Solvents that are used to extract the lipids from homogenized tissue samples and subsequent separation of the lipids from the proteins and sugars present are methanol and chloroform.
How are lipids extracted?Lipids are extracted using solvent-based techniques. In some cases, solvents are subjected directly into cell pellets, but in other cases, solvents are employed during disruptions of cell.
Lipids are insoluble in polar solvents like water but highly soluble in non-polar or weakly polar organic solvents like ether, chloroform, benzene, and acetone.
The Bligh and Dyer method is a widely practiced methods for lipid extraction. It is very similar to the Folch method, but differs in solvent/solvent and solvent/tissue ratios.
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in which form of reproduction does the offspring grow specifically from the stem or root of a plant? (1 point) responses
In asexual type of reproduction the offspring grow specifically from the stem or root of a plant.
New plants are created by asexual reproduction without the need for seed production. In this kind of asexual reproduction, the roots, stems, leaves, and buds are used to create new plants.
Asexual reproduction refers to a type of reproduction when a offspring is born to a single parent. The newly created people are clones of their parents since they have the same genetic makeup and physical characteristics. Both multicellular and unicellular organisms can reproduce asexually.
The full gene pool of their single parent is inherited by the offspring that are produced through asexual reproduction from either unicellular or multicellular organisms. The main method of reproduction for single-celled organisms like bacteria.
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Answer:
vegetive reproduction :)
Explanation:
, or by pushing through the cell membrane while taking some of that membrane with it, a process called
Most viruses will leave a host cell by bursting the cell, a process called lysis, or by pushing through the cell membrane while taking some of that membrane with it, a process called budding.
Enveloped viruses generally are released from the host cell by budding. During this process, the virus obtains its envelope, which is a modified piece of the host's plasma or other, internal membrane. Through budding, a bit of the host cell membrane becomes part of the virus.
On the other hand, lysis destroys the host cell. A lytic infection eventually leads to cell lysis, which is accompanied by the freeing of newly produced virus particles and cell debris into the environment. Cell lysis is a common result of viral infection.
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environmental impacts from freshwater aquaculture include group of answer choices economic loss of income from sport fishing. nutrient overload and escape of exotic species. water loss due to increased irrigation. introduction of heavy metals into native fish.
Environment impacts freshwater aquaculture include nutrient overload and escape of exotic species.
When the aquaculture sector first started to take off, there were a few things that made it difficult for the sector to produce fish sustainably. The goal of fish farming has never been to harm the environment; rather, it is to improve food security.
Environmental issues did, however, develop. There was no lack of unfavorable press, and these reports have stuck with the general public. Nutrient and effluent build-ups, the negative effects of fish farms on nearby wild fisheries due to disease and escape, and environmental damage as a result of the site's location were common criticisms.
Aquaculture's harmful environmental effects are complex. When there are many fish in one place, nutrients might accumulate. The trash that fish produce has the potential to accumulate in the neighborhood. Algal blooms and dead zones may result from the water's oxygen being depleted in this way. Antibiotic use by farmers to prevent disease has raised concerns about the drugs' impact on the ecosystem surrounding the cages, including wild fish. Many people were also concerned that the escaped non-native fish would increase food competition among wild fish, possibly driving out the native fish.
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A diagram of an animal cell is shown below. Each arrow points to a different organelle. Correctly label each organelle.
Answer:
Can we see the diagram...?
or just look up animal cell online and copy from there.
the three domain system of taxonomic classification now places protists into their own single kingdom. true or false
Living organisms are now classified into a single kingdoms under third domain system of taxonomical, as shown above.
Given statement is true.
What is taxonomic example?Studying living things including animal, plants, microorganisms, and people in order to categorize them and increase our understanding of them is known as taxonomy. For instance, although from some views people and whales are separate animals, both are classified as mammals and share a common ancestor.
Why is taxonomic classification used?In order to more effectively communicate biological information, it aids in the classification of species. Through hierarchical classification, taxonomy allows scientists to understand and categorize the variety of life on Earth.
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Compare the transport of glucose with the transport of fats and cholesterol in the body
Cholesterol is conveyed by complex particles is known as lipoproteins whereas Glucose transporter (GLUT) is a transport protein responsible for the transportation of glucose.
What transports cholesterol throughout the body?Cholesterol proceeds through the blood on proteins called “lipoproteins.” Two types of lipoproteins carry cholesterol all around the body: LDL (low-density lipoprotein) cholesterol, sometimes called “bad” cholesterol that makes up most of your body's cholesterol. Cholesterol.
This is transported by compound particles, called lipoproteins, which have specific proteins on their surface. These proteins, called apolipoproteins, have a crucial function in the metabolism of lipoproteins.
So we can conclude that Lipoproteins transport cholesterol and fatty acids throughout the body. Cholesterol is a major elector of every mammalian cell membrane.
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PLS HELP FOR MY EATH SCIENCE?!?
Plate tectonics play a key role in regulating Earth's climate by aiding in the cycling of materials such as carbon and water. What topographic feature can possibly indicate a planet is "healthy" and geologically
active?
A mountain ranges
B rivers
C plateaus
D plains
A planet's "health" and geological activity may be indicated by geographic features of the plains.
The correct answer is D
How does a planet stay healthy?Caregivers can track a patient's treatment over time with the use of integrated tools in the Epic Healthy Planet module. This gives them the ability to take action, regardless of where a patient receives care, to maintain or improve chronic illnesses.
Why would someone need a topographic map?On a two-dimensional surface, topographic maps depict the features of the Earth precisely and in scale. Topographic maps are a great planning aid and guide that also contributes to the enjoyment and safety of outdoor activities.
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During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, what is primarily responsible for changes in length?.
During volume changes in the thoracic cavity, the diaphragm is primarily responsible for changes in length.
The diaphragm flattens and tightens during inhalation, and the chest cavity widens. A vacuum is produced by the contraction, drawing air into the lungs. The diaphragm relaxes and assumes its dome-like form during exhalation, forcing air from the lungs. This implies that when the volume of the thoracic cavity changes during inhalation and exhalation, the diaphragm plays a vital role in length.
The external intercostal muscles, internal intercostal muscles, innermost intercostal muscles, sub-costalis, and transversal thoracic are the five muscles that make up the thoracic wall. During respiration, the volume of thoracic cavity is predominantly altered by these muscles.
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what are the examples non-metallic minerals
Answer:
clay, mica, Dolomite, sand, marble
Explanation:
What is a limitation of the model in representing the steps of transcription and translation?
downregualtion of reurotransmitter receptors in response to long-term osychoactive drug use is an example of
Down-regulation of neurotransmitter receptors in response to long-term psychoactive drug use is an example of functional tolerance.
Humans and animals acquire tolerance when their brain functions adjust to compensate for the disruption produced by alcohol in both their behavior and physical functioning. This is referred to as functional tolerance.
Functional tolerance enables an individual to function normally when inebriated, concealing their intoxication from others.
It is one of the most common types of tolerance to drugs or alcohol that a person can have.
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exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. this process is called multiple choice transcription. translation. deamination. denaturation.
Exposing a protein to acid or heat will alter the three-dimensional structure of the protein. This process is called denaturation
What is Denaturation?
It is one of the phenomenons that results in the disturbance of stability and structure of the proteinThe stability and structure of protein depends on physical and chemical conditions.
Temperature and pH affect the stability to a great extent.Due to changes in temperature, pH or other chemical activities, hydrogen bonds present in the proteins get disturbed. This results in unfolding of globular proteins and uncoiling of the helix structure.The uncoiling of helix structure affects chemistry of proteins and they lose their biological activity. This phenomenon of losing their activity and uncoiling of helix structure due to physical or chemical changes is called denaturation of proteins.During denaturation of proteins, the secondary and tertiary structures get destroyed and only primary structure is retained.Learn more about Denaturation at Brainly.com https://brainly.com/question/12323414
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suppose that the genetic code involved five nucleotides per codon but that there were only two different types of nucleotides. how many different codons would be possible?
Answer:
Explanation:
there would be 32 different types of codons would be possible
which of the following is not a function of the digestive system? a.all of these are functions of the digestive system b.break down of food to smaller molecules c.take in food d.absorption of water, electrolytes, and other nutrients
All of the given options are the functions of digestive system. These are:
break down of food to smaller molecules.take in food.absorption of water, electrolytes, and other nutrients.Digestive system is the organization of organs, hormones and enzymes that work together to break down the complex biomolecules taken in the form of food into smaller soluble molecules. The organs involved in this are: mouth, throat, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine and the anus.
Electrolytes are the minerals inside the body that are present dissolved in the blood or other body fluids. They perform functions like balancing the water level of the body or the pH of the body.
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in which region of the world mudflows are more common
Answer:
Usually in mountainous areas.
Individual bones within the spinal column are called:
A) Vertebrae
B) Ganglia
Answer:
The answer is A) Vertebrae
Ganglia is incorrect because they are clusters of nerve cell bodies
On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the __________.
On the ventral surface of the brain, you can observe the optic nerves and chiasma, the pituitary gland, and the mammillary bodies. These externally visible structures form the floor of the Diencephalon
"Diencephalon" is the term used to describe the structures around the 3rd ventricle and form the nucleus of the cerebrum "big brain", the members of the diencephalon are the thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus and epithalamus.
Diencephalon Function
The diencephalon plays a role in the motor control of sensory information exchange and the control of autonomic functions of various parts of the body. Examples of some activities that involve the work of the diencephalon are chewing, seeing, eye movements, facial expressions, hearing, breathing, swallowing, smelling and regulating body balance.
Structure and Parts of the Diencephalon
Diencephalon consists of 4 structures that have their respective specific tasks, namely:
1. Thalamus
The thalamus is a structure located in the middle of the brain, precisely between the cerebral cortex and the midbrain. The word thalamus comes from the Greek word which means inner space. The main function of this gland is to convey sensory and motor signals related to consciousness, sleep and alertness to the brain cortex, the thalamus is a suborgan of the diencephalon.
2. Hypothalamus
The hypothalamus is the part of the brain that is the control center of the autonomic system, the hypothalamus is located just above the brainstem. This gland-shaped organ is part of the endocrine system. In humans, the hypothalamus is about the size of a pea and accounts for 1% of the total brain weight.
3. Subthalamus
The subthalamus is an important extrapyramidal motor nucleus that has many connections with other nervous system nuclei. The function of the subthalamus is not yet fully understood, but if there is an abnormality in this part, there will be abnormalities in the movement of the foot or hand that hit strongly on one side of the body.
4. Epithalamus
The epithalamus is a narrow band of nerve tissue that forms the roof of the diencephalon, functions in regulating the body's circadian rhythm and inhibits gonadotropic hormones.
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suppose 10 glucose molecules are formed during gluconeogenesis. calculate the amount of pyruvate, atp, and nadh molecules required.
2 Pyruvate molecules produce 1 molecule of Glucose. For producing 10 molecules of Glucose 2*10= 20 molecules of Pyruvate is required.
6 molecules of ATP is used for generating one molecule of Glucose. So for 10 molecules of Glucose, it will be 6*10= 60 ATP.
2 NADH molecules are used in gluconeogenesis to produce 1 Glucose molecule. So for 10 Glucose molecules, it will be 2*10=20NADH.
Gluconeogenesis is a manner that transforms non-carbohydrate substrates (which include lactate, amino acids, and glycerol) into glucose (parent 1). each lactate and alanine are first converted into pyruvate, which then enters the mitochondrion and is carboxylated to oxaloacetate (OAA) with the aid of pyruvate carboxylase (pc).
Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway that consequences in the era of glucose from positive non-carbohydrate carbon substrates. it is a ubiquitous system, found in flora, animals, fungi, bacteria, and different microorganisms.
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a piece of a polypeptide is folded so that a serine side chain is located on the surface of the polypeptide. describe the effect on the protein of changing that amino acid to isoleucine.
The side chain of a serine molecule has an aliphatic -OH, a polar bond that may create an H-bond with a water molecule. A partial charge intermolecular contact is called an H-bond.
Only once -OH is deprotonated may serine form a covalent connection with another substrate in the enzyme pocket.
The side chain of isoleucine is aliphatic, nonpolar, and hydrophobic. It can only engage in Van der Waals interaction with proteins. Proteins must contain polar aminoacids on their surface that may interact with water in order to be soluble in an aqueous environment.
Serine's side chain is hence polar and hydrophilic. With the watery environment, intermolecular attraction would develop in molecule. The hydrophobic, nonpolar side chain of isoleucine. The watery environment would resist it. Since the isoleucine side chain prefers to remain on the inner of the protein, this modification may modify the protein's overall structure.
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what is the effect of increased parasympathetic activity and decreased sympathetic activity on both heart rate and blood pressure?
Blood pressure, breathing, heart rate, and sweating all drop as digestion increases.
The hormone acetylcholine is released by the parasympathetic nervous (PNS) to slow the heart rate. Your heart rate may briefly increase due to stress, coffee, and excitement, but it may momentarily decrease due to meditation or deep, steady breathing. Patients with hypertension exhibit decreased parasympathetic activity in contrast to sympathetic stimulation activity, indicating an imbalance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems [39,40,41]. In diabetic individuals with impaired parasympathetic regulation, blood pressure, hypertension is more common. Construction of pupils is the result of parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. reduced blood pressure and heart rate. The sympathetic branch is stimulated, which facilitates function and raises heart rate.
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why, in the evolution of eukaryotes, might it have been advantageous for separate organisms to become united into a single organism? can you describe analogous, more recently evolved, examples of intimate symbioses that function as a single integrated organism?
one celled eukaryotes emerges from prokaryotes. The organisms after sometime evolved from single-celled eukaryotes are known as multicellular fungi, plants, animals.
Eukaryotes are described as a living thing constitute one or more cells, each one of them has an identical nucleus and the genetic source DNA in shape of chromosomes.
All living organism separated from eubacteria and archaea are described as eukaryotes.
It can also be described as any of the one celled or multicellular organism that have a separate nucleus, enclosed in cell membrane.
The reason for separate organism to become united into a single celled organism is not as considered good compare to multi-celled organism. Having a multi-celled organism, specific cells in his body can perform definite tasks which gives him a rapid execution time of these tasks against to a single-celled organism.
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some substances are not normal components of urine because they are completely reabsorbed. choose the substances that satisfy this requirement under healthy conditions. multiple select question. hydrogen ions calcium ions sodium ions glucose lactate amino acids filtered plasma proteins
The substances that satisfy the requirement are Glucose , amino acids and sodium ions
Water makes up 95 percent of human urine. The remaining components include minor amounts of urea (2%), creatinine (0.1%), uric acid (0.03%), chloride, sodium, potassium, sulphate, ammonium, and phosphate, as well as other ions and molecules.
The substances like glucose, amino acids, Na+ etc., in the filtrate
are reabsorbed actively
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an athlete is nearing the end of a race and her cells are low on oxygen. what is most likely to occur in her cells so that glycolysis can continue to produce atp? responses fermentation fermentation cell-to-cell communication cell-to-cell communication dna synthesis uppercase d n a, synthesis protein synthesis protein synthesis
An athlete is nearing the end of a race and her cells are low on oxygen. Fermentation is most likely to occur in her cells
What is glycolysis?
It is referred to as the “sweet splitting process” since it indicates the conversion of sugars that are sweet to the tongue. Six carbon sugars are transformed into a three carbon sugars. It is at this time of conversion that energy is released. Glycolysis can occur in absence or presence of oxygenBoth fermentation and glycolysis produce ATP, and both are involved in the production of energy and supplying it to cellsWhat is Fermentation?
It is an anaerobic pathway- a common pathway in the majority of prokaryotes and unicellular eukaryotes. In this process glucose is partially oxidised to form acids and alcohol.In organisms like yeast, pyruvic acid formed by partial oxidation of glucose is converted to ethanol and carbon dioxide (CO2). ). This anaerobic condition is called ethanol fermentationIn certain bacteria and animal muscle cells, under anaerobic conditions, pyruvic acid is reduced to lactic acid by lactate dehydrogenase. This is called lactic acid fermentation.Learn more about fermentation at - Brainly.com https://brainly.com/question/11554005
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which statements are true of capillaries? check all that apply. question 17 options: capillaries are found in abundance in areas of high metabolic activity. capillaries do not branch. capillaries are made of endothelium and loose connective tissue. capillaries can form networks.
Blood is delivered to human tissues by blood arteries, which act as conduits or channels. Two tube-like closed systems comprised of the vessels start and stop at the heart.
What is high metabolic activity ?pertaining to metabolism (the total of all chemical changes that take place in a cell or an organism to produce energy and basic materials needed for important life processes).
These regions "lit up" after the scan is finished. Cancer cells frequently, but not always, fit this description of being hypermetabolic. Additionally, not all hypermetabolic conditions are cancer. The diagnosis method involves many steps, including a PET scan.Physical activity level - powerful muscles require a lot of energy to burn. Exercise regularly to build muscle and train the body to burn calories more quickly even when at rest. Drugs, such as nicotine or caffeine, can raise the BMR.What is Endothelium ?The endothelium, which is made up of a monolayer of endothelial cells, is in direct touch with the blood, lymph, and moving cells because it is the inner cellular lining of the blood vessels (arteries, veins, and capillaries).
Vascular endothelial cells, which make up the endothelium in blood vessels, carry out critical functions for blood flow.The endothelium controls blood flow while acting as a permeable barrier for the blood vessel. Endothelial cells are essential for applications in basic research including blood brain barriers, diabetes, angiogenesis, inflammation, wound healing, and other cardiovascular illnesses.Blood is transported from the right ventricle to the lungs and back to the left atrium by one system, the pulmonary arteries. The systemic vessels are the other system that transports blood from the left ventricle to the tissues throughout the entire body before returning it to the right atrium. Blood vessels are categorized as arteries, capillaries, or veins based onTo know more about Capillaries please click here ; https://brainly.com/question/64497
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when pyruvate is used to make one molecule of glucose, 1) how many molecules of atp/gtp are consumed? 2) how many are generated? 3) what is the total cost of gluconeogenesis?
When pyruvate is used to make one molecule of glucose
4 ATP, 2 GTP are used.2 ATP and 2 NADH are generated.4ATP, 2 GTP, and 2 NADH are used.In gluconeogenesis, glucose is created. It is essentially glycolysis carried out reverse; the standard free energy is favorable thanks to three new processes involving four new enzymes. ATP is used by the gluconeogenesis pathway, which gets its energy mostly from oxidizing fatty acids.
The molecule can be transferred from the mitochondria thanks to the conversion to malate. After entering the cytoplasm, mitochondria convert it back to oxaloacetate.
Malate + NAD+ Oxaloacetate + NADH in the cytoplasm
PEP GDP Oxaloacetate + GTP
It then passes through the same intermediates as glycolysis from this point on. The endoplasmic reticulum hosts the final reaction.
G6P glucose is present in the endoplasmic reticulum (catalyst: glucose-6-phosphatase). A glucose transporter shuttles the glucose out into the extracellular space.
For every molecule of glucose synthesized from two molecules of pyruvate, 4 ATP, 2 GTP, and 2 NADH are used.
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the cell type that always maintains direct junctional contact with other cells of the same type is the:
The cell type that always maintains direct junctional contact with other cells of the same type is the b.
What is Osteocytes ?Osteocytes, which make up 90% to 95% of all bone cells and reside inside the bone matrix, have long been viewed as passive bystander cells in contrast to osteoblasts and osteoclasts, whose actions result in bone gain and loss and whose dysfunction results in growth abnormalities and osteoporosis.
What about cells?There are many billions of cells in a human body. They give the body structure, absorb nutrients from meals, turn those nutrients into energy, and perform certain tasks. Prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells are two different types of cells. Although prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells have different shapes (see prokaryote, eukaryote), they are quite similar in terms of their molecular make-up and functions. Proteins, polysaccharides, and nucleic acids make up the majority of the molecules in cells. The cell membrane, the nucleus, and the cytoplasm are the three components that make up a cell. Intricate arrangements of microscopic fibers and hundreds or even thousands of tiny, unique structures known as organelles can be found in the cytoplasm. The parasitic bacteria Mycoplasma gallicepticum, which inhabits the respiratory, genital, and urinary systems of primates, is thought to be the tiniest known creature capable of autonomous development and reproduction. Mycoplasma is the name of the cell used in the study. It has a 0.0001 mm diameter.A single cell makes up a unicellular creature, also referred to as a single-celled organism, as opposed to a multicellular organism, which is made up of numerous cells. Prokaryotic and eukaryotic organisms are the two broad categories into which all organisms fall.Learn more about cells here:
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why did you resolve your pcr products by electrophoresis and what is the purpose of the molecular weight ruler (ladder)
Since it allows us to separate the bands according to their sizes we resolve our PCR products by electrophoresis.
A series of standards known as a molecular-weight size marker, also known as a DNA ladder or an RNA ladder, is used to determine the general size of a molecule that is run on a gel during electrophoresis. The ladder allows you to determine the size of the unknown fragment by contrasting it to the nearest band in the ladder lane when run alongside an unidentified PCR result in an agarose gel. The effectiveness of the experiment depends on selecting the appropriate electrophoresis products for your nucleic acid analysis procedure. Leading Biology, a reputable provider of bespoke ladders, sells protein, DNA, and RNA markers with pre-determined fragment sizes and concentrations. These can be conducted in polyacrylamide or agarose gels.
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During _____of the cell cycle, the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
Answer:
Your answer is interphase:
During _interphase____of the cell cycle, the cell grows and replicates both its organelles and its chromosomes.
Explanation:
when viruses are exposed to compounds or uv-light which make them non-infectious what are they called?
when viruses are exposed to compounds or UV light which makes them non-infectious are they called Inactive.
All virus particles have a protein coat that surrounds and protects their nucleic acid genome. This protein envelope is called a capsid, and the instructions for making the protein subunits of the capsid are encoded in the viral nucleic acid genome. Infections are caused by microscopic bacteria that enter the body and cause problems.
Some but not all infections are transmitted directly from person to person. Infections that are transmitted from person to person are considered contagious. Antibiotic resistance occurs when bacteria viruses fungi and parasites change over time and become unresponsive to drugs. This makes infections more difficult to treat and increases the risk of disease spreading serious illness and death.
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if you were able to find a drug that could inhibit the reactivation of telomerase activity in cancer cells, the cancer cells would
If you were able to find a drug that could inhibit the reactivation of telomerase activity in cancer cells, the cancer cells would slowly erode their chromosome ends.
Telomerase is also known as terminal transferase. Telomerase is an enzyme found inside our cells that may be linked to aging. It caps our DNA strands with short, repetitive "caps." These caps are known as "telomeres." Telomeres protect the chromosome's end from DNA damage or fusion with neighboring chromosomes. When our cells divide, they must replicate their DNA in order for each daughter cell to receive a complete set of operating instructions. However, with each cell division, a small portion of the protective telomeres on the DNA strand are lost. Telomerase is active in gametes and most cancer cells, but is absent or present in very low levels in most somatic cells.
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