This descriptions of the behavior of chromosomes during meiosis explains Mendel's law of independent assortment:
The arrangement of each pair of homologous chromosomes on the metaphase plate during metaphase I is random with respect to the arrangements of other pairs.
Understanding Mendel's Law
Mendel's law consists of Mendel's law I and Mendel's law II, as quoted from the Learning Resources page published by the Ministry of Education and Culture. Check out the explanation below.
The law of inheritance of the nature of GJ. Mendel
1. Mendel's Law I
Mendel's first law is also known as the law of segregation. Mendel's first law attempts to explain the independent separation of pairs of alleles during meiotic division in the formation of gametes.
Segregation is followed by a change in the number of chromosomes from diploid to haploid. Mendel's first law applies to monohybrid crosses or crosses with one object trait.
2. Mendel's second law
Mendel's second law is also known as the law of assortation (in pairs). In Mendel's Second Law, each gene or trait can pair independently with another gene or trait that is not the same at the time of gamete formation.
If Mendel's I law applies to monohybrid crosses, then Mendel's II laws explain dihybrid crosses. A dihybrid cross is a cross with two different traits.
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a cell with 6 chromosomes undergoes meiosis. at the end of all of meiosis and cytokinesis, how many daughter cells are produced and how many chromosomes are in each daughter cell?
At the end of meiosis of a cell with 6 chromosomes, 4 daughter cells are produced with 3 chromosomes in each cell.
Meiosis is the process of reductional division. It is called so because it reduces the chromosome number into half in the daughter cells. The meiosis is accomplished in two phases: Meiosis I and Meiosis II. Meiosis I is the actual reductional division where the chromosomes are halved.
Chromosomes are the compact form of genetic material. It comprises of DNA and histone proteins. The genetic material is transmitted to daughter cells in this form. Each chromosome is composed of two sister chromatids that are joined together at the region called centromere.
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evolutionary theory predicts that alleles causing dominant disorders will be found at lower frequency in a population than recessive disorders (assuming all else is equal). what evolutionary force explains this difference?
Evolution is governed by four forces: mutation, gene flow, genetic drift, and natural selection. A gene pool undergoes mutation to produce new genetic variety. Allele frequencies in a gene pool are altered through gene flow and genetic drift.
Why does evolution force exist?THE EVOLUTIONARY FORCES. Today, we understand that evolution occurs as a result of a number of factors, including mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, and natural selection. The "forces of evolution" are these mechanisms, and they collectively can explain all of the genotypic variety currently seen in the globe.
What driving force in evolution is most significant?The most significant driving force behind evolution is natural selection, which involves nature choosing the organisms that can reproduce and live in a changing environment over the less capable ones.
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Are all living things made of cells?
Answer: Yes, All living organisms or things like animals or plants are made of cells.
Explanation:
What are the Independent, Dependent, and Controlled Variables?
I am observing the different stages of cell division by observing the tip of an onion root under a microscope and the time spent in each cycle.
During its completed cell division cycle, the onion root cell will have spent 68% in Interphase, 16% in Prophase, 6% in Metaphase, 4% in Anaphase, 4% in Telophase, and 2% in Cytokinesis.
What are the independent, dependent, and controlled variables of the onion roots cell division?
For more info my lab report is attached
In this case, the number of cells at each stage of cell division represents the dependent variable, the time spent in each cycle is the independent variable and the controlled variable may be presented by the media that contain all cells.
What is a dependent experimental variable?A dependent experimental variable (such as in this case the number of cells on a specific phase of the cell cycle) can be defined as any experimental condition that is modified by the change in the independient variable (in this case time is the independent variable).
Moreover, controlled variables are all those conditions that are maintained in equal conditions for all experimental treatments such as for example, the media used to grow cells.
Therefore, with this data, we can see that the dependent experimental variable changes due to the modification suffered by the independent variable.
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imagine you're an astrobiologist trying to crack the genetic code of a microbe in another galaxy. you isolate a mutant with a one base-pair insertion in gene x which causes the gene to be frameshifted and therefore nonfunctional. you then isolate a second mutation, a base-pair deletion in gene x a few nucleotides downstream of the first mutation. when combined, these two mutations result in a functional version of gene x. what have you discovered about the genetic code of this microbe?
James Watson and Francis Crick's 1953 discovery of DNA's double helical structure marked a significant turning point in the biological sciences.
What does bacteria's genetic code look like?The DNA code utilised by bacteria, archaeal, prokaryotic viruses, and chloroplast proteins is known as the bacterial, archaeal, and plant plastid code. Although there are minor differences in the alternate start codons, it is essentially the same as the conventional code.
Why is the genetic code significant? What is it?Important evidence supporting the shared origin of life on Earth comes from the genetic code shared by a variety of creatures. That is to say, it is likely that the many species found on Earth today developed from an ancient organism that already possessed the genetic code.
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in which eukaryotic organelle are various macromolecules broken down and destroyed? group of answer choices endoplasmic reticulum the golgi apparatus
Eukaryotic organelles are various macromolecules broken down and destroyed in lysosomes.
What are lysosomes?The endomembrane system is a group of membranes and organelles in eukaryotic cells that works together to modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins. The endomembrаne system includes the nucleаr envelope, lysosomes, vesicles, the ER, аnd Golgi аppаrаtus, аs well аs the plаsmа membrаne.
The RER modifies proteins аnd synthesizes phospholipids used in cell membrаnes. The SER synthesizes cаrbohydrаtes, lipids, аnd steroid hormones; engаges in the detoxificаtion of medicаtions аnd poisons; аnd stores cаlcium ions. Sorting, tаgging, pаckаging, аnd distribution of lipids аnd proteins tаke plаce in the Golgi аppаrаtus. Lysosomes аre creаted by the budding of the membrаnes of the RER аnd Golgi. Lysosomes digest mаcromolecules, recycle worn-out orgаnelles, аnd destroy pаthogens.
Your question is incomplete, but most probably your full multiple choices were
a. lysosome
b. the Golgi apparatus
c. mitochondria
d. endoplasmic reticulum
Thus, the correct answer is A.
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on one of the earth worms that we tested, we used a pulse height higher than the mgf threshold and lower than the lgf threshold. should we observe an action potential from lgf?
Action potential will not be observed from LGF when a pulse height higher than the MGF threshold and lower than the LGF threshold is used.
Action potential is the change in the membrane potential from negative to positive due to rapid movement of ions in and out of the cell. The action potential occurs in the neurons when electrical impulses are to be transmitted.
LGF is the abbreviation for Lateral Giant Fibers. It is one of the two giant fibers present in the neuron. It runs all along the length of ventral nerve cord. It is present in species of annelids and crustaceans. In the question, action potential cannot be generated for LGF below the threshold value because the membrane should be depolarized enough so that action potential can occur.
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although birds and mammals descended from different ancestors, they both have a four-chambered heart. this is the result of
Although birds and mammals descended from different ancestors but they both have a four-chambered heart and this is the result of convergent evolution.
How do birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart?
Birds and mammals have a four-chambered heart because of convergent evolution.
Both in mammals and birds, the heart is divided into four chambers that are: two atria and two ventricles. Oxygenated blood is separated from deoxygenated blood which improves efficiency of double circulation that required for supporting the warm-blooded lifestyle of mammals and birds.
Mammals have four main parts to the heart, a left and a right atrium and a left and a right ventricle which is called a four-chambered heart and other mammals and birds also have four-chambered hearts.
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In metabolism, energy is transformed several times. Which of the following represents an example of a transformation of energy that occurs in both photosynthesis and aerobic respiration? The conversion of the kinetic energy of light to the potential energy of electrons stored in chemical bonds The conversion of the potential energy of an electrochemical gradient to the potential energy stored in ATP The conversion of the potential energy stored in chemical bonds to the potential energy of an ion gradient
During the light-dependent reactions, chlorophyll absorbs solar energy and converts it into chemical energy that is subsequently stored.
What does the term "electrochemical" mean?The field of chemistry termed as electrochemistry is concerned with the investigation of the relationship between chemical changes and electrical fuels. Electric currents can be generated or introduced during electrochemical processes.
What use does electrochemistry serve?Electrochemistry has many common applications in daily life. All sorts of batteries, even those that power lamps, calculators, and automobiles, primarily generate electricity through chemical processes. Electricity is required for the plating of objects with decorative precious metals such as gold and chromium.
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why is running marker proteins of a known weight alongside other proteins that have ambiguous weights important in running an sds-page gel?
They serve as a point of reference for the subunits whose weights are unknown.
What causes proteins to go through the gel and reach the cathode?Proteins act like amino acids in an electrical field due to their positively and negatively charged side chains; during electrophoresis, they migrate to the cathode (negative terminal) at low pH values and to the anode at high pH values (positive terminal).
What roles does SDS play in gel electrophoresis for determining protein sizes?To enable the protein fragments to move through the negatively charged gel, SDS is in charge of providing an overall positive charge to them at an equal charge to mass ratio.
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in blood, antigens are termed: group of answer choices interleukins. cytokines. agglutinins. agglutinogens.
Agglutinogens are the antigens found in blood.
What are agglutinogens?
They are antigens and proteins that can be found on the surface of RBC’s, leading to formation of agglutinins, which are used for determining blood types. Agglutinins are antibodies. These antibodies react against agglutinogens.
For example, a person with A+ve blood type, the A cells have A agglutinogens on its surface. A person with B+ve blood type have B agglutinogens on cell surface, AB type have both A and B agglutinogens on surface of cell, whereas O type blood have neither A nor B agglutinogens on surface of cell.
Hence, agglutinogens are antigens found in blood.
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Categorize the given minerals into metallic and non-metallic minerals? • Iron,gold,quartz,calcite,petrolium,copper,aluminium,diamond,emerald,rubies,topaz,coal,sapphires.
Iron, Gold, Aluminum, Sapphires and Copper are the metallic minerals while Quartz, Calcite, Diamond, Rubies, Emerald, Topaz, Coal and Petroleum are the non-metallic minerals.
What are metals?Metal is a solid material which is typically hard, shiny, feasible, malleable and ductile. They are the good conductor of heat and electricity. Examples of metals are gold, silver, aluminum, copper, iron etc.
Metals are made up of atomic materials such as electrons, neutrons and protons. It can be categories according to their physical as well as chemical properties.
Physical properties of metals are:
1.Luster
2.Malleability
3.Conductivity
4.Ductility
5. Solid
Metals are used in various purposes like for making wires and sheets. It is used in making automobiles machineries . These metals are also used in making water boiler because of its property being good conductor of heat.
Thus, iron, Gold, Aluminum, Sapphires and Copper are the metallic minerals while Quartz, Calcite, Diamond, Rubies, Emerald, Topaz, Coal and Petroleum are the non-metallic minerals.
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Gabriel's grandmother suggested he gargle salt water to help soothe his sore throat. he added salt to a bottle of water from his refrigerator and shook it for ten seconds. he looked in the bottle and noticed most of the salt was still floating in the water. what should gabriel do to make the salt in his mixture dissolve more quickly?
When a solution, in this case water, is cold, the solute (salt) doesn’t mix thoroughly. By increasing the temperature of the solution, the solute can be dissolved. So Gabriel needs to heat the water to make the salt mixture dissolve properly.
Why should one gargle with salt water to help soothe a sore throat?
Sore throats are often caused due to viral infections, like cold or the flu. Sore throats caused by viruses often resolve on their own, whereas sore throats caused by bacteria require addition treatments like antibiotics and home remedies like gargling with salt water.
Gargling with warm salt water is often recommended for sore throats as it soothes the inflamed membranes of the throat, preventing further thickening. Also because salt aids in destroying bacteria, the salt water remedy is a great natural method for temporary resolvement.
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