to compare individuals.
In vertebrates, the mitochondrial control region, also known as the displacement loop or D-loop, is positioned between the genes encoding proline and phenylalanine tRNAs. It is in charge of mitochondrial gene transcription and is the starting site for heavy strand replication.
The mtDNA regulatory region is a non-coding DNA section of the mitochondrial genome. This area is in charge of DNA synthesis. The human mtDNA genome's most polymorphic region, with variation concentrated in hypervariable areas. In these locations, the average genome diversity is 1.7%.
The mitochondrial controlling region (CR) is the mitochondrial genome's primary non-coding section, containing the mitochondrial origins of transcription and reproduction.
Learn more about control region here:
https://brainly.com/question/13027394
#SPJ4
Thymine makes up 24% of the nucleotides in a sample of DNA from an organism. Approximately what percentage of the nucleotides in this sample will be adenine?
Answer: 24%
Explanation:
In double stranded DNA Thymine binds to Adenine. The number of Thymine and adenine should be equal .
Which term applies to an individual who possesses two recessive alleles for the same trait? Choose the correct answer.
O mutated
O haploid for the trait
O homozygous for the trait
heterozygous for the trait
A person must be homozygous for the trait if they have two recessive alleles for it.
What are alleles?One of two or more genes that may alternate at a specific location (locus) on the chromosome is known as an allele, also known as an allele. The phenotype of a particular trait may be influenced by a single allele, multiple alleles, or pairs of alleles.
The mix of alleles that an organism possesses creates its genotype. The genotype of the organism is referred to as homozygous for that trait if the paired alleles are the same. The organism's genotype is heterozygous if they are different.
In heterozygous matings, dominant alleles abolish the features of recessive alleles. Alleles, however, can co-dominate for some features. H. Neither recessive nor dominant. For instance, in the human ABO blood group system, recessive traits result in homozygosity for the gene. Because there is no dominant gene to cover up the recessive allele, it is expressed.
To know more about alleles visit:
https://brainly.com/question/2717245
#SPJ13
100 points Help please
Answer:
c) Evolved first
Explanation:
The characteristic of prokaryotic cells is that they evolved first. Eukaryotic cells started to form after the evolution of prokaryotes. Hence, the option (c) is correct.
in general, lymphocytes a) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. b) have relatively short life spans. c) have two nuclei. d) are produced and mature only in red bone marrow. e) are located primarily in the blood stream.
Lymphocytes , in general: A) spend most of their time in lymphatic tissue. Hence option A) is the correct answer.
What are lymphocytes?Lymphocyte is a type of white blood cell in the immune system of vertebrates. Lymphocytes have natural killer cells, T cells and B cells. They are found in lymph, which prompted the name lymphocyte.
Lymphocytes make up up to 18% to 42% of circulating white blood cells.
If you have low numbers of lymphocytes , there is a higher risk of infection. Lymphopenia symptoms ranges from mild to serious and are correlated to the severity of the lymphopenia but some people show no symptoms.
To know more about lymphocytes, refer
https://brainly.com/question/1157802
#SPJ4
Answer all please I need it asap
1. A(n) _____________________ transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
2. What is the equation for photosynthesis?
3. In the __________________________, NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the _________________________, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. True / False: Chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of heterotrophs.
6. True / False: Autotrophs need light in order to carry out photosynthesis.
1. An electron carrier transports electrons and their energy to another molecule.
2. The equation of photosynthesis is 6CO₂ + 6H₂O → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂
3. In the stroma NADPH and ATP combine with carbon dioxide to produce sugars.
4. In the thylakoid membrane, light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
5. Chloroplasts are not found in heterotrophic cells.
6. Autotrophs need light to carry out photosynthesis.
Why are the answers correct?
An electron carrier is an important molecule involved in cellular respiration as it transports electrons, along with their energy, to another molecule.
Photosynthesis is the process by which plants and organisms such as algae use energy from the sun to convert water, and carbon dioxide to produce oxygen and sugar.
The stroma uses ATP and NADPH in the next stage of photosynthesis to produce three-carbon sugars.
The thylakoid membrane contains chlorophyll and is located in the stroma where the light energy from the sun splits water and generates ATP and NADPH.
In summary, chloroplasts are organelles found in the cells of autotrophs and not heterotrophs.
Learn more about electron carrier here: https://brainly.com/question/12838824
Learn more about photosynthesis here: https://brainly.com/question/26568636
Learn more about stroma here: https://brainly.com/question/790729
Learn more about thylakoid membrane here: https://brainly.com/question/4976370
#SPJ1
Categorize the given minerals into metallic and non-metallic minerals?
• Iron,gold,quartz,calcite,petrolium,copper,aluminium,diamon
d,emerald,rubies,topaz,coal,sapphires.
Iron, Gold, Aluminum, Sapphires and Copper are the metallic minerals while Quartz, Calcite, Diamond, Rubies, Emerald, Topaz, Coal and Petroleum are the non-metallic minerals.
What are minerals?Mineral is a chemical compound which is normally crystalline in nature. It is a solid substance present in nature made up of one or more and elements which are combined together.
It is formed as a result of geological processes . For example it includes quartz, calcite, sulphur, clay minerals etc. Minerals are used in the production of ceramics oftenly.
Properties of minerals :
1. They have characteristic chemical composition
2. They have highly ordered atomic structures
3. They have several physical properties such as hardness, luster and cleavage.
Thus, Iron, Gold, Aluminum, Sapphires and Copper are the metallic minerals while Quartz, Calcite, Diamond, Rubies, Emerald, Topaz, Coal and Petroleum are the non-metallic minerals.
Learn more about Minerals, here:
https://brainly.com/question/18078524
#SPJ1
Oxygen is important in the oxidation of glucose because it ____________________________.
Answer:
Oxygen is important in the oxidation of glucose because it is highly electronegative.
Explanation:
metamorphosis is . group of answer choices the evolutionary transition from fishes to amphibians. an intermediate condition, such as length of legs in mice between longer legs of some mice and shorter legs in others, a condition caused by varied gene expression during development (hox genes). changing of one body form to another within a species, such as the change from an aquatic tadpole to a terrestrial frog. the developmental changing of a scale to a feather.
Metamorphosis is the change from one body form to another within a species, such as the change from a water tadpole to a land frog.
Metamorphosis is a process of growth and development of an animal that affects body shape and physical appearance. Metamorphosis is divided into two types:
Imperfect metamorphosis is a change in form in an animal whose growth and development go through 3 stages, namely egg, nymph, and imago (adult animal). In this metamorphosis, nymphs are young animals that are similar to adult animals but smaller in size with different body ratios.Complete metamorphosis is a change in form in an animal whose growth and development undergoes 4 stages, namely egg, larva, cocoon/pupae, and imago (adult animal). Animals that undergo this metamorphosis have different forms when they are young (larvae) and when they are adults (imago).Learn more about the metamorphosis here https://brainly.com/question/24206831
#SPJ4
Down's Syndrome is also called Trisomy 21 because affected people have three copies of chromosome 21. How is this possible?
a
In a mistake in mitosis, the fertilized egg has two copies of chromosome 21.
b
In a mistake in meiosis, the fertilized egg has two copies of chromosome 21.
c
Either the sperm cell or the egg cell has one copy of chromosome 21.
d
Either the sperm cell or the egg cell has two copies of chromosome 21.
Answer: D.
Explanation: hope this helps!
a mutation in the dna changes an adenine to a guanine. this adenine was the a in the aug of a start codon for a gene. what process or processes would this mutation impact?
Mutations must occur in cells that produce the next generation and affect the hereditary material in order to affect an organism's descendants.
Mutations can have an effect on an organism by altering its physical characteristics (or phenotype) or by altering the way DNA codes genetic information (genotype). When mutations occur, they can either terminate (kill) an organism or be partially lethal. Mutations can occur as a result of errors in DNA replication during cell division, mutagen exposure, or viral infection. Germline mutation(those that occur in eggs and sperm) can be passed down to offspring, whereas somatic mutations (those that occur in body cells) cannot.
Learn more about DNA here:
https://brainly.com/question/264225
#SPJ4
what would you expect the scaling coefficient (b) to be when comparing the growth of an organisms surface area (y) when compared to its mass (x) if it is scaling isometrically? group of answer choices
Dimensions of the new shape x the scaling coefficient factor the original shape's dimensions. Ontogenetic allometry is the measurement of an organism's surface area (y) as a function of its mass (x).
How do cell volume and surface area relate to one another? Why are they so diminutive?A cell's surface area grows in proportion to its radius square, but its volume grows in proportion to its radius cube as the radius of the cell increases (much more rapidly). Consequently, a cell's surface area to volume ratio declines as it grows larger.
What exactly are allometric and isometric growth?The growth rates of certain body sections vary from those of the entire body during allometric growth. Body parts develop at the same rate as the rest of the body in isometric growth, in contrast. In summary, whereas the growth rate is identical for isometric growth, it is not for allometric growth.
To know more about scaling coefficient visit:-
https://brainly.com/question/14401877
#SPJ4